APUSH Unit 4 SOL NOTES
BASIC INFO
Review Political Developments
• After George Washington’s presidency ended
in the late 1790s, the first political parties
emerged:
• The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton,
believed in a strong national government and
industrial economy and were supported by
bankers and business interests in the
Northeast.
• The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas
Jefferson, believed in a weak national
government and an agricultural economy.
They were supported by farmers, artisans, and
frontier settlers in the South.
Review Political Developments
• The election of 1800, won by Thomas
Jefferson, was the first American
presidential election in which power
was peacefully transferred from one
party to another.
• Key decisions by the Supreme Court
under Chief Justice John Marshall of
Virginia established the power of the
federal courts to declare laws
unconstitutional (“judicial review”—
Marbury v. Madison) and prohibited
the states from taxing agencies of the
federal government (“the power to tax
is the power to destroy”—McCulloch v.
Maryland).
Federalist Judge John Marshall
• NATIONAL Laws (FEDERAL) are more
important and take precedence over state laws
– Marbury v. Madison
(judicial review)
– Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (SC = final appeal)
– McCulloch v. Md = (“implied powers” exist; states
can’t mess with a federal agency in their state)
– Gibbons v. Ogden = Congress has right to regulate
interstate commerce
– See complete list AM VIS p. 242
Review War of 1812 and results
• Causes:
– problems at sea,
maritime
– Prevention of free
trade
– Offending our national
pride
– British plotting with
the Indians
– Impressment of sailors
• Results:
1. Treaty of Ghent =
“status quo ante
bellum”
– **During times of
crisis, increased
passion and emotion,
leaders use powers to
increase federal
powers
More results after Treaty of Ghent
in 1814
• 2. Industry increases (we were not trading with
enemies)
• 3. Isolationism
• 4. Power of the Federalist Party goes down after
the Hartford Convention
• 5. Westward Migration begins
• 6. War hero, General Andrew Jackson becomes
popular
“Era of Good Feelings”
• James Monroe is elected (another Virginian,
Democratic-Republican) in 1812-1825
• The Federalist party is pretty much done, except
with Supreme Court Chief Justice JOHN
MARSHALL still on the bench
• Domestic politics are fairly “tranquil”…that’s the
only reason it was called the Era of “good
feelings” in history…..life still sucked for plenty
of people in America:
Groups of People for whom life sucked
during the “Era of Good Feelings”:
• 1. Slaves: more needed
in South for
agriculture, esp. cotton
(Eli Whitney)
– Slave codes: entrench
the system of slavery
and reinforced
oppression and racism
– Slave issue will deepen
regional division and
westward expansion
Groups of People for whom life sucked during
the “Era of Good Feelings”:
2. Women: became
more active in the
SECOND Great
Awakening, earned
more respect and
worked as teachers
– Still pressing for a
political voice
(suffrage)
Groups of People for whom life sucked during
the “Era of Good Feelings”:
• 3. Indians: public
opinion was pretty
much one of two
attitudes:
– A. “Get rid of them”
– B. “Get them the be
more like US”:
Christianize, civilize,
and assimilate
Groups of People for whom life sucked during the
“Era of Good Feelings”:
• 4. Poor, landless
white men: many
states were slowly
beginning to extend
suffrage by lowering
property
requirements
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
• A series of revolutions
against colonial rule in
Central and South America
led Sec. of State John Q.
Adams to recognize the new
nations
• MONROE DOCTRINE
President James Monroe
announced that:
– the American continents
“were closed” colonization by
Europe
– America would also stay out of
European affairs
Expansion Of Suffrage
• Electoral College:
electors were chosen by
caucus
• Caucus system (small
meetings of powerful
political members of a
certain party)
• 1824, electors would be
chosen by popular vote
– Suffrage expanded
between 1800 and 1830
to all white men who
paid taxes
The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824
• William Crawford
– Treasury Sec.
– From Georgia
The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824
• Andrew Jackson
– Military hero from
Battle of New Orleans
– Indian fighter
– Very popular** esp.
– From TN
The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824
• John Quincy Adams
– Son of former
president John Adams
– Sec. of State under
Monroe
– From MA
The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824
• John C. Calhoun
– Sec. of War under
Monroe
– Strong advocate of
War 1812
– From South Carolina
The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824
• Henry Clay
– Speaker of the House
– Created much of the
Missouri Compromise
– From Kentucky
Results of Election 1824
• Popular Vote = Andrew Jackson with 99
Electoral Votes
• John Q. Adams = 84 Electoral Votes
• Crawford = 41 Electoral Votes
• Clay = 37 Electoral votes
• Calhoun* saw election as “unwinnable” and ran
for VP instead
House of Reps had to decide the election
results
• Clay did NOT want Jackson to win and
supported Adams
– Adams was a Federalist and had little support in
Congress or in the public
• Adams then named Clay Sec. of State
• Jackson’s people were outraged, called the
whole thing a “CORRUPT BARGAIN”
– AJ’s supporters start campaigning for 1828
Ideological Differences
• “Jackson’s people”
like……
– “common man”
– War hero status
– Indian fighter
– No-low educated
– Hard working
• “Adams’ People” are
more…
– “old fart” Federalists
– Aristocratic, northern
and snobby
– Disliked by many
– $$$$ types
End of an Era….1826
Former presidents John Adams and Thomas
Jefferson BOTH die on July 4, 1826
America in Transition during John Quincy
Adams’ administration
• Changes are CULTURAL more than Political
1. Religion: Second Great Awakening sparks a
revival of religious fervor, lots of NEW churches are
established
• Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian
• Popularity grew from enthusiastic, evangelical preaching
and big tent type spectacles…lots of conversions
• More religious enthusiasm required lots of organizational
work….taken on by WOMEN
– Educators/teachers
– Social work before it was called “social work”
– These activities raised their status in society
America in Transition during John Quincy
Adams’ administration
• 2. Industrial Revolution takes off :
– Boycotts during War of 1812 sparked domestic
manufacturing
– Rise of the factory system (LOWELL Massachusetts..places
near water)
– Increase in standard of living
– Urbanization (both good and bad come with that)
Industrial Development
– Concentrated in the
North for
manufacturing (Where
$$$$$ are)
– South remains largely
agricultural
– Infrastructure: roads,
canals, railroads expand
trade and connect the
country
Other Developments
• Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to the spread of
the slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep
South…….WHY??
Issue over Expansion of Slavery will
continue…….
Election 1828 reveals new “democratic spirit”
“The common man”
“The aristocrat”
Jackson’s Democratic supporters
• Westerners who
support expansion
• Southern farmers who
want HIGH TARIFFS
• Slave Holders and
States Rights advocates
• Indian haters
• Northerners who want
rich industrialists held
in check
John Quincy Adams’ Supporters
• Old aristocratic
Federalist types
• Educated Elites
• Bankers and Super
Rich industrialists
• ???
• ???
• ???
• ???
Andrew Jackson becomes POTUS #7
Jacksonian Era
• Presidential veto: Power
granted to the President to
prevent passage of
legislation
• “Spoils System”: A practice
of using public offices to
benefit members of the
victorious party
“Jacksonian Democracy”
• Bank of the United
States (B.U.S.)
– AJ saw it as
UNDEMOCRATIC
– “tool of the rich,
Eastern, elites”
– Vetoed it in 1832
– BANK becomes key
issue in that election
• .
Jacksonian Era
Bank of the United States
• Jackson’s reelection brought an
end to the bank
– Pulled government
$$$$$ from it and put
them in state banks
– …and caused a
MAJOR economic
depression, resulting in
the Panic of 1837.
Nullification Crisis 1832
• Nullification : idea that states have the right to
reject federal laws they consider to be
unjust/unconstitutional (states’ rights issue)
• **Issue is over a TARIFF (that seemed to only
benefit the rich, industrial NORTH and hurt the
poor, agricultural SOUTH
***Slavery issue : 56% of South Carolina’s population
were slaves
• SC passes
“nullification
resolution”
• Calhoun resigns as
VP
• Jackson sends
Federal troops to
force SC into
compliance and puts
navy vessels in
Charleston harbor
• “FEDERAL power is
asserted over State
power”
Manifest Destiny
• The belief that it was America’s
“Manifest Destiny” to stretch from
Atlantic to Pacific provided political
support for territorial expansion.
• Indian Removal Act (1830) Under
Jackson, made $$$ available to
relocate Indians and made room for
western settlement west of the
Mississippi River
– Results:
• Removed Indian protection with
federal troops
• No reaction from Pres/gov’t
when states did bad things to
Indians
• **IGNORED Supreme Court
rulings that favored Indian tribes
• Allowed the infamous Trail of
Tears to happen
Trail of Tears, 1838
• Thousands of Cherokee Indians were put on a forced
march to Oklahoma
– 2,000 died in camps
– Another 2,000 died along the way of starvation, disease &
exposure
Manifest Destiny and
the American West
• Territorial
Expansion
– Considered a
“divine” mission
– Spread democracy
and “CHRISTIAN
VALUES”
– Cultural
superiority?
What made westward movement
POSSIBLE?
• Transportation
advancements:
canals, roads,
railroads
• Cotton Gin
– Need for arable land
– Need for slaves
– Political divide over
slavery
“The American West”
• Trails West were
led by
“Mountain
Men”,
– Hard life
– Rendezvous
– Frequent
disasters
( Donner Party,
Indian attacks)
Texas/Mexico/California
Texas/Mexico/California
• Mexico wins independence and land from
Spain
• Can’t get Mexicans to move to California
• Invites Americans to move to Texas area
• Generous Land Grants to EMPRESARIOS
attract settlers and lead to war
Texas/Mexico/California
• EMPRESARIOS: people
who got land grants and
promised to populate that
land with settlers who
would agree to:
– Become citizens of Mexico
– Adopt Mexican lifestyle
• Become Catholic
• Speak Spanish
• Appreciate culture, food,
attitudes, etc.
Texas/Mexico/California
• Settlers meet and choose STEVE AUSTIN as
main negotiator
• President Santa Anna declares himself dictator
of Mexico
– Austin prepares for war…SAM HOUSTON takes
command of untrained troops
– At the Spanish Mission called The Alamo….
The “Alamo”
The Alamo and Goliad 1836
• About 180 rebels under
Lt. Col. Wm Travis
• 13 day standoff
• March 6, 1836 Santa
Anna’s forced stormed the
Alamo and killed all the
rebels
• At Goliad, over 300 men
were executed after
surrendering
• Sam Houston makes a
surprise afternoon attack
on napping soldiers
Texas Wins Independence!
• Texas wins and becomes
a republic
• Texans elect Sam
Houston as first
president
• Also vote for
ANNEXATION to join
the United States
• Jackson is worried
about slave issue and
waits until his last day
in office to recognize
TX as an independent
nation
War with Mexico
• Causes: border of
Texas
– USA says “Rio
Grande River”
– Mexico says “Nueces
River”
– USA also wants to
“Buy California”……
California…The Bear Flag Republic
California…The Bear Flag Republic
Mexican-American War Treaty
54 °40´ or FIGHT!
What issues divided America in the first half
of the nineteenth century?
• ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES:
–
Northern states developed an
industrial economy based on
manufacturing.
• favored high protective tariffs to protect
Northern manufacturers from foreign
competition.
– Southern states developed an
agricultural economy
• slavery-based system of plantations (Atlantic
and in the Deep South), and small subsistence
farmers( Appalachian Mts.)
• opposed high tariffs, which made the price of
imported manufactured goods much more
expensive.
Division over slavery:
• The abolitionist movement grew in the North, led by
William Lloyd Garrison
– Publisher of The Liberator
•
an antislavery newspaper
• Many Northerners (and some Southerners) believed that
slavery was “UN-Christian”
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Harriet Beecher Stowe,
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• a best-selling novel
brought horrors of slavery
to wider audience
• Southerners were
frightened by the growing
strength of Northern
abolitionism
The growing division over
slavery and states’ rights continued
• Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat
Turner and Gabriel Prosser, fed
white Southern fears about slave
rebellions and led to harsh laws in
the South against fugitive slaves.
Southerners who favored abolition
were intimidated into silence.
Division over the addition of new states and “states’
rights” in general…
• The Missouri Compromise (1820) drew an east-west line through
the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery prohibited above the line and
allowed below, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north
of the line.
Hayne-Webster Debate, 1830
• congressional
arguments between
two senators over
the issues of states’
rights and
nullification of
federal laws. The
arguments
highlighted the
growing gap
between the North
and the South.
States’ Rights
Federal Power
Compromises were struck
• In the Compromise of 1850, California entered as a free state,
while the new Southwestern territories acquired from Mexico
would decide on their own.
Compromises were struck
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
repealed the Missouri Compromise
line by giving people in Kansas and
Nebraska the choice whether to allow
slavery in their states (“popular
sovereignty”). This law produced
bloody fighting in Kansas as pro- and
anti-slavery forces battled each other.
It also led to the birth of the
Republican Party that same year to
oppose the spread of slavery.
• Southerners argued that individual
states could nullify laws passed by the
Congress. They also began to insist
that states had entered the Union
freely and could leave (“secede”)
freely if they chose.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Division over the addition of new
states and “states’ rights” in general…
• The admission of
new states
continually led to
conflicts over
whether the new
states would
allow or prohibit
slavery
Compromises were struck
• Abraham Lincoln and Stephen
Douglas, conducted numerous
debates when running for the U.S.
Senate in Illinois in 1858. Lincoln
opposed the spread of slavery into
new states; Douglas stood for
“popular sovereignty.”
• The Dred Scott decision by the
Supreme Court overturned efforts
to limit the spread of slavery and
outraged Northerners, as did
enforcement of the Fugitive Slave
Act, which required slaves who
escaped to free states to be forcibly
returned to their owners in the
South.
Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself
cannot stand.” The nation could not continue halffree, half-slave. The issue must be resolved.
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
• At the same time the
abolitionist movement
grew, another reform
movement took root, to
give equal rights to women.
• Seneca Falls Declaration
• Roles of Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony, who became
involved in women’s
suffrage before the Civil
War, but continued with
the movement after the
war
The Civil War
• Election of Lincoln (1860),
followed by the secession of
several Southern states who
feared that Lincoln would try
to abolish slavery
• Ft. Sumter: Opening
confrontation of the Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation
issued after Battle of Antietam
• Gettysburg: Turning point of
the Civil War
• Appomattox: Site of Lee’s
surrender to Grant
Key leaders and their roles
• Abraham Lincoln: President of the
United States during the Civil War,
who insisted that the Union be held
together, by force if necessary
• Ulysses S. Grant: Union military
commander
• Robert E. Lee: Confederate general
of the Army of Northern Virginia
(Lee opposed secession, but did not
believe the Union should be held
together by force), who urged
Southerners to accept defeat and
unite as Americans again, when
some Southerners wanted to fight
on after Appomattox
• Frederick Douglass: Former slave
who became prominent black
abolitionist and who urged Lincoln
to recruit former slaves to fight in
the Union army
Emancipation Proclamation
• Freed those slaves located
in “rebelling” states
(seceded Southern states)
• Made the destruction of
slavery a Northern war
aim
• Discouraged any
interference of foreign
governments
Gettysburg Address
• Lincoln described the Civil War
as a struggle to preserve a
nation that was dedicated to
the proposition that “all men
are created equal” and that
was ruled by a government “of
the people, by the people, and
for the people.”
• Lincoln believed America was
“one nation,” not a collection
of sovereign states.
Southerners believed that
states had freely joined the
union and could freely leave.
Political effects
• Lincoln’s view that the United States was one nation indivisible
had prevailed.
• Lincoln believed that since secession was illegal, Confederate
governments in the Southern states were illegitimate and the
states had never really left the Union. He believed that
Reconstruction was a matter of quickly restoring legitimate state
governments that were loyal to the Union in the Southern states.
• Lincoln also believed that once the war was over, to reunify the
nation the federal government should not punish the South but
act “with malice towards none, with charity for all… to bind up
the nation’s wounds….”
The Civil War
• The assassination of Lincoln
enabled Radical Republicans to
influence the process of
Reconstruction in a manner
much more punitive towards
the former Confederate states.
• The states that seceded were
not allowed back into the
Union immediately, but were
put under military occupation.
Reconstruction
• Radical Republicans also
believed in aggressively
guaranteeing voting and other
civil rights to African
Americans. They clashed
repeatedly with Lincoln’s
successor as President,
Andrew Johnson, over the
issue of civil rights for freed
slaves, eventually impeaching
him, but failing to remove him
from office.
The three “Civil War Amendments”
• 13th Amendment: Slavery
was abolished
permanently in the United
States.
• 14th Amendment: States
were prohibited from
denying equal rights under
the law to any American.
• 15th Amendment: Voting
rights were guaranteed
regardless of “race, color,
or previous condition of
servitude” (former slaves).
Reconstruction
• The Reconstruction period ended
following the extremely close
presidential election of 1876.
• In return for support in the electoral
college vote from Southern Democrats,
the Republicans agreed to end the
military occupation of the South.
Known as the Compromise of 1877,
this enabled former Confederates who
controlled the Democratic Party to
regain power.
• It opened the door to the “Jim Crow
Era” and began a long period in which
African Americans in the South were
denied the full rights of American
citizenship.
Economic and Social Impact
• The Southern states were left embittered
and devastated by the war. Farms,
railroads, and factories had been
destroyed throughout the South, and the
cities of Richmond and Atlanta lay in ruins.
• The North and Midwest emerged with
strong and growing industrial economies,
laying the foundation for the sweeping
industrialization of the nation (other than
the South) in the next half-century and
the emergence of the United States as a
global economic power by the beginning
of the 20th century.
• The completion of the Transcontinental
Railroad soon after the war ended
intensified the westward movement of
settlers into the states between the
Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.