Determining If an Unknown Metal is
Vanadium Through a Comparison of
Intensive Properties
http://www.gmem.biz/vanadium.html
By Ben Sikorski – Lake Shore
And
Kristian Wilks – Lake Shore
Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Background
Purpose
Hypothesis
Procedures
Data
6. Conclusion
7. Errors
8. Applications/Further
Research
9. Acknowledgements
10. Sources
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Background Science
Thermodynamics: the branch of chemistry that
deals with work, heat, and energy on a system
1st Law of Thermodynamics: energy is neither
created nor destroyed, just transferred
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Background Science
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
• Increase in temperature = increase in movement
speed of molecules
• Energy between molecules/atoms is transferred
when they collide so no energy is lost
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Background Science
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Background Science
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mm/°C
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Background
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Background
Vanadium Extraction Reaction:
Vanadium Ore + Na2CO3 + Heat (850 °C)  NaVO3
NaVO3 + H2O  V2O5
V2O5 + Ca  V
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Background
Vanadium Electron Configuration:
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
– 5 valence electrons in 4s2 and 3d3 subshells
– Close to having 8 valence electrons so a large amount of
energy is required to remove electrons
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Background
• Uses of Vanadium
– Ferrovanadium (steel/Vanadium alloy)
•
•
•
•
Jet Engines
Rocket Thrusters
Car Axles
Cutting Tools
http://www.mycleansky.com/greenhouse.php
http://home.comcast.net/~alloyartifacts/craftsman-early-tools-p4.html
http://ls1tech.com/forums/gen-5-camaro-drivetraintech/1530261-dss-working-new-1000hp-axles-2010-2012camaro.html
Sikorski -- Wilks
http://www.flickr.com/photos/7698273@N08/444
608693/
10
Purpose
• Problem Statement
– To Determine if the unknown metal is
Vanadium or not using…
• Specific Heat
• Linear Thermal Expansion
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Hypothesis
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Specific Heat Materials
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Specific Heat Procedures
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Data – Specific Heat
Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot
Known Metal Normal Probability Plot
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Data – Specific Heat
• Unknown Metal
– Average Specific Heat Calculated: 0.400 J/g* °C
– Average Percent Error: 17.554%
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Data – Specific Heat
• Known Metal
– Average Specific Heat Calculated: 0.377 J/g* °C
– Average Percent Error: 22.315%
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Data – Specific Heat
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Data – SH t Test
• Compares means of two
independent populations
• Assumptions
– Data is normally distributed
– Standard deviation is known
– Adequate sample size
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Data – SH t Test
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Data – SH t Test
• Two Sample T-Test
– T-value= -3.2464
• Means 3.2464 deviations below the mean
– P-value= 0.0040
• Below the accepted 0.5 alpha level
• Means that there is only a 0.4% chance of receiving this
data if the unknown metal was Vanadium
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LTE Materials
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LTE Procedures
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Data – Thermal Expansion
Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot
Unknown Metal Normal Probability Plot
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Data – Thermal Expansion
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Data – Thermal Expansion
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Data – Thermal Expansion
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Data – LTE t Test
• Compares means of two
independent populations
• Assumptions
– Data is normally distributed
– Standard deviation is known
– Adequate sample size
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Data – LTE t Test
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Data – LTE t Test
• Two Sample T-Test
– T-value= -2.7301
• 2.7301 deviations below the mean
– P-value= 0.0149
• Below accepted 0.5 alpha value
• Means that there would only be a 1.49% chance of
getting data like this if the unknown metal was Vanadium
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Conclusion - Problem
• The Plan
– Determine if unknown metal was Vanadium or not
by…
• Determining Specific Heat of both of the metals
• Determining the Linear Thermal Expansion of both of
the metals
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Conclusion - Hypothesis
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Conclusion - Decision
• We REJECTED our hypothesis that the
unknown metal was Vanadium
• T-Tests
– P-values of 0.0149 and 0.0040 for specific heat and linear
thermal expansion respectively
– Percent error differences were 4.761% and 11.762% for
specific heat and linear thermal expansion respectively
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Errors
• Procedural Errors
– Metal was dropped in some trials
– Metal was exposed in some trials
– Heat loss during transfer
– Water mass was measured using a graduated
cylinder
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Errors
• Material Errors
– Heat loss from top of calorimeters
– Possible malfunctions in:
• Calipers
• Electronic Scale
• Thermometers/Temperature Probes
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Applications
• What can we do with this?
– Use these tests to identify if a metal is Vanadium
or not in industries
• Prevents wrong metal from being used
• Saves money
• Lets workers know what they are working with
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Further Research
• What else can we do?
• Test other intensive properties such as
– Hardness
• Using a hardened steel ball indenter
– Melting Point
• Using a mortar and pestle (metal to a powder)
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank:
• Mrs. Hilliard
• Mrs. Cybulski
• Mrs. Dewey
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Sources
• http://www.gmem.biz/vanadium.html
• http://www.mycleansky.com/greenhouse.php
• http://home.comcast.net/~alloy-artifacts/craftsmanearly-tools-p4.html
• http://ls1tech.com/forums/gen-5-camaro-drivetraintech/1530261-dss-working-new-1000hp-axles-20102012-camaro.html
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/7698273@N08/44460
8693/
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Questions?
¿Uds. tienen preguntas?
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The End :D
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Alright, Time to Close the
PowerPoint!
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Seriously, Stop Pressing
the Clicker Before the
Black Screen of Death
Comes Up.
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WHAT IS WRONG WITH
YOU?! I SAID STOP
HITTING THE CLICKER!
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-_- You Really Made it to
This Slide? That’s Really
Sad…
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