CHAPTER 7
GROWTH AND DIVISION
1816-1832
Madison
Monroe
1809-1817 War of 1812
1817-1825 “Era of Good
Feelings”
J.Q. Adams 1825-1829 Corrupt Bargain
Jackson
1829-1837 Old Hickory
CHAPTER 7 – Sec 1
American Nationalism
Monroe’s Era of Good Feelings.
A. Economic Nationalism – a new
program to bind the nation together.
1. A new national bank. (national currency)
2. Protection of American manufacturers from foreign competition.
(Tariff of 1816)
3. Building roads and canals. (private
businesses and local governments funded this)
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
B. Judicial Nationalism –
John Marshall helped unify the
nation by ruling in three important cases
that established dominance of the nation
over the states.
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
1.
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee – decided
that the Supreme Court had the authority to hear
all appeals of state court decisions in cases
involving federal statutes and treaties.
ASSERTED THE SUPREME COURT’S
SOVEREIGNTY OVER STATE COURTS.
The Supreme Court is the nation’s court of final appeal.
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
2.
McCulloch v. Maryland –
Upheld constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S.;
doctrine of “implied powers” provided Congress
more flexibility to enact legislation.
“Taxing the national bank was a form of
interference & therefore unconstitutional.”
Maryland
National Bank
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
3. Gibbons v. Ogden –
Revoked an existing state monopoly;
Supreme Court gave Congress the right to
regulate interstate commerce.
Hudson River
N.J.
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
C. NATIONAL DIPLOMACY
1. Jackson invades Florida.
a. Seminoles – Creek Native Americans
who had fled to Florida and took a new name.
Kinache – leader.
Secretary of War Calhoun sent General Jackson
into Florida to stop Seminoles from attacking in
the South, but Jackson went too far and
infuriated the Spanish. Eventually, the Spanish
ceded Florida to the U.S. in the
Adams-Onis Treaty and set
the new boundaries for the U.S.
Florida
Chapter 7 Sec 1
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
2. THE MONROE DOCTRINE
•
Spain now has
only three islands: Cuba,
Puerto Rico, &
Santo Domingo
In EUROPE – Great Britain,
Austria, Prussia, and Russia
(later France joins) form the
Quadruple Alliance.
All but G.B. want to help Spain
regain its colonies in the
Americas.
Chapter 7, Sec 1
THE PURPOSE OF THE
QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE
Chapter 7, Sec 1
• President Monroe declared in 1823
that the American continents were
“henceforth not to be considered as
subjects for future colonization by
any European powers.”
NOTE: This was a bold act
because the U.S. might
not have been able to
back it up!
Chapter 7 – Sec 1
ACTIONS THAT STRENGTHENED
THE U.S. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Creation of a new
national bank
The Monroe
Doctrine
ACTIONS
Supreme Court
Decisions nation over
states
Protective Tariff
Chapter 7, Sec 2
EARLY INDUSTRY
The Erie Canal - 1825
Chapter 7, Sec 2
I. A Revolution in Transportation
A. Roads and Turnpikes.
The National Road - the only
federally funded transportation project
of its time. Other toll roads were laid by
states, localities, and private businesses.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike
Chapter 7, Sec 2
B. Steamboats and Canals
1. The Clermont – 1807
Robert Fulton & Robert Livingston
created the steamboat that made river travel
more reliable & upstream travel easier. By 1840
– more than 3,300 miles of canals existed in the
U.S.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
2. The “IRON HORSE”
Peter Cooper – TOM THUMB
carried the first 40 passengers at the speed
of 10 miles per hour along 13 miles of track
in Maryland.
PERHAPS more than an
other mode of transportation,
trains helped settle the West
& expand trade between the
nation’s different regions.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
II. A NEW SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION
A. The Industrial Revolution comes to
America.
1. FREE ENTERPRISE – the ability to
acquire capital and make individual choices
about how to use it without strict government
controls.
2. Samuel Slater - risked imprisonment
when he reconstructed the British water frame
from memory in Rhode Island.
3. Francis C. Lowell – opened textile
mills in NE Massachusetts and introduced mass
production of cotton cloth to the U.S.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
B. Technological Advances
1. ELI WHITNEY – introduced
interchangeable parts - factory assembly
2. Samuel F.B. Morse - telegraph &
Morse Code. The Associated Press were
a group of newspapers who used the telegraph
to share news over the wires.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
III. The Rise of Large Cities
A. People from
farms and villages
began to move to the
city to work in factories.
B. The publishing industry arose to satisfy the
growing demand for reading materials.
C. Many educated
women were writers,
editors, & teachers.
Chapter 7, Sec 2
IV. WORKERS BEGIN TO ORGANIZE
A. The Factory Worker – 1.3 million by
1860.
B. LABOR UNIONS - workers who
wanted to improve working
conditions such as higher wages or
shorter workdays. They used
strikes – work stoppages.
Most early unions had little success.
CHAPTER 7, Sec 2
V. THE FAMILY FARM
A. Agriculture remained
the country’s leading economic
activity.
B. The South – continued to
concentrate on agriculture which
needed the institution of slavery.
C. The North – parts of the
North began concentrating on
manufacturing.
Chapter 7, Sec 3
The Land of Cotton
CHAPTER 7, Section 3
I. Southern Economy.
A. Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, &
Tennessee – tobacco (cash crop)
B. SC & Georgia – Rice (cash crop)
C. LA & TX – Sugarcane (cash crop)
D. Inland SC and west through GA, AL,
MS, and into Eastern TX – COTTON
Chapter 7, Sec 3
E. Eli Whitney - The Cotton Gin –– a machine
that combed seeds out of cotton bolls.
“COTTON IS KING”
became the slogan of
the South as cotton
production skyrocketed.
However, it also strengthen the institution of
SLAVERY.
Between 1820 & 1850 – slaves rose from
1.5 million to nearly 4 million.
Chapter 7, Sec 3
F.
INDUSTRY LAGS IN THE SOUTH.
1. Only three large cities in the South:
Baltimore, Charleston, & New Orleans
2. Industry – Coal, iron, salt, & copper mines
3. Only 16 % of the nation’s manufacturing
was in the South
CHAPTER 7, Sec 3
II. SOCIETY IN THE SOUTH.
Planters
Urban Professionals
Yeoman Farmers
Rural Poor
Enslaved African Americans
Chapter 7, Sec 3
III. SLAVERY
1. Most enslaved people worked in
the fields in the South; however, some
worked in industrial plants or as skilled
workers such as blacksmiths,
carpenters, & coopers. Some were
house servants.
2. On farms & small plantations the
TASK System was used.
3. On large plantations the GANG
System was used.
Chapter 7, Sec 3
4. Frederick Douglas – prominent leader
of the anti-slavery movement.
SLAVE CODES –
1. Could not own property.
2. Could not leave slaveholders premises
without permission.
3. Could not possess firearms.
4. Could not testify against a white person in
court.
5. Could not learn to read & write.
THEY WERE CONSIDERED PROPERTY.
Chapter 7, Sec 3
FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS
1. By 1850 some 225,000 free African
Americans lived in the South – most
lived in Maryland and Virginia.
2. About 196,000 lived in the North.
Chapter 7, Sec 3
IV. COPING WITH SLAVEMENT
A. African American Culture
1. SONGS – helped them pass the
day; for leisure;
& some had secret
meanings.
“Nobody Knows de trouble I’ve Seen”
“Swing Low Sweet Chariot”
“Deep River”
Chapter 7, Sec 3
2. RELIGION. Large numbers of
African Americans were Christians;
however, they did incorporate many of their
African religious traditions.
B. RESISTANCE & REBELLION.
1. Some used work slowdowns
2. Broke tools, set fires
3. Some ran away
4. Some turned on the owners
Chapter 7, Sec 3
5. UPRISINGS
Denmark Vesey – free slave who was
hanged for an uprising in Charleston, SC.
Nat Turner – enslaved minister in VA
who believed God had chosen him to
bring his people out of bondage. He and
others killed 50 white men,
women, & children and was
caught and sentenced
to hang.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
GROWING SECTIONALISM
IN 1819 the Union consisted of:
11 FREE STATES
11 SLAVE STATES
Chapter 7, Sec 4
I. The Missouri Compromise
A. Missouri territory requested
permission to enter as a slave
state in 1819.
B. Congressman Tallmadge (NY) proposed:
*no new slaves could be brought into
Missouri
*enslaved children living in the state would
be freed at the age of 25.
The House approved it, but the Senate
rejected it.
Northerners voted for it, but Southerners voted
against it.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
C. Maine (had been part of Massachusetts)
wanted to enter the union as a separate
state. The Senate combined Maine’s request
with Missouri’s request. Missouri would be a
slave state and Maine would be a free state.
THIS PRESERVED THE BALANCE IN THE
SENATE.
D. NEXT – Sen. Thomas of Illinois proposed an
amendment to prohibit slavery in the LA
Purchase territory north of Missouri’s
southern border. Slavery could expand into
Arkansas, but no where else.
E. HENRY CLAY helped get it voted through.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
F. NEW PROBLEM – Pro-slavery members of
Missouri’s constitutional convention added a
clause that prohibited free African Americans
from entering the state. Clay got the Missouri
legislature not to recognize the clause so that
Missouri would be voted in as a state.
Missouri
Maine
Chapter 7, Sec 4
II. THE ELECTION OF 1824
Men who enjoyed the
support of leaders in
their own state or
region.
A. FOUR CANDIDATES –
All Republicans – All “favorite sons”
WEST – Henry Clay (KY) (for American
System)
Andrew Jackson (TN) (known
as a hero)
NEW ENGLAND – John Q. Adams (MA)
(for Internal improvements)
SOUTH – William Crawford (GA) (for
States’ rights & strict constitution)
Chapter 7, Sec 4
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B. ELECTION DAY:
Jackson won the popular vote.
No candidate won a majority of the
Electoral College.
The House had to decide who won
between the top three candidates.
Clay was eliminated, but he had a lot of
influence in the House. He backed Adams.
RESULTS: Adams – 13 votes WINNER !
Jackson - 7 votes
Crawford – 4 votes
Chapter 7, Sec 4
Clay
C. CORRUPT BARGAIN
1. Clay was accused of arranging votes for
Adams in return for a cabinet post.
2. Adams named Clay as his Secretary of
State after he was elected.
3. No evidence of a deal was ever found,
but Jackson’s supporters began to be called
Democratic-Republicans, then called National
Republicans and later they were called
Democrats.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
III. John Quincy Adams
as President
Adams wanted a
national university, scientific
research & standard improvements;
however, Congress only granted funds to
improve rivers & harbors and to extend
the National Road westward.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
IV. THE ELECTION OF 1828.
A. John Q. Adams vs. Andrew Jackson
won 56% of the
OLD
HICKORY
popular vote
178/261 Electoral
votes
B. MUDSLINGING – criticizing each
other’s personalities and morals, was used
in the election on both sides.
Chapter 7, Sec 4
DIVISIVE ISSUES OF THE 1820s
2. States’ rights
1.
SLAVERY
4.National Bank
and
5. Tariffs
3. Interpretation
of the
Constitution