Lewis and Clark
 Presidential appointed team / 1804
 Meriwether Lewis & William Clark
 Began in St. Louis, MO and ended in
Oregon
 Significant journey—took detailed
notes including encounters with
Native Americans
 Warned of hardships settlers would
face moving West
 TJ’s goal of finding an all-water route
not realized
Marshall Court
 John Marshall, influential SC justice
 Federalists passed Judiciary Act (1801) creating 16
new judgeships
 President Adams wanted to “pack” the courts with
Federalists, so he signed off on them at midnight
(they took nickname midnight judges)
 TJ very angry over this court packing scheme
Marshall Court
 TJ ordered James Madison not to deliver the
appointments of these new judges, blocking them from
taking the judgeship
 One judge, William Marbury (hence Marbury v. Madison)
sued under the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the
SC the authority to enforce judicial commissions
 JM (John Marshall) was TJ’s cousin & a Federalist
 JM knew is SC issued a writ of mandamus (forcing
Madison to deliver the commissions) TJ would ignore it
 JM thought if SC did not issue the writ, SC would appear
weaker than other 2 branches
Marshall Court
 JM declared Madison should have delivered
the commission, but the Judiciary Act of 1789
that gave the SC the power to issue the writ
was unconstitutional
 This created “judicial review”, or the idea of
judging the constitutionality of a law
 JM was able to reprimand the Republicans w/o
compromising the integrity and power of the
SC
 Under JM, the power of the SC increased big
time!!
Marshall Court Decisions
 Cases expanding the authority of the Supreme Court
1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) gave the Court the power of
judicial review.
2. U.S. v. Peters (1809) established the Court's right to
coerce a state legislature
3. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court's
right to overrule a state court
4. Cohens v. Virginia (1821). States were no longer sovereign
in all respects since they had ratified the Constitution. State
courts must submit to federal jurisdiction.
Marshall Court Decisions
 Cases expanding the powers of Congress
1. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) upheld the right of
Congress to charter a national bank, thus putting into
national law the doctrine of implied powers.
2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) gave the national
government undisputed control over interstate
commerce by ruling invalid a steamboat monopoly
chartered by New York state. This freed internal
transportation from state restraint.
Marshall Court Decisions
 Weakening the States
A. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) established the principle that
state laws were invalid when in conflict with the
Constitution
B. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) by
forbidding the state legislature to alter the college
charter, established the principle that charters were
contracts which could not be impaired.
C. Martin v. Mott (1827) denied a state the right to
withhold its militia from service.
Legacy of Marshall Court
 Established the supremacy of federal government
over states in exercising control of economy
 B. Opened the way for an increased federal role in
promoting economic growth (bank ruling)
 C. Affirmed protection for corporations and other
private economic institutions from local
governmental interference. This allowed for the
growth of the new industrial capitalist economy.
Election of 1804: TJ v. Pinckney
Aaron Burr
*3rd Vice-President
*Repubs. decided NOT to have Burr for
TJ’s 2nd Term
*In 1804, Congress passed 12th
Amendment, specifying which ballot
was being cast for Pres and which for
VP by Electoral College
*Background: Election of 1800 was a
tie between TJ and Burr (the VP
Candidate). The House decided, and
because Alex. Hamilton hated Burr,
House chose TJ as President
Burr’s Revenge
 Burr wanted revenge on AH for the Election of 1800 debacle
 AB joined a small group of radical Federalists called the Essex
Junto (group plotting for a New England state secession
from the Union) and ran for governor of NY as their leader
 Hamilton campaigned against Burr as governor, and people
of NY did not vote Burr in due to fears of an ex-Rep. (many
Federalist voters in NY)
 AB heard AH made a negative remark about him, and
challenged him to a duel; AH could not refuse, so the duel
happened in 1804
The Duel
 AH would be mortally wounded, and A Bwould be
wanted for murder.
Significance of TJ’s Presidency
 Slashed Army/Navy spending
 Cut the budget
 Eliminated the unpopular whiskey tax
 Reduced national debt by 1/3
 Acquired LA Territory from Napoleon in 1803
 2nd Term: Occupied w/ keeping US out of Napoleonic wars
 Failed w/ embargo upon American shipping (Embargo Act 1807,
forbid all int’l trade to and from American ports
 TJ’s goal was GB and FR would be persuaded of the value and
rights of neutral commerce )
  Cue video on Embargo Act
James Madison
 Staunch Federalist / co-author of Federalist Papers
 Considered “Father of the Constitution”
 Member of Republican/Jeffersonian Party
 Embargo Act repealed just b/f taking office but issue
lingered
 JM prohibited trade w/ GB & FR; in 1810 Congress authorized
trade with both, telling JM if either would accept US view of
neutral rights, to forbid trade with other nation
 Eventually declared war on GB due to impressment of
American men at sea & seizure of cargoes
  Cue videos on Madison and War of 1812
Exit Slip
 Pick 1 of the following 2 questions:
 1) Describe the significance of Thomas Jefferson’s
presidency.
 2) Was Madison justified in declaring war on the British
in 1812?
 Your answer should be a minimum of 4 sentences and
contain at LEAST 2 analytical sentences (meaning this
cannot be just facts…offer your interpretation)
Election of 1812
Issues
 1) War of 1812
 Federalists were opposed to War / Criticized
Madison for struggles early in war
 Poor showing of American soldiers in the war's first
months largely contributed to the election's close
result
 Madison got heavy support from the South and
West; this is because of the War Hawks: young
congressmen like Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, etc.
War Hawks
 Young and outspoken members of Congress
 Foes of Great Britain and supporters of expansion by
the United States.
 Western War Hawks, most notably the new Speaker
of the House, Henry Clay of Kentucky, called for war
against England / saw Canada as a possible target of
expansion.
 Southern War Hawks, led by John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina, desired Texas and Florida.
Consequences of War of 1812
 The war lasted for over two years, ended in stalemate.
 It did once and for all confirm American Independence.
 The offensive actions of the United States failed to
capture Canada.
 The British army was successfully stopped when it
attempted to capture Baltimore and New Orleans.
 There were a number of American naval victories in
which American vessels proved themselves superior to
similarly sized British vessels.
Consequences of War of 1812
 Andrew Jackson emerged as a national hero for
defending New Orleans (many felt NO was
equivalent to war victory)
 William H. Harrison a hero and later and also elected
President.
 America gained respect diplomatically and militarily
 Led to further decline of Federalists
 American industry increased due to lack of
dependence on GB manufacturing
Hartford Convention
 Dec 1814-Jan1815
 Purpose: Discuss grievances and seek solutions for
their wrongs
 Immediate Goal = secure financial assistance from
Washington due to British blockading menace on NE
shores
 Minority of radical delegates urged secession
 Convention recommended amendments to
Constitution (end 3/5 Compromise, sought term
limits for President) but Treaty of Ghent ended this
Death of Federalist Party
 Hartford demands  death of FP
 Seen as secessionists and disloyal
 Election of 1816
Election of 1816
End of an Era
 Legacies of time period 1812-1816
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Intense American hatred of British
Mutual suspicion b/w GB and US would last long time
Increase in Canadian nationalism
Naval arms race b/w US and GB in Great Lakes
Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817 – limited naval armament on GL’s
US no longer worried about European intervention in NA
New sense of nationalism
Next up: Manifest Destiny & Era of Good Feelings
Era of Good Feelings
Era of Good Feelings
 So-called due to one party (D-R) dominance
 America became isolationist (not worried about Europe)
 D-R’s did suffer internal dissent
 Ex: Some supported Hamilton (Federalist) economic ideas
 Main Political Issues:
 a national bank (2nd Bank)
 protective tariffs to support American manufactures & federallyfunded internal improvements (Clay’s American System)
 Missouri & Slavery
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
 Spain & the Seminole Indian
 Diplomacy
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Convention of 1818
Occupation of Oregon
Fishing rights (w/ Canada)
Adams-Onis Treaty
 Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine - 1823
 The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for
colonization
 The political system of the Americas was different
from Europe
 The United States would regard any interference in
Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its
security
 The United States would refrain from participation in
European wars and would not disturb existing
colonies in the Western Hemisphere
Practice Question
 Those who supported the War of 1812 advanced all of
the following rationales for their positions EXCEPT the
 (A) desirability of annexing Canada
 (B) need to defend the honor of the United States
 (C) need to safeguard the frontier
 (D) obligation to protect Native Americans
 (E) advisability of acquiring Florida
Practice Question
 Which of the following did NOT contribute to the
United States decision to declare war against Great
Britain in 1812?
 (A) American military and economic preparedness
for war
 (B) American concern for national honor
 (C) The impressment of American seamen
 (D) British interference with United States
commerce
 (E) American fears of British aid to Native
Americans (Indians) on the frontier
Practice Question
An important reason for the proclamation of the
Monroe doctrine was to
(A) end the United States’ alliance with France
(B) displace England as the chief creditor of the LatinAmerican countries
(C) counter British objections that would arise in any
future United States effort to annex the West Indies or
Canada
(D) protect republican institutions of government in
the Western Hemisphere
(E) prevent French interference in the internal affairs
of Mexico