The Statistical Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for
Islamic Countries (SESRIC)
Regional Workshop on Tourism
Statistics and Tourism Satellite
Accounts
2-4 December 2014 at SESRIC Headquarters in Ankara, Turkey
2013-SESRIC-0111 Project selected for the Project Cycle Management (PCM) Programme Funding of the OIC
Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation (COMCEC).
Oliver Herrmann
Director, Tourism Statistics and Tourism Satellite Accounts,
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Tadayuki (Tad) Hara
UNWTO Consultant, Associate Dean of Finance and Administration,
Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida,
Overview of the Workshop (Total xx pages)
[Day 1: Tuesday, 02 December, 2014]
•09:00-09:30
Registration
•09:30-10:30
Opening Session
•11:00-13:00
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
•14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
•16:45-18:00
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics (cont’d)
[Day 2: Wednesday, 03 December, 2014]
•09:00-11:00
Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
•11:15-13:00
Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
•14:30-16:00
Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
•16:15-18:00
Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
[Day 3: Thursday, 04 December, 2014]
•09:00-11:00
Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
•11:15-13:00
Session 8: Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)
•14:30-16:00
Session 9: General Discussion
2
Session 1: Overview
09:00-09:30
09:30-10:30
10:30-11:00
Registration
Opening Session
Coffee Break
11:00-13:00
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
► Conceptual Framework of and Institutional Arrangements for a STS
Presenter: UNWTO
► Overviews of IRTS 2008 and UNWTO Compilation Guide of Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► National Systems of Tourism Statistics in OIC Member Countries
Country presentations
► Documenting National Systems of Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Q&A Session
3
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
11:00-13:00
► Conceptual
Framework of and Institutional Arrangements for a STS
•[1.3] In order to foster international comparability, the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO) developed successive sets of international recommendations on tourism
statistics in 1978 and 1993. Recently, the International Recommendations for Tourism
Statistics 2008 (IRTS 2008) has been developed. (1.3)
•[1.4] The International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 provides the basic
concepts and definitions concerning the different aspects of tourism
–
–
such as those travellers that qualify as visitor either as tourist (or overnight visitor) or same-day visitor (or
excursionist) (IRTS 2008, para. 2.13);
the different forms of tourism (IRTS 2008, paras. 2.39 and 2.40);
•
–
the different main purposes of a tourism trip (IRTS 2008, para. 3.17);
•
–
Personal, Business & Professional (3.17)
the concept of tourism expenditure (IRTS 2008, para. 4.2) and its different categories related to the
different forms of tourism (IRTS 2008, paras. 4.15 and 4.20);
•
•
•
–
Domestic Tourism, Inbound Tourism, and Outbound Tourism (2.39), Internal Tourism, National Tourism, and International Tourism (2.40)
Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables, for own use or
to give away, for and during tourism trips. It includes expenditures by visitors themselves, as well as expenses that are paid for or
reimbursed by others.(4.2)
Domestic tourism expenditure, Inbound tourism expenditure, Outbound tourism expenditure (4.15)
Internal tourism expenditure, National tourism expenditure (4.20)
the different classifications that can be used in the analysis of tourism.
4
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
11:00-13:00
Conceptual Framework of and Institutional
Arrangements for a STS
►
•Countries are encouraged to develop their tourism statistics
according to the following guidelines: (1.5)
– Estimates should be based on reliable statistical sources, where visitors and
producers of goods and services are both observed;
– Observations should be statistical in character and produced on an ongoing
basis, combining the compilation of benchmark estimations with the use of
indicators to enhance the usefulness of the results;
– Data should be comparable over time within the same country, comparable
among countries and comparable with other fields of economic activities;
– Data should be internally consistent and presented within macroeconomic
frameworks recognized at the international level.
5
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
11:00-13:00
► Overviews
of IRTS 2008 and UNWTO Compilation Guide of Tourism
Statistics
•The International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008
Compilation Guide (adopted by UN Statistical Commission in its 45th
session, 4-7 March 2014) is a companion document to the International
Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (IRTS 2008). The primary
purpose of this Compilation Guide is to provide further clarifications and
practical guidance for using sources and methods to compile statistics on
tourism. It is designed to support the production of a high quality set of
basic data and indicators in each country, and to strengthen the
international comparability of tourism statistics.
•The Compilation Guide is structured similarly to the IRTS 2008 and
provides extensive explanations and country examples of typical
compilation issues, as follows:
6
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
11:00-13:00
► Compilation
Guide of Tourism Statistics
Chapter 1 discusses how the System of Tourism Statistics (STS) has been designed, describing the basic information framework
● developed to promote the international comparability of tourism statistics, and introduces the importance of institutional aspects
for developing a STS.
●
Chapter 2 provides a general overview of the demand-oriented conceptual framework of IRTS 2008, and the key concepts in the
context of related observation issues.
●
Chapter 3 describes issues that arise in measuring visitor flows and in observing their characteristics, the processes that
countries can follow in doing so, and the ensuing basic data and indicators.
●
Chapter 4 focuses on tourism expenditure, describing the measurement issues, the measurement instruments available, and the
ensuing basic expenditure data and indicators.
● Chapter 5 discusses the classifications used in tourism statistics, in particular those related to products and activities.
●
Chapter 6 describes the measurement of tourism supply in different forms of accommodation and also briefly discusses tourism
supply from transport service providers, food and beverage service providers, and travel and reservation agencies.
●
Chapter 7 focuses on employment and describes the concepts, definitions, basic categories and indicators of employment in the
tourism industries from both a labour and an industry statistics perspective.
●
Chapter 8 covers a number of cross-cutting topics which are relevant to the tourism statistics production process and meeting
user needs, including quality management, the compilation of metadata, data dissemination and institutional aspects.
7
Compilation
Guide:
Sample from
Chapter 3
8
Session 1: System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
11:00-13:00
► Compilation
Guide of Tourism Statistics
Additional information on compilation issues is provided in four annexes.
●
Annex 1: Proposed basic questions to measure flows and expenditure
associated to inbound tourism.
● Annex 2: Tourism expenditure vs tourism consumption.
● Annex 3: Labour Force Survey Questionnaire of Lithuania.
●
Annex 4: Australia: Survey of Employees Earnings and Hours, 2012 - Help
Page.
9
10
Session 1
► Documenting National Systems of Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•This Compilation Guide deals with the setting up of a national System of Tourism
Statistics (STS). Tourism statistics covers data regarding visitors’ activities (such as
arrivals/departures, overnight stays, expenditures, main purpose of the trip, etc.)
associated with the different forms of tourism (inbound, domestic and outbound), as
well as tourism industries’ activity, infrastructure and employment. Box 1.1 describes
the international Classification of Statistical Activities which categorises tourism
statistics as part of the National Statistics System (NSS).
•The recommendations set out in IRTS 2008 for national STSs will facilitate
international comparisons as well as integration within each country’s NSS (The
System of Tourism Statistics: Basic References, Section B).(1.10)
•In the meantime, some countries have to rely on approximate data, where it is the only
tourism-related data available. Such data might include:
• Balance of Payments data (from the travel and passenger transport items);
• Inbound visitors from immigration authorities based on nationality (even though, for tourism purposes, information should be
based on country of residence);
• Data from hotel associations;
• Data from transport companies; and
11
• Data from commercial accommodation establishments.
Session 1
► Documenting National Systems of Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
Importance of institutional arrangements in developing a System of Tourism
Statistics (STS)
•The proper environment for the development of a STS should be a proactive and
synergetic Inter-Institutional Platform involving various categories of institutions:
– a. Bodies that produce statistics and basic tourism information:
•
•
•
•
•
i. National Statistical Office (NSO) – as producers of basic statistics and compilers of National Accounts
ii. National Tourism Administration (NTA) – as the entity responsible for public policy in tourism and for the coordination of
public and private stakeholders
iii. Central Bank (CB) - as they often compile the Balance of Payments
iv. Immigration and Border protection authorities – as responsible for border procedures
v. associations of national tourism enterprises – as they are often providers of information as well as key users of tourism
statistics
12
Session 1
► Documenting National Systems of Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•The specific role of the TSA within the STS needs to be highlighted. It should be
understood as:
– The instrument for identifying and measuring the contribution2 of tourism to the national economy,
in line with the National Accounts framework, and thus allowing comparisons with other economic
domains.
•
For example, the %GDP attributable to tourism derived from the TSA can be compared to the %GDP attributable to agriculture
derived from the core National Accounts.
– A systematic means to achieve total coverage in terms of visitors, their expenditure, and the
industries serving visitors, as well as a reasoned reconciliation of the different statistical sources
involved, in order to ensure consistency among the data derived from them.
– Part of a system of information in which individual sources are interconnected (for instance, annual
data are consistent with monthly or quarterly data; demand data match information on supply;
specific analyses are consistent with general ones, etc.).
– A macroeconomic accounting tool with which to develop structural relationships with other
macroeconomic frameworks, particularly the Balance of Payments and the National Accounts. This
relationship should be conceptual but should also be based on shared analyses of the data and the
coordination of overlapping statistical operations, to ensure consistent measurements.
13
Session 1: Country Presentations
► National Systems of Tourism Statistics in OIC Member Countries
•Albania:
 National System of Tourism Statistics
Benin:
 National System of Tourism Statistics
Chad:
 National Systems of Tourism Statistics
Kazakhstan:
 National System of Tourism Statistics
•Palestine:
– National Tourism Statistics
14
Session 2 Overview
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
► Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and Procedures
Applied
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
16:45-18:00
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics (cont’d)
► Accommodation Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Accommodation and Establishment Statistics
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
15
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
• The measurement of inbound tourism has its peculiar challenges.
– For example, where and when should the data be collected? Clearly, while some data
relating to the visitor can be collected on arrival in the country, very little data can be
collected on the visit, as this has not yet taken place.
– Similarly, it is not satisfactory to collect the data during the visitor’s trip as this is not yet
completed. This leads to the solution of collecting the data when the visitor is departing the
country. Most countries have a relatively small number of immigration/border posts through
which visitors enter and depart, providing useful survey points.
• Inbound tourism statistics are usually collected in two phases.
– This reflects the structure of data collection at border posts.
•
•
Phase one involves the use of the administrative data collected by the border protection authorities. This data
identifies all travelers – both visitors and non-visitors – although in some countries very frequent border crossers,
e.g. people crossing the border on a daily basis for work purposes, may not be recorded.
Phase two usually involves a sample survey of visitors as they depart the country. This phase can then collect data
such as the demographics of the visitors, activities while in the country, places visited, how much spent while in the
country, etc. To design such a survey it is very useful to get the data mentioned above from phase one to provide a
basis for stratifying the sample and making it more efficient and representative.
16
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
C.1.2. Complexity in the measurement of flows
• Countries belonging to a zone within which controls for all movements have
been abolished
• Countries with special land border zones though with border controls usually
in place in other non-land borders (air):
• Movements of persons by land between two non-contiguous parts of the
national territory:
– Oman, the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad), Malaysia, the United States (Alaska), etc.
• Box 3.9: Count of vehicles – the case of Mexico – U.S. border
– Using count of vehicles to distinguish residents and non-residents by observing the plates
of cars is not an acceptable solution for the Mexico-U.S border. Many U.S. residents
(Mexican nationals) live near the U.S. border and own cars with plates from Mexico. These
residents consistently transit, either for work or business, etc., and such a situation would
imply an overestimation of foreign visitors.
•
Source: National Statistical Office of Mexico, 2013
17
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
Box 3.21: Case Study – Austrian experience in using mirror data
•
•
Austria uses mirror statistics from partner countries. In Europe where tourism has a
predominantly intra-European dimension and where a legal framework obligates member states
to transmit harmonized inbound supply side data and outbound demand side data, countries
could greatly benefit from each other’s data.
On one hand, mirror data can fill data gaps where own data is not available and on the other
hand, mirror data can be used to assess the quality and comparability of existing tourism data.
Since the use of mirror data is not unproblematic, challenges such as different methodologies,
conceptual issues and definitions have to be taken into consideration. Nevertheless, when
countries start working together a better harmonization of tourism statistics can be expected
and duplicated observation of tourism flows might be avoided in the future.
–
Source: Johanna Ostertag-Sydler, Austrian experience in using mirror data in the field of tourism and travel statistics, 2010
18
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism
Statistics
and International
Practices in
Organizing and
Conducting
Border Surveys
19
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
20
Session 2
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Inbound Tourism Statistics and International Practices in Organizing and
Conducting Border Surveys
Presenter: UNWTO
21
Session 2: Country Presentations
14:30-16:30
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics
► Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and Procedures Applied
•Maldives:
– Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics: Type of Tools &
Procedures Applied
Nigeria:
 Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics in Nigeria
Senegal:
 Tools used by Senegal to Measure Inbound Tourism
Sudan:
 Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics: Type of Tools &
Procedures Applied
•Turkey:
– Inbound Tourism Statistics in Turkey
22
Session 2-2 Overview
16:45-18:00
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics (cont’d)
► Accommodation Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Accommodation and Establishment Statistics
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
23
Session 2-2
16:45-18:00
Session 2: Inbound Tourism Statistics (cont’d)
► Accommodation Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
Tad Hara: If time is available, refer to slides in Section 6 (P61~P65)
24
Session 2-2: Country presentations
► Accommodation and Establishment Statistics
Benin: (2 presentations)
 Management of Tourism Statistics (Mr. Odoun-Ifa)
 Accommodation and Establishment Statistics
Oman:
 Experiments on the Application of Surveys on Inbound and
Outbound Tourism Expenditure
•Turkey:
– Accommodation Statistics in Turkey
25
Session 3 Overview
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Measuring Outbound Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and
Procedures Applied
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
26
Session 3
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•Defined as the tourism activity of a country’s residents outside its economic territory,
outbound tourism can be observed in two ways, by taking the same approach as for
either inbound tourism (that is, at or near the border, see paragraph 3.10), or
domestic tourism (once the trip is concluded, using a household survey, see previous
Section D). In the first case, adjustments might be required, since the object of
observation, an outbound visit, might be part of either an outbound or a domestic trip.
(3.141 IRTS CG)
•As in the case of inbound tourism, Balance of Payments compilers will be interested in
establishing the characteristics of all resident outbound travel, and combining resources
within an inter-institutional platform will foster quality measurement.(3.142)
•Points made with respect to inbound tourism – about the typology of modes of transport
for entering or leaving a country (see Section C.1.1 Main Purpose), about complex
conceptual and statistical issues arising in specific situations (see Section C.1.2 Types
of tourism products) and about the main statistical sources used (see Section C.1.6
Types of accommodation) – are valid here as well. (3.145)
27
Session 3
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•If appropriate and feasible, countries could conduct observation procedures for
outbound tourism both at the border and through household surveys, simultaneously,
with the aim of comparing the results obtained in each case. Such exercises could
provide some critical insight into the procedures used to measure outbound tourism. Big
differences might be found, for instance, in the number of trips or in the measurement of
outbound vs. inbound tourism, calling both procedures into question, as a possible basis
for review. (3.146)
•As in the case of domestic tourism, and to a greater extent, outbound tourism may be
particularly prevalent among specific segments of the population, as for instance those
living near land borders, among residents of foreign origin or among families of
emigrants, as well as other groups. It might be important, for the purposes of analysis or
the adjustment of domestic tourism measurements in TSA terms, to observe those
characteristics for different subsets of visitors within the reference population (IRTS
2008, 2.39. (c); and, TSA:RMF 2008, 4.39. Domestic tourism expenditure (see IRTS2008,
para. 4.15 (a)) includes not only the expenditure of visitors on domestic trips, but also the
expenditure within the economy of reference of visitors that undertake outbound trips.).
28
Session 3
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•Outbound tourism sometimes includes multi-destination trips, i.e. to more than one
country. It must therefore be decided whether to collect information on each country
visited, and if so, how much information. For example, is it sufficient to merely identify
the individual countries visited, without breaking down the data on other characteristics,
such as purpose of trip, length of stay or expenditure? Or should such details be
covered for each country visited? The answer will depend on the data needed and the
resources available for collecting it.
•An alternative approach in some countries is to identify the main country visited only
(the one central to the decision to take the trip), at the expense of understating the
number of reference country residents visiting other countries. However, in the case of
expenditure, total expenditure relating to all destinations should be collected, to ensure
compatibility with BoP requirements.
29
Session 3
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•3.150. The points made about the table of results for domestic tourism (see Section
D.3) apply as well in the case of outbound tourism.
30
Session 3
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Outbound Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
31
Session 3: Country presentations
09:00-11:00 Session 3: Outbound Tourism Statistics
► Measuring Outbound Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and
Procedures Applied
Egypt:
 Measuring Inbound Tourism Statistics: Type of Tools
& Procedures Applied
Malaysia:
 Departure Visitors Survey in Malaysia
•Turkey:
– Outbound Tourism Statistics in Turkey
32
Session 4: Overview
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Experiences on Application of Inbound and Outbound Tourism
Expenditure Surveys
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
33
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•
•
Beyond measuring the physical flows of visitors and their characteristics, tourism
statistics are especially useful for understanding the economic implications of visitors’
activities. Such measurements allow tourism analysis to be linked with other
economic analysis, permitting the integration of tourism policy within a country’s
general macroeconomic policy framework. (IRTS 4.1)
Difference between Tourism Expenditure and Tourism Consumption
–
–
–
–
Tourism expenditure is the amount paid by visitors for the acquisition of consumption goods and
services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips (IRTS 2008,
4.2.).
Tourism consumption comprises tourism expenditure as well as a number of other non-expenditure
consumption items which need to be imputed. The main ones are an imputed value of the use of second
(holiday) homes and an imputed value of government subsidies to facilities used by visitors (e.g.
museums, exhibitions, etc.).
Tourism consumption is usually only required for purposes of constructing a TSA. However, tourism
expenditure, collected by way of visitor surveys, is an important basic piece of visitor information which is
useful for a variety of purposes, such as marketing and policy development. (4.3)
It is also worth noting that data on tourism expenditure (and ultimately consumption) is particularly
important as it is the means by which tourism demand and tourism supply are matched. This match, by
34
way of a TSA, enables measurement of tourism’s contribution to an economy. (4.4)
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
•A growing number of countries have developed surveys to measure inbound
tourism expenditure. The use of such instruments to also measure the “travel”
item in the Balance of Payments has created increasing pressures for the
alignment of tourism statistics with the Balance of Payments and International
Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition (BPM6) and the Manual on Statistics
of International Trade in Services (MSITS 2010). It has also fostered
improvements in the international comparability of Balance of Payments
measures of the expenditures by travellers outside their country of residence.
(4.5)
– In National Accounts, transactions of goods or services are to be recorded upon the
transfer of ownership from seller to buyer in the case of goods, or upon service delivery by
seller to buyer in the case of services – and not necessarily at the time of payment, which
can occur beforehand (for instance, when a travel ticket is purchased in advance) or
afterwards (when paying by credit card). For this reason, the terms “acquisition” and
“payment” should not be used interchangeably: they occur at different points in time (IRTS
2008, 4.8. – 4.11.). This difference has to be thoroughly understood
35 when making
measurements and developing questionnaires.(4.10)
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
• Categories of Tourism Expenditure (IRTS 2008, 4.15)
– Domestic tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident
visitor within the economy of reference;
– Inbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a non-resident
visitor within the economy of reference;
– Outbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident
visitor outside the economy of reference;
36
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
37
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
38
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
•In general, determining which part of an international visitor’s expenditure
corresponds to inbound/outbound tourism expenditure, which part corresponds
to domestic tourism expenditure, and which part should be excluded is not a
very complex process: visitors themselves can often easily identify where their
expenditures were made and the country of residence of the sellers or
providers.(4.24.)
•For a few fields of expenditure, however, such determinations are
less straightforward, and in particular for the following three
– Transportation between origin and destination (mainly air, but also rail
and water),
– Package tours, and
– Reservation services, imbedded in the purchase of some services.
39
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
• Classification of tourism expenditure
– The IRTS 2008 thus recommends using a classification that allows visitors to
group their expenditure according to purpose: the Classification of Individual
Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). This classification is commonly used for the
description of personal consumption in general statistics and household surveys,
and has the primary advantage that it can be linked to the CPC (which, in turn,
enables links to supply-side classifications, see Chapter 5).
– The categories that are most commonly used and recommended in IRTS
2008 are: (4.49)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
i. Package travel, package holidays and package tours
ii. Accommodation
iii. Food and drink
iv. Local transport
v. International transport
vi. Recreation, culture and sporting activities
vii. Shopping
viii. Others
40
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
• Measuring inbound tourism expenditure (4.53)
– The most common and rigorous method of observing expenditure by
non-resident visitors is to survey them as they leave the country (see
Chapter 3, Section C.2.2.1). The following methods are used to observe
inbound tourism expenditure. It should be noted that the following
discussions on border surveys, surveys at accommodation or tourism
sites, or the use of electronic prints contain elements of relevance to also
the measurement of domestic and outbound tourism expenditure.
41
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
42
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
• Measuring outbound tourism expenditure (4.72).
– As mentioned in connection with the measurement of visitor flows
(Chapter 3), outbound tourism expenditure can be measured at or near
the border as outbound visitors return from their trip or, as in the case of
domestic tourism expenditure, through the use of household-type
surveys.
– Under certain conditions, the measurements of a country’s outbound
tourism expenditure obtained through a household-type survey can be
used directly or as an input for the measurement of inbound tourism
expenditure in the countries visited. This is often referred to as the use of
mirror statistics (see Chapter 3, Section C.2.2.4).
43
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
44
Session 4
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Inbound and Outbound Tourism Expenditure Statistics
[Advanced Topic]
• Tourism expenditure classified in the National Accounts as intermediate
consumption
– SNA2008 all purchases of goods and services by employees on business trips
= should be classified as intermediate consumption
– IRTS2008making no distinction between the macroeconomic concepts of
“intermediate consumption” and “final consumption”, as long as the direct
beneficiary of the expenditure is the visitor (IRTS 2008, 4.5.)
• Regarding inbound and outbound tourism expenditure, and because some
countries still do not compile tourism data, UNWTO uses data from the
Balance of Payments rather than tourism data to support as much as
possible international comparisons. However useful in this sense, Balance of
Payments data should not be used in the overall tabulation of tourism
statistics and should never be considered a substitute for tourism statistics. It
is expected that, in time and as countries develop their Systems of Tourism
Statistics, it will become possible to collect the countries’ actual inbound and
45
outbound tourism expenditure data.
Session 4: Country Presentations
11:15-13:00 Session 4: Tourism Expenditure Statistics
► Experiences on Application of Inbound and Outbound Tourism
Expenditure Surveys
•Suriname: (3 presentations)
– Estimating Travel Account in the BOP of Suriname
– Process of Data Collection in Suriname
– Tourism Data Suriname
•Turkey:
– Tourism Income and Expense in Turkey
46
Session 5: Overview
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics
Presenter: UNWTO
► Measuring Domestic Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and
Procedures Applied
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
47
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
•
Domestic tourism differs from inbound tourism in ways that affect the procedures
followed in observing them and the type of results obtained at national level: (3.103)
–
–
–
No specific geographical border is crossed, so no counts or equivalent measurement procedures
are usually conducted. In specific cases, some countries have developed methods for counting vehicle
flows (translated into flows of persons) entering or leaving a closed (or nearly closed) area (a place,
usually a city), to simulate a border. Such procedures can measure visits to specific places (destination
analysis), but not all domestic tourism trips.
Data on domestic same-day visits may pose a particular challenge, reflecting recall problems (when the
data is collected by the recommended methodology, i.e. by way of household surveys) and the difficulty
of providing in summary terms the precise criteria for the trips to be included.
It should also be possible for countries to approach residents to generate statistics on their tourism
behaviour during a past reference period. This is not easy in the case of non-residents taking trips in the
country of reference, who cannot be approached for interviews after the trip is over. However, they can
be given a questionnaire to complete after they return home or be approached in their country of origin if
a contract address is available
48
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
49
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
50
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
51
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
•Since the aim of this Compilation Guide is to help countries
implement IRTS 2008 and develop a national STS, the data to be
obtained should be classified with reference to the standard
frameworks described in chapter 5, to serve national purposes but
also ensure international comparability. The data for national
purposes will be much more detailed.
•For the purposes of international comparability, UNWTO annually
requests from member and non-member countries, and then
disseminates in the Compendium of Tourism Statistics, the data
set and indicators for domestic tourism.
52
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
Example of Table of Results
53
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
54
Session 5
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Domestic Tourism Statistics Presenter: UNWTO
55
Session 5: Country Presentations
14:30-16:00 Session 5: Domestic Tourism Statistics
► Measuring Domestic Tourism Statistics – Type of Tools and
Procedures Applied
•Indonesia:
– Domestics Tourism Statistics
•Turkey:
– Domestic Tourism Statistics in Turkey
56
Session 6: Overview
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
► Measuring the Supply of Tourism Industries
Presenter: UNWTO
► Tourism Industries Statistics
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
57
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics (IRTS2008)
A.Introduction
B.Accommodation Service Providers
C.Providers of Food and Beverage Services
D.Providers of Transportation Services
E.Travel and Reservation Agencies
F.Other Non-Tourism Industries
F1 Production and Trade of Handicrafts
F2 The Meetings Industry
58
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
► Measuring the Supply of Tourism Industries
Presenter: UNWTO
•Tourism is defined as an economic activity that is determined principally by
demand (IRTS2008, 1.12.). In describing and measuring tourism, however,
supply (economic activity in response to demand) must also be considered,
since without it, the economic effect of tourism could not be stated or described.
Indeed, one of the major contributions of the IRTS 2008 is the fact that it
describes tourism not only from the demand side (i.e. visitors) but also from the
supply side (i.e. the industries that cater to visitors), thereby acknowledging
tourism as an economic sector. (IRTS 6.1)
•Additionally, to properly integrate the analysis of tourism into that of the total
economy, it must be ensured that what is measured on the supply side is
consistent with what is measured on the demand side.
– Such consistency enables comparison of data over time, as well as comparison with other
countries’ data.
59
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
► Measuring the Supply of Tourism Industries
Presenter: UNWTO
• Tourism statisticians should be aware of an issue that bears on the
credibility of the tourism industries’ basic data and indicators (see “Tables of
results”, paragraphs 6.21 to 6.23) and that National Tourism Administrations
(NTAs), National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and other government agencies
that publish tourism data should warn users about: only part of the output of
each tourism industry is attributable to visitors’ consumption. This issue is
explicitly identified and treated in the TSA by the use of “tourism shares” (or
“tourism ratios”) within their total output (TSA:RMF 2008, 4.50. and 4.55.).
• It should also be recalled that visitors acquire goods and services that are
not tourism-specific (newspapers, clothes, medical care30, cleaning,
hairdressing, etc.), so that studying tourism characteristic activities does not
cover all possible acquisitions by visitors (IRTS 2008, 4.4.).
60
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
► Measuring the Supply of Tourism Industries
Presenter: UNWTO
•Information on industries, their output, inputs, and employment is gathered mainly
through surveys, which NSOs usually conduct on a yearly basis, covering all economic
activities. The economic data thus collected is usually required for calculating the
country’s National Accounts, for example calculating Gross Domestic Product, Gross
Value Added, etc.(6.12)
•These surveys are currently well established and have a standardized format, based on
the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)
categories (agriculture, mining, manufacture, etc.).(6.13)
–
Accommodation providers, for instance, often include in the bill various items beyond the product
actually purchased (e.g. a head count, a sales tax or VAT as a percentage of total consumption, and a
proportional compulsory service charge), and visitors may also choose to add tips. All these payments
count as part of the value of consumption, but providers usually do not include them as income in their
financial statements, treating them as income received on behalf of others. Taxes and head counts, for
example, are collected for governments (local or central); service charges and tips usually go to workers,
as employee compensation. In measuring supply, taxes on the product will need to be excluded but tips
and service charges will have to be included, as part of value added and remuneration of employees.
61
Session 6
16:15-18:00
Session 6:
Tourism
Industries
Statistics
62
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
Indicators: Accommodations
•Besides the usual economic variables (output, value added, employment,
consumption, investment), which are common to most economic activities, various other
indicators have been developed over the years and are frequently used to assess the
performance of accommodation establishments and of tourism policy:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Room occupancy rates (gross or net)
Bed-place occupancy rates (gross or net)
Average number of persons per room
Average room rate
Average revenue per room night
Average revenue per guest night
(Average) revenue per available room (REVPAR)
Employees per room
Average wage per employee
Revenue per employee
63
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
Indicators: Accommodations
64
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
Providers of non-market accommodation services for own final
use: owner-occupied vacation homes and timeshares
•Regarding the “classical” owner-occupied vacation home, the first issue for a country is
to identify dwellings used for that purpose, a task for tourism statisticians. The second
issue is then to associate with such dwellings an imputed annual rent that represents the
value of the service. This value would be an estimation of a tourism product. This task is
the responsibility of national accountants when developing a TSA. The UN
recommendation for housing censuses indicates how countries should identify dwellings
not intended for year-round occupancy (see Box 6.5).
•The recommended classification of occupancy status for conventional dwellings is as follows:
–
–
–
1 Occupied
2 Vacant
2.1 Seasonally vacant
•
•
•
–
2.1.1 Holiday homes
2.1.2 Seasonal workers’ quarters
2.1.3 Other
2.2 Non-seasonally vacant
•
•
•
•
•
2.2.1 Secondary residences
2.2.2 For rent
2.2.3 For sale
2.2.4 For demolition
2.2.5 Other
65
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
Providers of non-market accommodation services for own final
use: owner-occupied vacation homes and timeshares
66
Session 6
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
A.Introduction
B.Accommodation Service Providers
C.Providers of Food and Beverage Services
D.Providers of Transportation Services
E.Travel and Reservation Agencies
F.Other Non-Tourism Industries
F1 Production and Trade of Handicrafts
F2 The Meetings Industry
67
Session 6: Country Presentations
16:15-18:00 Session 6: Tourism Industries Statistics
►Tourism Industries Statistics
•Chad:
– Tourism Industries Statistics
•Egypt:
– Tourism Industries Statistics
•Iran:
– Tourism Industries Statistics
•Sudan:
– Tourism Industries Statistics
68
Day 3: The Last Day of Workshop
69
Session 7: Overview
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries
Presenter: UNWTO
► Current Country Practices in Measuring Employment in the
Tourism Industries
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
70
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
•Information on employment is very important in analysing any industry, but due to the
increasing importance of tourism it is of particular interest in the case of tourism. Data on
employment in the tourism industries is necessary for government and sector analysts in
order to understand the underlying dynamics (type of employee, age, sex, education,
occupation, etc.), improve productivity and competitiveness through education and
training, evaluate labour costs and improve job prospects by evaluating labour structures
and working conditions.(IRTS2008, 7.1)
•However, it should be recognized that the world of work in tourism is generally not wellknown because reliable data on employment in the tourism industries are generally
either not properly identified separately or are insufficiently compiled. For this reason,
only a limited number of countries produce meaningful statistics on employment in the
tourism industries.(7.2)
•IRTS 2008, Chapter 7 describes concepts, definitions, basic categories and indicators
of employment in the tourism industries from a labour and industry statistics perspective
rather than a national accounting perspective.
71
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
•“Employees” or “persons employed” are one of the major groups encompassed in the
International Classification of Status in Employment. Employees are persons who, by
agreement, work for a resident institutional unit and receive remuneration for their
labour. Their remuneration is recorded in the SNA as compensation of employees. The
relationship of employer to employee exists when there is an agreement, which may be
formal or informal, between the employer and a person, normally entered into voluntarily
by both parties, whereby the person works for the employer in return for remuneration in
cash or in kind. There is no requirement that the employer should declare the agreement
to any official authority for the status of employee to apply (SNA 2008, 19.20).(7.7)
•The concept of jobs differs from the concept of employment: (Box 7.4)
–
–
It includes second, third, etc. jobs of the same person. Those second, third, etc. jobs of a person may
either successively follow one another within the reference period (usually, a week) or, as when
someone has an evening job as well as a daytime job, run in parallel.
On the other hand, it excludes persons temporarily not at work but who have a “formal attachment to
their job” in the form, for instance, of “an assurance of return to work or an agreement as to the date of
return”. Such an understanding between an employer and a person on lay-off or away on training is not
counted as a job.
72
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
73
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
•Employment in the tourism industries versus tourism employment
– The concept of employment in the tourism industries refers to all jobs (in all
occupations) in the tourism industries. As already mentioned (IRTS 2008, 6.15. to 6.20.), in
each country, the tourism industries include all establishments whose main activity is a
tourism-characteristic activity. These tourism industries are common to all countries except
for the individual country-specific tourism characteristic activities (categories 11 and 12;
IRTS 2008, 5.18.).
– The concept of tourism employment, in accordance with the IRTS 2008, refers to
“employment strictly related to the goods and services acquired by visitors and produced
by either tourism industries or other industries” (IRTS 2008, 7.3.). Hence, tourism
employment is a measure of the number of jobs directly attributable to tourism demand in
tourism and non-tourism industries, held by employees, self-employed and contributing
family workers.
•
For example, in the food and beverage services industry, only those jobs that are directly associated with tourism
(17.2%) are counted in the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account as jobs generated by, or attributable to tourism. On
the other hand, generally, jobs generated in agriculture to support production in the food and beverage services
industry (i.e. indirect employment) are not included. This is not to say that some employment in agriculture can be
directly due to visitor spending, i.e. road-side fruit and vegetable stalls.
74
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
75
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
76
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
77
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
•International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08)
– Occupation refers to the kind of work done during the reference period by the
person employed (or the kind of work done previously if unemployed).
Information on occupation provides a description of a person’s job. In the present
context a job is defined as a set of tasks and duties performed, or meant to be
performed, by one person, including for an employer or in self-employment.
– 7.39. The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08)
provides a system for classifying and aggregating occupational information
obtained by means of statistical censuses and surveys, as well as from
administrative records.
– 7.40. ISCO-08 is a four-level hierarchically structured classification that allows
all jobs in the world to be classified into 436 unit groups. These groups form the
most detailed level of the classification structure and are aggregated into 130
minor groups, 43 sub-major groups and 10 major groups, based on the similarity
of the skill level and skill specialization required.10 major groups, based on the
similarity of the skill level and skill specialization required.
78
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
79
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
80
Session 7
81
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
82
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries Presenter: UNWTO
83
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries
•Collecting information on working time arrangements, informal
employment and employment in the informal sector
– Existing surveys of the economically active population and similar
household surveys provide a useful and economical means of collecting
data on employment in the informal sector in terms of the number and
characteristics of the persons concerned and the conditions of their
employment and work. Usually such survey can cover all information
with regard to the related aspects of working time arrangements, informal
employment and employment in the informal sector
– By way of illustration Figure 7.8 below shows a two-track approach to
identifying persons employed in informal sector enterprise/establishment
and Box 7.15 show questions from a household survey.
84
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries
85
Session 7
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries
86
Session 7: Country Presentations
09:00-11:00 Session 7: Employment in the Tourism Industries
► Current Country Practices in Measuring Employment in the
Tourism Industries
•Sudan:
– National System of Tourism Statistics
•Yemen:
– National System of Tourism Statistics
87
Session 8: Overview
11:15-13:00 Session 8: Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)
► Towards TSA – Methodological Aspects and TSA Applications
Presenter: UNWTO
► Current Country Practices in TSA
Country presentations
► Q&A Session
88
Session 8
11:15-13:00 Session 8: Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)
► Towards TSA – Methodological Aspects and TSA Applications
Presenter: UNWTO
89
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table 6: Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption (at
purchasers' prices)
Tables 1 to 3 describe the most important component of
tourism
namely tourism expenditure, which
Table 7: Employment
inconsumption:
the tourism industries
includes not only what visitors pay for out of their own budget
Table 8: Tourismorgross
fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
pocket, but also what producers (businesses,
industries
governments and non-profit institutions serving households
Table 9: Tourism(NPISH))
collective
bytheir
products
and
levels of government
or consumption
others spend for
benefit
(transportation,
accommodation,
etc.), on which visitors are usually able to
Table 10: Non monetary
indicators
report fairly well.
These are official sequences of TSA tables! (What I cover is US version,
which may not match in their sequences…)
90
Basic Set of Tables in TSA










Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table
domestic
supply
and
internal tourism
consumption
(at
Table6:4Total
combines
internal
tourism
expenditure,
made up
of inbound tourism
purchasers'
expenditureprices)
from table 1 (column 1.3) and domestic tourism expenditure from
table7:2 Employment
(column 2.9), with
thetourism
other components
Table
in the
industries of tourism consumption. As
previously
mentioned
these
other components
Table
8: Tourism
gross(para.
fixed2.25)
capital
formation
of tourismconstitute
industriesthree
and other
broad categories:
industries
•Services associated with vacation accommodation on own account,
Table
9: Tourism
consumption
products and levels of government
•Tourism
social collective
transfers in
kind (exceptbyrefunds).
•Other
consumption.
Table
10:imputed
Non monetary
indicators
91
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table 6: Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption (at
purchasers' prices)
Table 7: Employment in the tourism industries
Table 5 presents the production accounts of tourism industries and other
Table
8: Tourism
gross fixed
capital formation
of tourism
and other
industries
in the economy
of reference.
It conforms
formally industries
to the format
industries
established in the System of National Accounts 2008: output is broken down
by product,
is valued
at basic
prices (see SNA
2008, para.
(a))of
and
Table
9: Tourism
collective
consumption
by products
and6.51
levels
government
occupies a block of rows in the upper part of the table. Then, intermediate
Table
10: Non (also
monetary
consumption
calledindicators
intermediate inputs) is presented (para. 4.17)
These
areatofficial
sequences
TSA
tables!
I cover
US version,
valued
purchasers’
prices,of
(see
SNA
2008,(What
para. 6.64).
Theisdifference
between
these
values
called
gross value added (GVA) at basic prices.
which
may
nottwo
match
in istheir
sequences…)
92
It
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table 6: Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption (at
purchasers' prices)
Table 7: Employment in the tourism industries
Table 8: Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
industries
Table 9: Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government
Table10:
6 Non
is the
core of indicators
the Tourism Satellite Account system!
Table
monetary
it is where the confrontation and reconciliation between domestic supply and
These
aretourism
officialconsumption
sequences of
TSA
tables!
(Whatfrom
I cover
is USand
version,
internal
take
place.
It derives
the supply
use
which
match
in theirAccounts
sequences…)
tables may
of thenot
System
of National
1993.
93
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table 6: Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption (at
purchasers' prices)
Table 7: Employment in the tourism industries
Table 8: Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
industries
Table 9: Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government
Table10:
7 contains
an additional
variable on the number of
Table
Non monetary
indicators
establishments for each tourism industry (information that is
These are official sequences of TSA tables! (What I cover is US version,
complemented in table 10 by a breakdown of this number according to
which may not match in their sequences…)
94
the size of the establishments).
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table 6: Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption (at
purchasers' prices)
Table 7: Employment in the tourism industries
Table 8: Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
industries
Table 9: Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government
Table 10: Non monetary indicators
The rows
in table
8 show aofproposed
list (What
of gross
fixed capital
These
are official
sequences
TSA tables!
I cover
is US version,
formation
(annexin5)their
related
to tourism, and the columns show
which
mayitems
not match
sequences…)
95
different blocks.
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic
prices)
The rows
in table 9 show a proposed list of non-market services that
are to6:
beTotal
considered
assupply
tourism
collective
services in
Table
domestic
and
internal non-market
tourism consumption
(atterms
of the corresponding
CPC subclasses (annex 5).
purchasers'
prices)
Table 7: Employment in the tourism industries
Table 8: Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
industries
Table 9: Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government
Table 10: Non monetary indicators
These are official sequences of TSA tables! (What I cover is US version,
which may not match in their sequences…)
96
Basic Set of Tables in TSA











Table 1: Inbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 2: Domestic tourism expenditure by products, classes of visitors and
types of trips
Table 3: Outbound tourism expenditure by products and classes of visitors
Table 4: Internal tourism consumption by products
Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries (at
basic prices)
Table
domestic
and internal
tourism
Table 6:
10Total
presents
a fewsupply
quantitative
indicators
thatconsumption
are related to(atthe
purchasers'
prices)
previous tables
and are important for the interpretation of the monetary
Table
7: Employment
in the tourism industries
information
presented.
Table 8: Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other
industries
Table 9: Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government
Table 10: Non monetary indicators
These are official sequences of TSA tables! (What I cover is US version,
which may not match in their sequences…)
97
Introduction to TSA (5)

Tourism Industries
Can be identified by analyzing the
relationships shown in the I-O accounts
between tourism commodities and the
producing industries (Table 4)
 sell a significant* portion of their output to
visitors, (*=the industries’ revenues and profits

would be substantially affected if tourism ceased to
exist).
 Which ones? Airline, Hotels, local public
transportation
98
Introduction to TSA: (6)
Components Overview
Production (Table 5) from U.S. I-O
 Supply and Consumption (Table 6) from U.S.

I-O
Tourism Demand by Type of Visitor (Table 7)
 Tourism GDP (Table 8)
 Tourism Employment and Compensation
(Table 9)

99
Introduction to TSA: (7)
Production Table (Table 5)

Similar to I-O, but with 3 modifications
1.
2.
3.

Rows and Columns are modified
Detail is shown only for TTSA commodities
and industries, others are aggregated.
The intermediate inputs and the valueadded components are shown as rows at
the bottom of the table.
Each cells on the main diagonal shows
the value for the commodity produced by
the industry designated as its primary
producer.
100
TSA: How to Read Production Table
INDUSTRY
Table 5
Eating and
drinking
places
Railroad
Local and
suburban
transit
Taxicab
Air
Transport Water
ation
Transp
Auto
rental
Arrangem
ent of
Recreatio ******* All Other
pass
n
*
Industries
55,913
16,613 220,685
1,226
13,158
6,614
48,449
22,605
4,000
14,318
420
This part is omitted for presentation purposes
758
84,243 236,124 33,842 15,878
27,595
6,614 87,828 26,681 21,410 13,108 35,800
This part is omitted for presentation purposes
COMMODITY
Hotels and lodging places
Eating and drinking places
Passenger rail
Passenger Bus
Taxicab
Domestic Airfare
International Airfare
Passenger water
Auto and Truck Rental
Other Vehicle rental
*******************
All Other Commodities
Industry Output
Hotels
and
lodging
places
Domestic
Production
68
9,710
17
59
8,231,223 10,822,647
Intermediate inputs
32,449 124,678 12,934 10,222 2,853 50,188 17,108 10,669 4,781 13,788
3,245,037
compensation of employees 32,615 81,265 14,727 13,635 2,258 29,740 4,650 3,733 5,037 10,973
2,936,215
indirect business taxes
6,372 14,115
815
111
24 5,629
492 1,621
520 2,249
365,049
Other Value added
12,807 16,066 5,366 -8,090 1,479 2,271 4,431 5,387 2,770 8,790
1,684,922
Source: quoted by T. Hara from Table 5 U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992. S. Okubo & M. Planting, Survey of Current Business
101
第5 表 観光産業及びその他産業の生産勘定 Table 5: Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries - Japan 2012 (Unit: Billion Yen)
宿泊業
Hotel s
a nd
s i mi l a r
観 光 商 品 計 Total of Tourism Products
Specific products 観 光 特 有 商 品
Characteristic products 宿泊施設サービス
Accommodation services ホテル及びその他の宿泊施設サービス Hotels and other lodging services
自己利益のための無償のセカンドホームサービス（※）
Second homes services on own account of for free 飲食供給サービス
Food and beverage serving services 飲食供給サービス
Passenger transport services 都市間鉄道サービス
Interurban railway 道路
Road 水運 Water
航空
Air 付帯サービス
Supporting services 運輸機器レンタル Transport equipment rental
運輸機器の維持・修理サービスMaintenance and repair services
旅 行 会 社 、 ツ ア ー オ ペ レ ー タ ー 、 旅 行 ガ イ ド サ ー ビ ス Travel agency, tour operator and
tourist guide services
旅行会社Travel agency
旅行情報、旅行ガイドサービス Tourist information and tourist guide
文 化 サ ー ビ ス Cultural services
舞台芸術 Performing arts
美術館、その他の文化サービスMuseum and other cultural services
レクリエーション、その他の娯楽サービス Recreation and other entertainment services
スポーツ、レクリエーションスポーツサービスSports and recreational sport services
その他の当該サービスOther amusement and recreational services
そ の 他 各 種 ツ ー リ ズ ム サ ー ビ ス Miscellaneous tourism services
金融・保険サービスFinancial and insurance services
その他の財貨のレンタルサービスOther good rental services
その他の当該サービス Other tourism services
観 光 関 連 商 品 Connected products
Goods 財貨
サービス services
Non Specific Products 非 観 光 商 品
Goods 財貨
サービス services
合計　Total
農林水産業Agriculture, forestry and fishery products
鉱業Ores and minerals
電力・ガス・水道Electricity, gas and water
製造業Manufacturing
建設Construction work and construction
商業、飲食店、宿泊業Trade services, restaurants and hotel services
運輸通信業Transport, storage and communication services
その他のサービス業Others services
政府サービス生産者、対家計民間非営利サービス生産者Government services, private non-profit
services to households
中 間 投 入 計 ( 購 入 者 価 格 ) T o t al i n t e r m e di at e c o n su m pt i o n ( at pu r c h ase r s pr i c e )
固定資本減耗Consumption of fixed capital
雇用者報酬Compensation of employees
生産・輸入品に課される税（控除）補助金Other taxes less subsidies on production and imports
営業余剰・混合所得Gross Operating surplus and Gross Mixed income
国 内 総 生 産 ( 生 産 者 価 格 ) Total Gross Value Added of Activities (at producers' prices)
Source: Japan Tourism Agency P324 "Research study on economic impacts of tourism in Japan" March 2014
別荘
(帰属計算)
Second
home
owners hi p
(i mputed)
鉄道旅客輸
飲食店
送
Res ta ura nt Ra i l wey
s a nd
pa s s enger
s i mi l a r
tra ns port
陸路旅客輸
送
Roa d
水運
pa s s enger Wa ter
tra ns port tra ns port
空路輸送
Ai r
tra ns port
運輸付帯
サービス
Tra ns port
s upporti ng
s ervi ces
スポーツ・娯
楽
Sporti ng a nd
other
recrea ti ona l
s ervi ces
産出額計
（生産者価格）
TOTAL output
観光産業計
of domes t i c
TOTAL tour 非観光産業 producers (a t
ism
Other
producers '
i ndus t r i es i ndus tri es pr i ces )
輸入
Imports
輸入品に課
される
税・関税
Ta ri ffs a nd
ta xes
マージン
on i mports Ma rgi ns
国内総供給
Tota l gros s
domes t i c
s uppl y
6,334
6,328
6,124
6,124
0
193
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46,540
46,540
46,540
0
46,540
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20,651
20,646
9
9
0
20,635
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,742
4,843
1
1
0
0
4,839
4,822
0
0
0
3
3
11
3,375
3,361
0
0
0
0
3,348
0
3,318
0
0
11
10
9
176
154
0
0
0
0
134
0
0
101
0
17
16
0
2,026
2,026
0
0
0
0
2,026
0
0
0
2,026
0
0
0
4,890
3,498
0
0
0
0
2,193
0
70
2
0
1,097
1,023
1
2,236
1,902
12
12
0
40
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
92,969
89,298
52,686
6,146
46,540
20,869
12,544
4,822
3,388
103
2,026
1,129
1,053
23
292,535
97,232
25
25
0
405
7,249
0
0
0
0
758
707
5,785
385,503
186,530
52,711
6,172
46,540
21,274
19,793
4,822
3,388
103
2,026
1,887
1,760
5,808
32,329
3,472
111
111
0
26
1,170
13
12
5
1,080
59
0
0
2,954
51
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
72,090
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
492,876
190,254
52,822
6,283
46,540
21,300
20,963
4,836
3,400
108
3,106
1,946
1,760
5,808
0
0
0
2
2
0
3
2
1
5
0
0
5
6
4
2
70
7
63
6,404
249
0
452
1,227
31
0
239
501
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46,540
0
0
0
50
2,172
28
9
2,832
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
4
0
28
9
19
20,679
1,252
0
832
7,964
52
0
417
1,393
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1,899
189
1,709
774
545
230
7,516
1
12
517
988
216
0
281
970
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
0
14
0
14
106
72
34
3,481
0
0
31
399
9
0
269
404
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
10
0
22
0
22
5,021
1
5,020
5,197
0
0
21
951
23
0
1,924
648
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
309
0
309
2,335
0
0
15
784
1
0
527
276
645
619
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
660
0
660
0
1,392
1
1,390
3,874
12
3,862
8,764
3
0
268
651
181
0
336
1,619
0
0
0
434
434
0
702
436
266
711
0
0
710
334
4
330
6,113
24
6,089
8,349
41
0
286
771
100
0
420
1,261
664
637
27
436
436
0
705
438
267
1,394
0
679
715
3,671
204
3,467
16,296
669
15,626
109,264
1,546
13
2,423
13,785
2,784
28
4,421
9,904
445
427
18
79,210
461
78,748
746
463
283
9,152
2,905
456
5,791
195,302
141,143
54,159
503,154
224,990
278,163
795,688
11,241
27,392
15,110
211,565
5,947
604
32,873
91,137
1,110
1,064
46
79,646
898
78,748
1,451
900
550
10,546
2,905
1,135
6,506
198,973
141,347
57,626
519,449
225,660
293,790
904,953
12,787
27,405
17,533
225,351
8,730
632
37,294
101,041
81
81
0
20
20
0
0
0
0
2,064
146
26
1,892
28,857
28,854
3
46,685
43,164
3,521
79,014
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
51
200
0
0
0
0
51
200
2,903
71,890
2,903
71,889
0
1
2,748 -72,090
2,748
34,332
0 -106,422
5,703
0
1,190
1,145
46
79,666
918
78,748
1,451
900
550
12,861
3,051
1,161
8,650
302,623
244,993
57,630
496,793
305,904
190,889
989,669
24
2724
824
1,202
317
1,338
3680
0
5091
17,012
0
2,267
22,170
41449
86
11995
1,490
3,069
725
3,400
8684
16
3001
2,368
2,054
328
-236
4515
3
1115
256
2,134
185
-208
2366
108
3675
635
1,022
52
-187
1522
150
1753
404
385
110
-318
582
16
3074
1,463
3,083
433
710
5690
17
2896
1,161
2,378
1,084
829
5452
421
35325
25,613
15,328
5,502
27,497
73940
2,404
398274
74,976
230,431
28,853
63,154
397414
2,825
433598
100,589
245,759
34,355
90,651
471354
Once you understand how to read one, you can read the others
102
TSA: How to Read Supply &
Consumption Table (Table 6)

Supply and Consumption of Tourismrelated “Commodities” displayed in one
table.

Left Side of table = Supply (production)
 Domestic

Production + Imports + Others
Right Side of table = Consumption
 Intermediate
needs (AX) + Final Demand
(household etc) + others
103
TSA: Supply and Consumption Table
(Table 6)
SUPPLY
Table 6 Supply
and
Consumption
Domestic
Production
Imports
Govt
sales
change
in
business
inventori W.
es
margins
CONSUMPTION
R.
margins
Personal
Consumptio
n
Expenditure
Total Supply Intermediate s
Gross
Private
domestic Exports of
fixed
goods and
investment services
Govt
expenditures
Total
excluding
sales
Consumption
Hotels and lodging places
56,220
357
56,577
27,260
23,680
5,637
56,577
Eating and drinking places
268,148
268,148
32,335 231,193
309
4,311
268,148
Passenger rail
1,226
1,226
310
829
87
1,226
Passenger Bus
13,158
13,158
2,612
10,455
91
13,158
Taxicab
6,614
6,614
3,641
2,586
387
6,614
Domestic Airfare
48,466
48,466
21,971
21,308
5,187
48,466
International Airfare
22,605
9,808
32,413
3,073
12,377
16,395
568
32,413
Passenger water
4,000
301
4,301
0
4,125
176
4,301
Auto and Truck Rental
15,094
15,094
10,668
3,234
1,192
15,094
Other Vehicle rental
454
454
245
209
454
*******************
This part is omitted for presentation purposes
All Other Commodities
7,995,362
121,167 -4,520 412,016 200,614 9,172,221 3,925,205 2,635,574 788,427 508,665 1,314,350 9,172,221
Total
10,822,647 631,637 127,076 5,430 671,972 525,843 11,575,930 4,588,742 4,208,718 790,991 602,609 1,384,870 11,575,930
Source: quoted by T. Hara from Table 6 U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992. S. Okubo & M. Planting, Survey of Current Business
Supply of the Tourism
Commodities
Consumption of the
104
Tourism Commodities
TSA: Tourism Employment &
Compensation (Table 7:USA display)
Table 9 Tourism
Employment and
Compensation
Tourism
Total
Industry
Employme Ratio
nt ('000)
(M1)
Average
Compensat
Tourism
Tourism ion per
Employm Compens Compens tourism
ent (M1) ation ($M) ation ($M) employee
Hotels and lodging places
1,661
0.80
1,329
32,615
26,092
Eating and drinking places
6,819
0.16
1,091
81,265
13,002
Railroad and related services
243
0.04
10
14,727
589
Local and suburban transit
416
0.21
87
13,635
2,863
Taxicab
32
0.22
7
1,088
239
Air Transportation
625
0.81
506
29,740
24,089
Water Transportation
100
0.14
14
4,650
651
Auto Leasing w/o drivers
178
0.54
96
3,733
2,016
Arrangement of pass transp.
191
0.22
43
5,037
1,122
Mis amusement and recreation
633
0.18
114
10,973
1,975
*******************
Total Tourism Industries
3,749
81,260
Total All other industries
117,998
3,645,042
Tourism Share
3.2%
2.2%
Source: quoted by T. Hara from Table 8 U.S. Travel and Tourism Satellite Accounts for 1992.
19,636
11,917
60,605
32,776
34,000
47,584
46,500
20,972
26,372
17,335
21,393
30,891
105
Question 1: 4 people go out for lunch
(across the street) and order the exactly the
same plate (shown).
•By looking at the product (food picture), can
you tell if it is the tourism commodity?
Question 2: Two are local residents and two
are from UNWTO (one from Madrid, one
from Orlando Florida).
•If the restaurant has no other guests at all
for the entire year, what would be the
tourism industry ratio of their sales? (*: % of
sales attributed to “expenditures” by visitors.
)
106
3-2 Tourism Ratio (USA case)
Auto Rental &
Leasing (58%)
Travel Agency
(21%)
Amusement
(20%)
Cinema(18%)
Gas Station (7%)
Ships(17%)
Airplanes(76%)
Taxis(46%)
Hotel (80%)
Buses(23%)
Restaurants(17%)
Shopping (3%)
Sports(32%)
Source: Data based on Bureau of Economic Analysis, Commerce Dept, USA
Session 8: Country Presentations
11:15-13:00 Session 8: Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA)
► Current Country Practices in TSA
•Benin:
– Introduction of Tools Used by Benin for Tourism
Satellite Accounts
•Turkey:
– Tourism Satellite Accounts in Turkey
108
Session 9: General Discussion
109
Çok teşekkür ederim. Sizinle vakit bir onur için bir zevkti !
Çox təşəkkür edirəm . Bu vaxt sərf bir şərəf üçün bir zövq idi !
!‫ كان من دواعي سروري أن يكون لها شرف قضاء الوقت معك‬.‫شكرا جزيال‬
! ‫ اين لذت را بهافتخار گذراندن وقت با شما بود‬.‫بسيار متشکرم‬
Большое спасибо . Это былоудовольствие иметь честь проводить время с тобой!
Terima kasih banyak . Byloudovolstvie ini mendapat kehormatan untuk menghabiskan waktu dengan
Terima kasih banyak . Ia adalah satu keseronokan untuk mempunyai satu penghormatan menghabiskan masa dengan anda !
Merci beaucoup . Ce fut un plaisir d'avoir un honneur de passer du temps avec vous !
Ju faleminderit shumë . Kjo ishte një kënaqësi që të kemi një nder të kaluar kohë me ju!
Thank you very much. It was a pleasure to have an honor of spending time with you!
MOOC course on Economic Impact & TSA
Now open – Starts on Dec.1, 2014.
FREE to anybody in the world! (link below)
https://www.canvas.net/courses/tourism-industry-analysis-1
Thank you very much. Tad Hara
tadayuki.hara@ucf.edu (e-mail)
http://hospitality.ucf.edu/person/dr-tadayuki-hara/ (web)