I.
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Nouns:
1st 2ndM 2ndN 3rd
3rdN 4th
4th N 5th
a
us/r um
----us
ū
ēs
ae ī
ī
is
is
ūs
ūs
eī
ae ō
ō
ī
ī
uī
ū
eī
am um
um
em
--um
ū
em
ā
ō
ō
e
e
ū
ū
ē
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ae ī
a
ēs
a
ūs
ua
ēs
 ārum ōrum ōrum um
um
uum uum ērum
 Īs
īs
īs
ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
 Ās ōs
a
ēs
a
ūs
ua
ēs
 Īs
īs
īs
ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
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1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’);
3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative: -direct object
-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days -extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep
-accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement)
-object of the following prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -aroundin –into, onto, against
per -through post –after, behindcontra -against inter-between, among prope -neartrāns –across ob
– on account of propter – because of
 5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by
 -ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn
 -ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by
 -ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed
 -object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
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Sub -underSine –without
In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for
Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from
 6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often
punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
-personal:
 ego, tū, nōs, vōs

I/me You
 Nom ego tū
 Gen
meī tuī
 Dat
mihi tibi
 Acc
mē tē
 Abl
mē tē
We/us You/you
nōs
vōs
nōstrum vestrum
nōbīs
vōbīs
nōs
vōs
nōbīs
vōbīs
-relative:
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quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom
Nom S
quī
quae
quod
Gen S
cuius
cuius
cuius
Dat S
cui
cui
cui
Acc S
quem
quam
quod
Abl S
quō
quā
quō
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nom pl
quī
quae
quae
 Gen pl
quōrum
quārum
quōrum
 Dat pl
quibus
quibus
quibus
 Acc pl
quōs
quās
qua
 Abl pl
quibus
quibus
quibus
-interrogative:
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quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what?
Nom S quisquisquid
Gen S cuius cuius cuius
Dat S cui cui cui
Acc Squem quem quid
Abl S quō quō quō
Nom pl quī quae quae
Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum
Dat plquibusquibusquibus
Acc pl quōsquās quae
Abl plquibusquibusquibus
-reflexive:
 meī tuī nostrum
vestrum
suī - self
 meī tuī nostrum vestrum
suī
 Mihi tibi nōbīs
vōbīs
sibi to/for …self
 mē tē
nōs
vōs
sē
 mē tē
nōbīs
vōbīs
sēby/with/from…self
of … self
…self
-demonstratives:
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hic, ille, is
This/these
hic haec
huius huius
Huic huic
hunc hanc
hōc hāc
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hōc
Hī
hae
haec
hōrumhārum hōrum
hīs hīs
hīs
hōs hās
haec
hīs hīs
hīs
That/those
ille
illa
illius
illius
illī
illī
illum illam
illō
illā
illī
illōrum
illīs
illōs
illīs
illae
illārum
Illīs
illās
illīs
illud
illius
illī
illud
illō
He She It
is
ea
eius
eius
eī
eī
eum
eam
eō
eā
id
eius
eī
id
eō
illa
illōrum
illīs
illa
illīs
eī
eōrum
eīs
eōs
eīs
ea
eōrum
eīs
ea
eīs
eae
eārum
eīs
eās
eīs
Adjectives:
Declensions 1st (f) ,2nd (M), 2nd(N)
3rd (masc, fem and neuter)
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
BONUS/BENE
MELIOR/MELIUS
OPTIMUS/OPTIME
MALUS/MALE
PELIOR/PELIUS
PESSIMUS/PESSIME
MAGNUS/MAGNOPERE MAIOR/MAIUS
MAXIMUS/MAXIME
PARVUS/PAULO
MINOR/MINUS
MINIMUS/MINIME
MULTUS/PAULUM
PLUS/PLUS
PLURIMUS/PLURIMUM
-noun and adjective agreement =
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number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions)
-interrogative: quot =how many
-degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions
positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis, e
(3rd Decl)
comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all
comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F)
----altius, altioris (neuter)
superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a,
um (all in 1st/2nd declension)
variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of
issimus (celerrimus)
words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)
Agricola servum _____ laudabat
Fortis
Fortem
Forte
Fortibus
Numbers:
 Cardinal numbers 1-10; unus, duo,
tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem,
octo, novem, decem
 100 –centum and 1000- mille
 Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10),
L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
 Ordinals:1st-10th: primus, secundus,
tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus,
octavus, nonus, decimus
Adverbs:
 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative
 -positive forms
 -formation 1st/2nd: replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
 -formation 3rd Decl:add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem.
 - comparative:
add –ius to the base (any declension)
 e.g. fortius –more bravely
 -superlative:
add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base
 e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely
 -interrogatives:cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)
 -irregulars: bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)
Conjunctions:
aut, (or)
et (and)
quod (because)
sed (but)
ubi (when)
neque, (and
not/neither/nor)
et...et, (both… and)
neque...neque
(neither…nor)
aut…aut (either…or)
postquam; (afterwards)
quamquam; (although)
nec…nec (neither…nor)
Enclitic:
-ne (indicates a yes/no question –do
not use with question word like
how, when, who, etc)
 -que (attach on the second of the 2
words/phrases; puerī puellaeque
(boys and girls)
 - cum (attach to pronouns-e.g.
tēcum = with you)
Verbs: Translations:
 Present: I verb; I do verb; I am verbing
 Imperfect: I was verbing; I used to verb
 Future: I shall/will verb
 Perfect:I have verbed; I verbed; I did verb
 Pluperfect: I had verbed
 Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed
Passive Verbs: Translations:
 Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect
 Present: I am verbed; I am being verbed
 Imperfect: I was being verbed; I used to be verbed;
I was verbed
 Future: I shall/will be verbed
 Perfect: I have been verbed; I was verbed
 Pluperfect: I had been verbed
 Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed
Subjunctive Active
 Present
I
-ō
 You -s
 s/he -t
Imp
-bam
-bās
-bat
 We -mus
-bāmus -bimus-ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus
 You -tis
 They-nt
-bātis -bitis –ētis -istis -erātis-eritis
-bant -bunt-ent -ērunt -erant -erint
Fut1/2;3/4
-bō-am
-bis-ēs
-bit-et
Prfct
-ī
-istī
-it
Plu Fut Perf
-eram -erō
-erās -eris
-erat -erit
Passive
 present
imperfect
 -(o)r
-bar
 -ris
fut1/2;3/4
perfect
pluperfect,
-bor -ar
4pp+sum
4pp + eram
-bāris
-beris -ēris
4pp + es
4pp + erās
 -tur
-bātur
-bitur -ētur
4pp+est
4pp+erat
 -mur
-bāmur
-bimur-ēmur 4pp+sumus 4pp+ erāmus
 -minī
-bāminī
-biminī /-ēminī4pp+estis
4pp+erātis
 -ntur
-bantur
-buntur/-ēntur4pp + sunt
4pp + erant
Imperatives
 -present active imperative
singular and plural : = verb!
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte
 -negative imperative with noli,
nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!
Infintives
 -present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre
 -present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī-ērī-ī -īrī
 -perfect active infinitive= to have verbeduse the 3rd
principal part + ssee.g. amāvisse
 -perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the
4pp + esse e.g. amātus esse
 -future active =to be about to verbuse the 4pp+ ūrus + esse
e.g. amatūrus esse
 -infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative
subject)
-participles:
Present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g.
amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
Perfect 4pp + us, a, um = having been
verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1st/2nd
Decl)
Future 4pp + ūrus, a, um = about to
verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)
Irregular verb:
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be):
 PresentImperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
 sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerōI am, was, will be, have been, had
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been,will have been
es erāserisfuistīfuerās fueris You are, were, will be, have been, had
been,will have been
esterat eritfuitfueratfuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been,
will have been
sumus erāmus erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will
be,have been,had been,will have been
estiserātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have
been, had been,will have been
sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are,were,will be, have
been , had been,will have been
Irregular Verb: possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)
 I am able/canI was able/couldI will be able I have
been able I had been ableI shall have been able
 possum poterampoterō potuī potuerampotuerō
 potes poterāspoterispotuistīpotuerās potueris
 potestpoteratpoterit potuit potuerat potuerit
 posumus poterāmuspoterimuspotuimuspotuerāmus
potuerimus
 potestispoterātis poteritis potuistispotuerātis
potueritis
 possuntpoterant poterunt potuēruntpotuerant
potuerint
Irregular Verb: Volo, Velle, Volui, Volutus
 I want I wanted I will want I have wantedI had
wanted I shall have wanted
 volōvolēbam volamvoluī volueram voluerō
 vīs volēbās volēsvoluistī voluerās volueris
 vultvolēbatvolet voluit voluerat voluerit
 volumus volēbāmus volēmusvoluimus voluerāmus
voluerimus
 vultis volēbātisvolētis voluistisvoluerātis volueritis
 volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant
voluerint
Irregular Verb: Eo, ire, ivi, itus
 I go I was goingI shall go I have goneI had gone I shall have
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gone
Eō
ībam
is
ībās
it
ībat
imus
ībāmus
itis
ībātis
Eunt
ibant
Present Imperatives:(Sing)
ībō
iī
ieram
ībis
īstī
ierās
ībit
iit
ierat
ībimus iimus ierāmus
ībitis īstis ierātis
ībunt iērunt ierant
ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!)
Fero Ferre Tuli Latus
 I carryI carriedI shall carrt I have carried I had
carried I shall have carried
 ferō ferēbam feram tulītuleram tulerō
 fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris
 fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit
 ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus
tulerimus
 fertis ferēbātisferētistulistis tulerātistuleritis
 ferunt ferēbant ferenttulērunt tuleranttulerint
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PASSIVE: To be carried
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feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō
ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re)lātus eslātus erās lātus eris
fertur ferēbāturferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit
ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus
erimus
feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātislātus eritis
ferunturferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erantlātus erunt
Present Imperatives:(sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!)
impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing
(usually plus a dative)
II. CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
 -Geography: Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia,
Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Germania, Aegyptus
 -Bodies of water: Mare Nostrum, Adriatic Sea,
Aegean Sea, Black Sea
 -Rivers: Tiber River; Rhine River, Po River, Nile River,
Rubicon River
 -Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt.
Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts
 -Provinces, e.g., Africa, Gallia, Asia Minor,
 -Major cities: Carthage, Troy, Athens
 -Islands: Sicilia, Creta
History:-Basic historical divisions:
 Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials
 --Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4.
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Ancus Martius,
5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus
Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials
--Early Roman heroes:Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola
--Prominent historical characters: Hannibal; Julius Caesar, Cleopatra,
Spartacus
-- Major events of Roman history: Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of
Gaul
Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials
--Prominent historical characters: Augustus, Marc Antony, Cleopatra
-Mythology:
 Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols,
duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus
 Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne
and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva;
 Major heroes, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and
Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus
 Monsters Medusa, Cyclops, Minotaur, Chimera
 Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen
 The Underworld, e.g., Cerberus, Charon,
Prosperina, Styx, Pluto
-Roman life:
 -city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum;

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Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia
-basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae
-clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola;
-Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia
-meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina
-architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct,
thermae (baths), circus, (chariot racing)
amphitheater (gladiatorial battles), curia (senate house),
theatrum (theater, stage performances)
basilica, (law courts)
-Basic spoken phrases:
 Salve, salvete helloQuid agis? How are you? / What are you
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doing?
Quid est nomen tibi?What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye
Ita vero, Yes! Minime, no!
Quid est? What is it?Quis est? Who is it?
Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining
Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum,I am present
Quid novi? What’s new?Quaenam est tempestas? What is the
weather?
Surge, surgite Rise, get up Ignosce mihi Excuse me.
Bene respondistiYou responded well
-Derivatives:
English words based on Latin
roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g.,
agriculture, aquarium, portable,
lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority,
puerile, quadruped,
introspection, omniscient,
incredulous, benevolent
-Expressions
, tempus fugit, (time flies) carpe
diem Veni vidi vici, Summa cum
laude, per annum, caveat emptor,
status quo,
-Mottoes
E pluribus unum, (one out of
many) ad astra per aspera, ars
longa, vita brevis
-Abbreviations N.B., (nota bene=
note well), a.m. i.e., A.D., et al,
vs.,