• predicate nominative with passive verbs, e.g.,
• appellō, fīō

•
Possessive
• quantity
• partitive
• with causā or grātiā
• description
• objective

• possession
• purpose and reference (double dative)
• agent
• with special adjectives, e.g.,
• amīcus, carus, similis
• with special verbs, e.g.,
• imperō, pāreō, placeō, praeficiō, prōsum

• place to which (without prepositions)
• object of prepositions, e.g.,
• apud
• praeter
• super

• place from which (without prepositions)
• ablative absolute
• description
• separation
• cause
•
SID SPACE

•
The locative case is used for names of towns, cities, small islands and the nouns domus, rus and humus and never use in or ad to indicate place where . The locative case never uses a preposition.
•
Forms of the Locative Case
•
For first and second declensions, locatives resemble the genitive in singular forms and the dative/ablative in the plural.
•
For the third declension, the locative resembles the ablative in the locative singular and plural. Occasionally the locative singular may resemble the dative singular.

• ipse, HIM/HERSELF
• īdem; THE SAME
• aliquis, SOMEONE/ANYONE
• quīdam, A CERTAIN
• quisque WHOEVER

POSITIVE
BONUS/BENE
COMPARATIVE
MELIOR/MELIUS
MALUS/MALE PELIOR/PELIUS
MAGNUS/MAGNOPERE MAIOR/MAIUS
PARVUS/PAULO
MULTUS/PAULUM
MINOR/MINUS
PLUS/PLUS
SUPERLATIVE
OPTIMUS/OPTIME
PESSIMUS/PESSIME
MAXIMUS/MAXIME
MINIMUS/MINIME
PLURIMUS/PLURIMUM

• sī,
• nam,
• enim,
• igitur,
• autem,
• tamen,
• neque,
• ut correlatives,
• sīve...sīve,
• vel...vel,
• nec…nec
• Et…et
•
Neque…neque
•
Aut…aut
•
Modo…modo

•
-ne,
•
-que,
•
-ve
•
-cum

• deponents
• irregular,
• fīō, mālō, volō, nōlō
• impersonal,
• oportet
• irregular imperatives,
• dīc, dūc, fac, fer,

• hortatory,
• jussive
• indirect command,
• purpose clause,
• result clause,
• indirect question
• cum clauses

•
Expressions of purpose
•
(ad, causā, grātiā)
•
Active and passive periphrastic
•
•
Expression of obligation

• vītā excēdere,
• in mātrimōnium dūcere,
• cōnsilium capere
• in animo vertit
•
Iter facit
•
Nomen est mihi
•
Gratias ago tibi

• notable cities, regions, mountains, rivers, and bodies of water of Italy and the ancient world,
•
Naples,
•
Alexandria,
•
Gaul,
•
Pyrenees,
•
Mt. Etna,
•
Nile,
•
Aegean Sea,
•
Black Sea

GREATEST BATTLES OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND EARLY EMPIRE
YEAR PLACE WINNER LOSER
217 BC Lake Trasimene Carthaginians (Hannibal) Romans (C.Flaminius)
216 BC
202 BC
Cannae
Zama
Carthaginians (Hannibal)
Romans (Scipio Africanus)
Romans (C. Terentius Varro)
Carthaginians (Hannibal)
147 BC
53 BC
48 BC
42 BC
31 BC
Carthage
Carrhae
Pharsalus
2nd Philippi
Actium
Romans
Parthians
Romans (Julius Caesar)
M.Antonius/C.Octavianus
Romans (Agrippa)
AD 68-70 Jerusalem Romans (Vespasian/Titus)
AD 83 Mons Graupius Romans (Agricola)
•
Pyrrhus, Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Livia, Tiberius
Carthaginians
Romans (M. Crassus)
Romans (Cn. Pompeius Magnus)
M.Junius Brutus
Romans (M.Antonius)
Jews
Caledonians (Galgacus)

•
Greek and Roman heroes,
• e.g., Perseus, Jason, Mucius
•
Scaevola; typical Roman and Italian deities,
• e.g., Janus, Vesta; origins and
• transformations,
• e.g., Daphne, Pygmalion, Baucis and Philemon, Niobe

• calendar terms, Kalends, Nones, Ides
• Calends (Kalendae, Kalends) signify the start of the new moon cycle and was always the first day of the month. It is derived from the Greek word
καλειν, “to announce” the days of the full and new moon.
•
Nones (Nonae) were known to be the days of the half moon which usually occur 8 days before the Ides.
• Ides occurred on the 15th day of March, May, July, and October, and the
13th day of the other months. They are thought to have been the days of the full moon.
•
Each day was referred to by how many days it fell before the Calends,
Nones or Ides. For example, March 11 would be known as “Five Ides” to the Romans because it is four days before the Ides of March (March 15)
• pr. (prīdiē), a.d. (ante diem);
• pontifex maximus, augures; ceremonies, e.g., weddings, funerals, triumphs

• e.g., Salve, salvete
• Quid agis?
•
Quid est nomen tibi?
•
Vale, valete
• Ita vero,
•
Minime,
•
Quid est?
•
Quis est?
•
Gratias tibi ago,
• Sol lucet,
•
Quota hora est?
•
Adsum,
•
Quid novi?
• plaudite omnēs;
• mē paenitet;
• ut bene scīs
Hello
How are you? / What are you doing?
What’s your name? goodbye
Yes! no!
What is it?
Who is it?
Thank you
The sun is shining
What time is it?
I am present
What’s new?
Everyone clap
I’m sorry as you well know

cotogether deaway, off; generally indicates reversal or removal in English disnot, not any
inter between, among non- not post- after pre- before reagain; back, backward sub- under
trans across, beyond, through coauthor, coedit, coheir deactivate, debone, defrost, decompress, deplane disbelief, discomfort, discredit, disrepair, disrespect international, interfaith, intertwine, intercellular, interject nonessential, nonmetallic, nonresident, nonviolence, nonskid, nonstop postdate, postwar, postnasal, postnatal preconceive, preexist, premeditate, predispose, prepossess, prepay rearrange, rebuild, recall, remake, rerun, rewrite submarine, subsoil, subway, subhuman, substandard
Transfer, transitive, transition, transform, trans-Atlantic

•
Pyrrhic victory,
• crossing the
Rubicon,
• nōn sequitur,
• ad hominem,
•
Q.E.D.
•
Amor omnia vincit
•
In vino veritas
•
Carpe diem
•
Utile dulci
•
Semper fidelis
•
Caveat emptor
•
Post hoc, ergo procter hoc
•
Per angusta ad augusta
•
Sic monumentis requiris, circumspice
•
Aere perennius