Bell Ringer!! 8.26
Determine what the independent and dependent variables are in each
scenario:
Kayla is hosting a pizza party for her basketball team. The number of pizzas
she will need to order for the party depends on the number of team
members who attend.
Laura works as a consultant at a software company. The amount of her annual
bonus is based upon the number of hours she works.
Over summer vacation, Debbie has to read a novel for English class. She has
decided to spend the same amount of time reading every day. The number of
hours she spends reading every day will determine how many days it will take
her to finish the book.
A small apple orchard hires fruit pickers to harvest their crop. The more fruit
pickers they hire, the more apples they can harvest each day.
• Matter is made up of combinations of
elements.
• An element is a substance that cannot be
broken down into a simpler chemical
substance.
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
make up 96% of the mass of a human body.
Elements are made of atoms.
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that has the
characteristics of that element.
Nucleus:
• the center of an
atom
• Contains positive
and neutral
particles
• Positively charged
Neutrons:
• Subatomic particles
that have no
charge.
• Found inside the
nucleus.
Protons:
• Positively charged
subatomic particles
• Found inside the nucleus
Electrons:
• Negatively charged
subatomic particles
• Found outside the
nucleus
• Held in orbit due to
their attraction to
the positively
charged nucleus
Elements are represented in the Periodic Table.
# of protons
# of protons + neutrons
• Atomic Number: the number of protons in the
atom.
• Atomic Mass (or weight): the total mass of the
electrons, protons, and neutrons.
• # of protons = # of electons
Oxygen
Calcium
Phosphorus
8
20
15
O
Ca
P
16
40
31
Symbol:
Symbol:
Symbol:
# of Protons:
# of Protons:
# of Protons:
# of Neutrons:
# of Neutrons:
# of Neutrons:
# of Electrons:
# of Electrons:
# of Electrons:
Carbon
Carbon
6
6
C
C
12
14
Symbol:
Symbol:
# of Protons:
# of Protons:
# of Neutrons:
# of Neutrons:
# of Electrons:
# of Electrons:
What’s different?
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element always have the
same number of protons.
• Atoms of the same element that have
different number of neutrons are called
ISOTOPES.
• Examples: carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14
Compound: a substance that is composed of atoms of
two or more different elements that are chemically
combined ( due to chemical reactions)
Example:
Table salt, or NaCl, is a
compound.
Other examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids
• A charged particle made of an atom is an ION.
• Ions assist in bonding
Periodic Table Block
• Pick an element: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium,
sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron,
copper, zinc, iodine, molybdenum
• Create a periodic table block for that element,
modeling the block in the back of the biology
book.
• Write the:
– # of protons
– # of neutrons
– # of electrons
• Write whether it’s a solid, liquid, or gas.