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Tuesday, November 12th
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4 day week 
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Starting motivation/emotion today
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Get back grades!!!
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Matt Foley- Motivational Speaker
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCLnWUQyIm0
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It is not the WHOLE video….but it is a classic Chris Farley 
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What makes people motivated??
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Perspectives on
Motivation
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Motivation and Emotion
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Motivation

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
Specific need or desire, such
as hunger, thirst, or
achievement, that prompts
goal-directed behavior
a need or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it
towards a goal.
Emotion

Feeling, such as fear, joy, or
surprise, that underlies
behavior
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Motivation
 Motives
are triggered by a
stimulus (Incentive)
 Bodily
conditions (low blood
sugar)
 Cue in the environment (AP
Test/College Success)
 Emotion - Feeling, such as
fear, joy, or surprise, that
underlies behavior
 When
the stimulus creates
goal-directed behavior it
motivated the person
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What?

Motivates you to study?
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To practice?

To go to work?
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To do chores?
Perspectives on Motivation
Five perspectives to explain motivation include
the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Incentive Theory
Arousal Theory
Cognitive Theory
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Instinct Theory
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Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed
patterns throughout the species and are not
learned (Tinbergen, 1951).
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
Where the woman builds different kinds of houses
the bird builds only one kind of nest.
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Instincts
 Natural
or inherited
tendencies of an organism
to make a specific
response to certain
environmental stimuli
without involving reason.
 Examples: Salmon

Humans- cleanliness,
curiosity, parental love,
sociability, sympathy
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Flaws with this theory
 Fell
out of favor
 Human
behavior is rarely inflexible and found
throughout the species
 Simply label behaviors
 Humans
have reflexes but not instincts?
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Drive Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
(Bodily Needs)
A physiological need creates an aroused tension
state (a drive) that motivates an organism to
satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
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Need

Biological or physiological requirement of an
organism

Results from a lack of something desirable or
useful

Physiological need= oxygen, food to
survive
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Psychological= self-esteem, social
approval
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Drive
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An internal condition that can change over time and orients
an individual toward a specific goal or goals
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Hunger=?
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Curiosity=?
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Rest=?
+ Homeostasis
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The physiological aim of drive reduction is
homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal
state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of
body chemistry around a particular level
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty
Stomach
Stomach
Full
(Food Deprived)
Organism
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Drive Reduction

When something is deprived of something it needs, it
becomes agitated and tense.

To release the tension, it engages in more or less random
activity
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Two types of drives

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Primary drive
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Unlearned drive based on a physiological
state found in all animals
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Motivate behavior necessary for survival
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Hunger, thirst and sex
Secondary drive
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Learned drive – wealth or success
•
Problem with Drive-Reduction – once
homeostasis is achieved we’d never do
anything
•
Not just balance we’re looking for
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Incentive Theory
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Incentive Theory
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The incentive theory
suggests that people are
motivated to do things
because of external
rewards.

For example, you might be
motivated to go to work
each day for the monetary
reward of being paid.
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Kind of like Operant
Conditioning…
You can liken incentive theory to operant conditioning.
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Just as in operant conditioning, where behaviors are performed in
order to either gain reinforcement or avoid punishment, incentive
theory states that your actions are directed toward gaining
rewards.
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Sandwich Example
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You may be really hungry;
walk to the cafeteria;
incentive is the sandwich we
intend to eat
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Sometimes the drive is so great,
we do not care that the incentive
is weak
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If your drive is weak, the
incentive must be strong
So… What is the difference between drive
theory and incentive theory?
 Drive
theory –
Biological internal
motivation
(homeostasis)
 Incentive
theory –
Environmental
motivation (not as
much homeostasis,
more outside factors)
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When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, “Because 25
I’ve always liked biology and being a doctor will allow me to make a
good salary to take care of my family.” His answer is most consistent
with which of the following theories of motivation?
1.
Drive Reduction
2.
Incentive
3.
Hierarchy of Needs
4.
Arousal
5.
Instinct
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Arousal Theory
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Arousal Theory:
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Arousal – level of alertness,
wakefulness, and activation
caused by activity in the CNS.
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The optimal level of arousal
varies with the person and the
activity.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law – We
usually perform most activities
best when we are moderately
aroused.
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Challenge – moderately low
level
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Easy – moderately high level
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The law also states that we
perform worse when arousal is
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either to low or too high.
Optimum Arousal
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels
of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys
and children are known to explore the
environment in the absence of a need-based
drive.
Randy Faris/ Corbis
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Cognitive Theory
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
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Intrinsic motivation
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Motivation for a behavior is the behavior
itself
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Playing basketball; football
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Children playing is an example
Extrinsic motivation

Behavior is performed in order to obtain a
reward or to avoid punishment
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To reduce biological needs
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A bonus program is an example
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Over justification Effect
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The overjustification effect occurs when an expected
external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a
person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
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Venn Diagram…
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Using pages 312-317….