Environmental
Change
University of North Dakota
President’s Cabinet
April 29, 2013
2
Environmental Management
• Integrated combination of programs, policies and
education campaigns
• Intellectually grounded in public health
• Emphasizes the broader physical, social, culturally
and institutional forces
• Typically conducted in collaboration with surrounding
community
Coalition Driven Environmental
Change
•
•
•
•
•
A Case Study of Community Organizing in a Large Metropolitan Area:
Changing Alcohol Policies at Community Festivals
– L. Bosma, T. Toomey, C. Matt (2009)
Evaluating a Comprehensive Campus-Community Prevention Intervention
to Reduce Alcohol-Related Problems in a College Population
– R. Saltz, L. Welker, M. Paschall, M. Feeney, P. Fabiano (2009)
What We Have Learned From the Harvard School of Public Health College
Alcohol Study: Focusing on Attention on College Student Alcohol
Consumption and the Environmental Conditions That Promote It
– H. Wechsler, T. Nelson (2008)
Use of Policy, Education, and Enforcement to Reduce Binge Drinking
Among University Students: The NU Directions Project
– I. Newman, D. Shell, L. Major, T. Workman (2006)
A Campus-community Coalition to Control Alcohol-related Problems Off
Campus: An Environmental Management Case Study
– T. Gebhardt, K. Kaphingst, W. DeJong (2000)
Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General
Populations Applied to College Environments
• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking age laws
• Implementation, increased publicity and enforcement
of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving
• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density
• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic
beverages
• Responsible beverage service policies in social and
commercial settings
• Formation of a campus-community coalition involving
all major stakeholders
Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical
promise, but requires more comprehensive
evaluation
• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that appear to be
capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use
• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that promote
excessive drinking
• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage drinking
laws eliminating “mixed messages”
• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated with policy
violations
• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student
misperceptions about alcohol use
• Safe ride programs
• Regulation of happy hours and sales
• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol policies
prior to arrival and during orientation periods
POLICY
Do campus spaces,
traditions, and
celebrations support
the desired
behavior?
What are the codified
standards for behavior on
the campus or in the
community?
EDUCATION
DESIGN
Are there negative
consequences for
not complying? Are there
positive reinforcements
for compliance?
ENFORCEMENT
Are students aware
of and able to
live within campus
and community
laws, policies and
standards?
Using the Power of Data
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Police Reports/GIS Maps
Student Self-Report Data
Neighborhood Complaints
Focus Groups
Market Trends
Student Retention Data
Last Drink Data
Anecdotes and Stories
Civic Engagement
• Findings from the AMOD project
– Risk modifying effect of social capitol on heavy drinking and
primary/secondary effects (Weitzman and Chen, 2005)
• Findings from AlcoholEDU
– Students who drink and volunteer/participate in activities are
less likely than their peers who drink but don’t participate to
experience negative consequences (Wyatt 2010)
• Bringing Theory to Practice (AAC&U)
– Multisite study designed to assess the relationship between
civic engagement and student psychosocial wellbeing
• Personal and Social Responsibility
– AAC&U LEAP
– Journal of College Character
– Emerging discussions related to civility
Cost Calculator*
•
•
•
•
Counseling services
Adjudication
Public safety
Non-Billable property
damage and cleanup
$1,761,000.00
• Attrition (annual revenue
lost due to alcohol-related
attrition based on national
average)
$814,000.00
*Calculated for UNL by Outside the Classroom
• Potential savings based on
5% reduction in alcoholrelated costs $183,000.00
• Potential revenue captured
by reducing alcohol-related
attrition by 5%, $293,000.00
$476,000.00
Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012
70
60
50
40
Binge
Does Not Binge
30
20
10
0
1993
1997
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
2012
Environmental
Change
University of North Dakota
Campus Presentation
April 29, 2013
14
Environmental Management
• Integrated combination of programs, policies and
education campaigns
• Typically conducted in collaboration with surrounding
community
• Intellectually grounded in public health
• Emphasizes the broader physical, social, culturally
and institutional forces
Coalition Philosophy
• Focus efforts toward harm reduction
• Adopt a comprehensive approach incorporating both
individual and environmental strategies
• Shared Responsibility
– Responsibility for individual behavior is shared between the
individual and the environment
– All stakeholders within the environment need to share the
responsibility for the condition of the environment
• Inclusive Process
– All Stakeholders have responsibility, and therefore a place at
the table
– Focusing on a common vision for an ideal environment leads
to consensus
– Community-wide consensus is critical for long-term
environmental change
Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General
Populations Applied to College Environments
• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking age laws
• Implementation, increased publicity and enforcement
of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving
• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density
• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic
beverages
• Responsible beverage service policies in social and
commercial settings
• Formation of a campus-community coalition involving
all major stakeholders
Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical
promise, but requires more comprehensive
evaluation
• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that appear to be
capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use
• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that promote
excessive drinking
• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage drinking
laws eliminating “mixed messages”
• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated with policy
violations
• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student
misperceptions about alcohol use
• Safe ride programs
• Regulation of happy hours and sales
• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol policies
prior to arrival and during orientation periods
POLICY
Do campus spaces,
traditions, and
celebrations support
the desired
behavior?
What are the codified
standards for behavior on
the campus or in the
community?
EDUCATION
DESIGN
Are there negative
consequences for
not complying? Are there
positive reinforcements
for compliance?
ENFORCEMENT
Are students aware
of and able to
live within campus
and community
laws, policies and
standards?
20%
60%
20%
Always act ethically
Open to Influence
Never act ethically
Source:
Dr. Janice Lawrence, Associate Director of the Program in Business Ethics and Society, UNL
Using the Power of Data
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Police Reports/GIS Maps
Student Self-Report Data
Neighborhood Complaints
Focus Groups
Market Trends
Student Retention Data
Last Drink Data
Anecdotes and Stories
Self-Reported Drinking by Location
100
90
80
70
Residence Hall
Greek House
Off-Campus Party
Bar or Restaurant
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1999
2002
2004
2008
Engaging the Campus Community
Response to Alcohol-Related Problems on Campus
Policy:
• Revised campus sanction policy including consistent sanctioning applied to all
students
• Revised university approved housing agreement
• Good Samaritan Policy
• Allocated funds to support campus night life programming
Enforcement:
• Community Service Officer (CSO) Contract with Greek Living Units
• Increased Professionalism for CSO Program
• Enhanced Continuing Education and Training Program for UNLPD Officers
• Cooperative Agreement among Area Enforcement Agencies
• Increased Sophistication in Technology
Education:
• Implemented research-based, developmentally appropriate alcohol education
• College Alcohol Profile
• Legal Liability Education for Greek Chapters and Recognized Student Organizations
• Increased parent and new student education about alcohol policies in residence halls
and Greek living units
• Increased emphasis on parent education
Group Specific-Normative Feedback
• First Year College Alcohol Profile (Y1-CAP)
– Reinforce low-risk drinking norms of entering
students
– Reduce uptake of drinking and binge drinking
– Challenge potential misperceptions
• Enhancement
– Develop a cadre of trained facilitators
– Process perceptions of group normative behavior
using motivational feedback
– Small cohorts of first-year students based on Y1CAP data (Greek living units and learning
communities)
Enhance Parental Influence
• Interactive web-based parent program
– Specifically for parents of first-year students
• Correct misperceptions
• Enhance and reinforce communication skills
• Encourage communication about expectations
for alcohol and other drug use
– Compliment existing parent strategies
• Discretionary parental notification
• Parent presentations pre-matriculation
• Regular communication through the UNL
Parents Association Newsletter
Tips for Engaging Faculty
•
•
•
•
•
Retention Study
Undergraduate Research
Political Science – “Nudge” campaign
Sociology – Dating violence study
Marketing – Alternatives to the Birthday
Bar Crawl
• Campaigns Class – Social Norms
marketing
• Civic Engagement Certificate
Response to Alcohol-Related Problems on Game Day
Policy:
• Loss of season ticket for chronic problems
• Special Designated Licenses limited on game day
• Changes in student ticketing
Enforcement:
• Obvious violations prosecuted
• Intoxicated fans barred from entry into stadium or ejected
Education:
• Tailgate Campaign e.g. mailing, parking lot promotions, signage
• Community Forum on Game Day Drinking
• Text campaign
The Role of Communications
• Maintaining coalition awareness
– Project reporting
– Framing the work
• Encouraging ongoing dialogue
– Building awareness
– Framing opportunities for public discussion
– Addressing misperceptions
The Role of Communications
• Message Strategy
– Establishing a common language and meanings
– Maintaining message consistency
– Identifying and avoiding perceptual traps
• Media Advocacy
– Utilizing media to express environmental issues
– Ensuring accuracy in media depictions of issue
Lessons Learned:
Communicating About Alcohol
• Employ multiple, context-appropriate voices so that
the message comes from the stakeholders and not
the organizers
• Infuse alcohol into other relevant student life issues
• Prepare spokespersons
• Expect and inoculate opposing views with solid data
Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012
70
60
50
40
Binge
Does Not Binge
30
20
10
0
1993
1997
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
2012
Environmental
Change
University of North Dakota
Community Presentation
April 29, 2013
36
Environmental Management
• Integrated combination of programs, policies and
education campaigns
• Typically conducted in collaboration with surrounding
community
• Intellectually grounded in public health
• Emphasizes the broader physical, social, culturally
and institutional forces
• Community coalitions are not themselves
interventions but instead provide infrastructure to
support planning and services to address a specific
community concern. Those services and plans
should be based on the most current research and
local data.
Coalition Philosophy
• Focus efforts toward harm reduction
• Adopt a comprehensive approach incorporating both
individual and environmental strategies
• Shared Responsibility
– Responsibility for individual behavior is shared between the
individual and the environment
– All stakeholders within the environment need to share the
responsibility for the condition of the environment
• Inclusive Process
– All Stakeholders have responsibility, and therefore a place at
the table
– Focusing on a common vision for an ideal environment leads
to consensus
– Community-wide consensus is critical for long-term
environmental change
Tier 2: Evidence of Success with General
Populations Applied to College Environments
• Increased enforcement of minimum drinking age laws
• Implementation, increased publicity and enforcement
of other laws to reduce alcohol-impaired driving
• Restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density
• Increased prices and excise taxes on alcoholic
beverages
• Responsible beverage service policies in social and
commercial settings
• Formation of a campus-community coalition involving
all major stakeholders
Tier 3: Evidence of logical and theoretical
promise, but requires more comprehensive
evaluation
• Adopting campus-based policies and practices that appear to be
capable of reducing high-risk alcohol use
• Increase enforcement at campus-based events that promote
excessive drinking
• Increasing publicity about and enforcement of underage drinking
laws eliminating “mixed messages”
• Consistently enforcing disciplinary actions associated with policy
violations
• Conducting marketing campaigns to correct student
misperceptions about alcohol use
• Safe ride programs
• Regulation of happy hours and sales
• Informing new students and their parents about alcohol policies
prior to arrival and during orientation periods
POLICY
Do campus spaces,
traditions, and
celebrations support
the desired
behavior?
What are the codified
standards for behavior on
the campus or in the
community?
EDUCATION
DESIGN
Are there negative
consequences for
not complying? Are there
positive reinforcements
for compliance?
ENFORCEMENT
Are students aware
of and able to
live within campus
and community
laws, policies and
standards?
20%
60%
20%
Always act ethically
Open to Influence
Never act ethically
Source:
Dr. Janice Lawrence, Associate Director of the Program in Business Ethics and Society, UNL
Using the Power of Data
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Police Reports/GIS Maps
Student Self-Report Data
Neighborhood Complaints
Focus Groups
Market Trends
Student Retention Data
Last Drink Data
Anecdotes and Stories
Self-Reported Drinking by Location
100
90
80
70
Residence Hall
Greek House
Off-Campus Party
Bar or Restaurant
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1999
2002
2004
2008
Engaging the Retail Community
College Bars
N
Haymarket
Last Drink Data
Number of
Admissions
Percent of
Total
Average BAC
Bar A
93
16%
.169
Bar B
49
9%
.183
Bar C
43
8%
.160
Bar D
43
8%
.160
Bar E
33
6%
.159
Bar F
32
6%
.169
Bar G
31
5%
.181
Bar H
23
4%
.165
Bar J
22
4%
.163
Bar K
19
3%
.179
388/569
69%
.169
Total
(403)
Response to Irresponsible Sale and Service of Alcohol
Policy:
•
•
•
•
•
•
State policy – Digital Driver’s License
Additional conditions attached to licenses in high dense areas
Special Designated Permit restriction on game day
Mandatory Management Training Program
Mandatory Seller/Server Permit
Local ordinance – prohibiting use of false identification
Enforcement:
• Special emphasis on sales to intoxicated
• Increased tavern checks
• Badges in Bars
• Citations to commercial landlords
Education:
• Last Drink Data
• Internal Liquor Committee
• Bar Walks, Community Forums
• Voluntary Compliance Checks and Pseudo Intoxicated Patron Study
Engaging Community Neighborhoods
2007 Wild Party Density
Response to Alcohol-Related Problems in Neighborhoods
Policy:
• Community alcohol violations adjudicated on campus
• Consequences for violating municipal ordinance
• Revised Tenant/Landlord Contracts
Enforcement:
• Wild Party Patrol
• Landlord’s cited for Disorderly House
Education:
• REOMA Problem Landlord Initiative
• “We Agree” Campaign
• Lincoln Police Department website for landlords
• Resident Roundtable Project
• Community-based service
Wild Party Dispatch
59
Wild Party Dispatch – Repeat Offenders
60
Binge vs. Non-Binge Rate 1993 – 2012
70
60
50
40
Binge
Does Not Binge
30
20
10
0
1993
1997
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2008
2010
2012