OVERVIEW:
Europe’s dynastic wars were
reflected in an international
struggle for colonial empire. In
North America the climax was the
French and Indian War.
Latecomer in scramble for
the New World
1500s (foreign and
domestic troubles)
-St. Bartholomew’s Day 1572
massacre (Huguenots killed)
1598 - EDICT OF NANTES
-Limited tolerance for
Protestants in France
King Louis XIV (1643 1715)
-Deeply interested in
colonies
-1600s - France dominant
European power
1608 - de Champlain
establishes Quebec
colony
-Friendly relations w/
Hurons (enemies of
Iroquois tribes)
Govt. = no pop.
assemblies, trial by jury
Slow population growth in
Quebec & New France
1750 – 55,000 white
French
Huguenots denied
refuge
French govt. favored its
Caribbean island colonies
(sugar/rum) over Quebec
French control gradually extended from St. Lawrence
River and down the Mississippi River
French interest in N. America
1. Fur trade
Beaver
2. Jesuits
Catholic Missions for Indians
3. Empire
Halt English
settlement
into
Ohio Valley
Cadillac - Detroit (1701)
Halt Spanish push
into Gulf of Mexico region
de La Salle - Louisiana
(1682)
New Orleans (1718)
FRENCH v. ENGLISH
Previous Issues:
• King Williams War 1689-1697
• Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713
– Treaty of Utrecht - ended war for 3 decades
– Period of “Salutary Neglect”
• King Georges War 1744-1748
– Colonists win Louisburg, England gave it back
– Colonists were furious, felt vulnerable from the
north
The Ohio Valley became a critical area of
contention between the British and French
FRENCH: Block English settlement, Link Canada & Miss.
Valley, Fur trade growth
ENGLISH: Colonials tired of French land grabbing, Block
Fr./Ind. attacks & competition
North America in 1750
1754  The First Clash
The
Ohio Valley
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware & Shawnee
Indians
1st war for empire that began in America
French attacked by GW
at Uniontown
Washington and troops
forced to surrender Ft.
Necessity to French
(1754)
French won early battles
1755 - Gen. Braddock
ambushed en route to Ft.
Duquesne
Colonial Disunity & Global War
Albany Conference & Plan
of Union (1754)
-Delegates from 7 colonies
met with Iroquois chiefs to
prepare defense against
French
Short range goal: Alliance
Long-range goal: Colonial unity
Franklin’s Plan:
Colonial Unity and Home rule
Delegates - adopted plan
Colonies/England - rejected
UNITED WAR EFFORT FAILS
1755  Br. Decides to
Eliminate Fr. Presence
in No. Amer.
Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the
French from the OH Valley & Canada
(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,
& Acadia.
A
Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne 
by 1500 French and Indian forces.
Only Br. Success  expelled France
from Louisiana.
CAJUNS
1757  William Pitt
Becomes Foreign Minister
A
He understood colonial concerns.
A
He offered them a compromise:
- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br.
would reimburse col. assemblies for
their costs.
- Lord Loudoun would be removed.
RESULTS?  Colonial morale
increased by 1758.
French and Indian War (1756 - 63)
Seven Years’ War (fought on seven seas)
Wm. Pitt (London) leadership
and Prussian allies’ victories
in Europe turned the tide
1759 British “Year of Victory”
Attacks on Canada succeed:
*Quebec - Plains of Abraham
Major battle in Fr./Br. history
-Wolfe and Montcalm killed
*Montreal falls (1760)
-Fr. out of N. America
British defeat French &
Spanish in W. Indies,
Philippines, & India
TREATY OF PARIS (1763)
England emerges as major
colonial power
1) British receive all
French territory (to the
Miss. R.) in N. America
- except New Orleans
2) West of Miss. R. to
Spanish
1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions,
most of her empire in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of
the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but
lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in
Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean
slave trade, and commercial dominance
in India.
Results of F& I war on colonies’
future
1) Colonists gained confidence in military strength
-Able to fight as well as “invincible” British
2) GW gained experience as commander
-Revolutionary War and Presidency
3) Less dependent on English protection
-Becoming more “American” than “Englishmen”
4) Pontiac’s Rebellion (Ottawa) (1763 - 66)
-Led several tribes to drive British out
5) Land-hungry colonials see themselves as free to
settle west of Appalachian Mtns.
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
British
• Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or
bayonet charge.
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
Effects of the War
on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1. It united them against a
common enemy for the first
time.
2. It created a socializing
experience for all the
colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings
towards the British that
would only intensify.
North America in 1763
1. Unlike the English colonies in America,
in New France
a. there were no popularly elected
assemblies.
b. the crown refused to promote the
welfare of French colonization.
c. the population grew very rapidly.
d. no valuable resources for
exploitation existed.
e. disease did not take a toll on the
Natives.
2. The Indians suffered from their
association with the French in New France
in all of the following ways EXCEPT
a. exclusion from the fur business.
b. decimation of their numbers by the
white man’s diseases.
c. violation of their religious beliefs.
d. moral depravity wrought by the
white man’s alcohol.
e. growing rivalries among tribes
fighting the white man’s wars.
3. Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars,
the French and Indian war
a. won the British significant territorial
concessions.
b. began in parts of Europe.
c. united British colonists in strong
support of the mother country.
d. was fought initially on the North
American continent.
e. did not affect American colonists’
attitudes toward Britain.
4. A key reason France needed to control
the Ohio Valley was to
a. stop Spain from expanding its
empire.
b. allow for more French Huguenots to
find refuge in New France.
c. help win the War of Jenkin’s Ear.
d. stop the Indian attacks on its
outposts.
e. link its Canadian holdings with those
of the lower Mississippi Valley.
5. During the French and Indian War,
a. the colonial militiamen were
impressed with the seeming
invincibility of the British regulars.
b. the colonists became more dependent
on British protection.
c. British officers roundly praised the
skillful fighting ability of colonial
troops.
d. British officials were disturbed by
the lukewarm support of many
colonials.
e. the colonists lost confidence in their
own military capability.
OVERVIEW:
Successful conclusion of the war with
France resulted in significant changes in
British policies toward the North
American colonies, including the longstanding tradition of “salutary neglect”.
George
•King of England.
•Instrumental in ending the
French and Indian War in 1763.
•Strong supporter of taxing the
colonies to pay for the debt.
•He opposed any compromise
with the colonial government in
America.
“Once vigorous measures
appear to be the only means
left of bringing the Americans
to a due submission to the
mother country,
the colonies will submit.”
•After loosing of the colonies,
he withdrew his efforts at
personal government and went
insane.
Proclamation (Line) of 1763
British prohibited settlement
in area beyond Appalachians,
pending further adjustments
-Work out Indian problem fairly
-Prevent another Pontiac
Americans soon ignored or
defied the line
Colonials populated backcountry
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
BACKLASH!
British  Proclamation Line of 1763.
Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)
Philly scots/irish revolted against Quaker
leniency regarding natives - killed 20
peaceful natives
Pass a series of tax laws and have the
Colonists help pay back the debt.
Pass a law restricting Colonists from moving
westward into and settling the Northwest
Territory.
Keep British troops in North America to stop
Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.
Stop the smuggling of Colonials by enforcing
the Navigation Acts with a series of unrestricted
search warrants.
Northwest Territory
Britain:
Unchallenged supremacy in N.A.
Dominant naval power in world
140 million debt
British view of colonies:
Low opinion of colonial militia
Colonies refused to contribute troops
or money to effort
Begin enforcing trade regulations to
ease debt
Colonies view of British:
Unimpressed with British troops,
leadership, & war strategy
Accustomed to running things w/o
the British
Pre-1763
“Salutary (benign)
Neglect”
-Britain had exercised
little direct control
over the colonies
-Did not strictly enforce
its Navigation Laws
regulating colonial
trade
-Royal governors dealt
with monarchy more
than Parliament
-Colonial assemblies held
right of taxation
Post-1763
“Tale of Two Georges”
King George III (1760 1820)
-Policy aimed at the
colonies bearing more
of the debt incurred
from wars
George Grenville (Prime
minister)
-Raise money to help pay
the cost of 10,000 Br.
Troops left in the
colonies for protection
OVERVIEW:
Parliament’s efforts to raise revenue in the
colonies were met with growing
resistance. The repeal of the Stamp Act
gave an impression of a colonial victory.
America and Britain:
Actions and Reactions
First Phase of Crisis:
Molasses Act (1733)
Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Declaratory Act (1766)
Second Phase of Crisis:
Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Tea Act (1773)
Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts
(1774)
Quebec Act (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)
The Power to Tax is
the Power to Destroy
If you have the power to tax, you
have the power to take all their wealth
from them.
If there is no check upon the people
who posses the “power to tax” then
they have the power to destroy.
Colonists wanted an “actual”
representative elected from them to
address their concerns to Parliament.
Taxes
Why do we pay taxes?
How does the federal, state, and
local governments tax us? Collect
the taxes?
What are some of the taxes we pay?
• Taxes and fees imposed by federal, state or
local laws.
* Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)
* U.S. capital gains tax
* Corporate income tax
* U.S. estate tax
* U.S. excise tax (includes taxes on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages)
* U.S. federal income tax * Federal unemployment tax (FUTA)
* FICA tax (includes Social Security tax and related programs)
* Gasoline tax
* Generation Skipping Tax
* Gift tax
* IRS penalties
* Local income tax
* Luxury taxes
* Marriage Tax
* Property tax
* Hunting and Fishing License Tax
* Real estate tax
* Recreational vehicle tax
* Road usage taxes (truckers)
* Sales tax and equivalent use tax
* School tax
* State income tax
* State unemployment tax (SUTA)
* Tariffs
* Telephone federal excise tax
* Vehicle sales tax
* Workers compensation tax
* Tire tax
The Power to Tax is
the Power to Destroy
If a politician wants to have power he
needs votes of the people that elect him.
He has to live among those people so
he will not use his power to destroy
them,
Or, the people may in turn vote him
out of power or worse destroy him.
Man’s nature is greedy.
Therefore, he
cannot be trusted with unchecked power.
Absolute power corrupts, absolutely.
Review of British Policies
• Mercantilism - Colonies existed for the benefit of
the mother country
• Navigation Laws - enforce the mercantilist system
• 1763 - end of “salutary neglect” under
– G. Grenville sought to enforce Nav. Laws
– King George III - sought to increase control
• Currency Act (1764)
– restricted colonial printing of money, colonies import
more than export
• Sugar Act (1764) - updated Molasses Act
– 1st act that specifically raised revenue for the crown
• Quartering Act (1765)
– some colonies required to provide food and quarters for
British troops
America and Britain:
Actions and Reactions
First Phase of Crisis:
Molasses Act (1733)
Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Declaratory Act (1766)
Second Phase of Crisis:
Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Tea Act (1773)
Intolerable Acts & Coercive Acts
(1774)
Quebec Act (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)
Pro Patria
The first Man that Either distributes or
makes use of Stampt Paper let him take care
of his House, Person, and Effects.
Vox Populi
We dare!
New York City Poster
October 1765
Forms of Protest
James Otis (1761)
Argued in a Boston
court against:
writs of assistance
-general search
warrants to enforce
mercantilist laws
Forms of Protest
Otis later protested the
Stamp Act (1765) by
appealing to the:
natural rights of English
subjects
-right to be taxed only
with consent
“no taxation without
representation”
-Magna Carta (1215) /
English Bill of Rights
(1689)
Theories of
Representation
Real Whigs
Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s
authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR
Limited?
Q-> How could the colonies give or
withhold consent for parliamentary
legislation when they did not have
representation in that body??
Grenville’s theory / Colonists’ Theory
Virtual representation
-Each member of
Parliament represented
the interests of the entire
empire
Legislation-matters
affecting the entire
empire such as trade(ok)
Taxation-directly imposing
Parliamentary will w/o
representation (not ok)
Actual representation
“No taxation without
(actual) representation”
Tax w/out rep
Virtual Representation
• The 13 Colonies were
represented under the
principle of “virtual”
representation.
• It did not matter if the
Colonists did not elect
members from each colony to
represent them in the British
Parliament.
• Not all citizens in Britain were
represented either.
• The British Parliament
pledged to represent every
person in Britain and the
empire
Actual Representation
• Americans resented “virtual”
representation.
• Colonists governed themselves
since the early settlers.
• They had direct representation
by electing colonial assembly
members to represent their
interests.
• Colonists were not opposed to
paying taxes because the
Colonies taxed their citizens.
• If the British Parliament was
to tax them, they should be
able to elect a representative
from their colony to represent
their interests in Parliament.
Stamp Tax
•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.
•A direct tax which went to the British government.
•Paid for debt and British troops in the Colonies.
•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”
•British tax collectors were tarred and feathered…..
•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..
Stamp Tax
Stamp Act Protest
1. Non-importation
movement
-Boycott Br. goods
2. Mobs burned English
stamped paper
3. “VA Resolves”
-condemned Br. policy
-Patrick Henry
4. Sons of Liberty (Samuel
Adams) established
-Linked resistance
leaders (evolved into
Comm. of Correspond.)
-Hanged Stamp agents in
effigy on “liberty poles”
Paul Revere
Samuel Adams
•Sons of Liberty was a secret
society formed in protest of
British rule.
•They had a large role in the
repeal of the Stamp Act and the
Boston Tea Party.
•9 original members which
included the leaders Samuel
Adams and Paul Revere & John
Hancock
“If our trade be taxed, why not
our lands, or produce, in short,
everything we possess? They
tax us without having legal
representation.”
Samuel Adams
Britishlaws
•Between 1765 to 1766, the
Sons of Liberty led over 40
protests up and down the
colonial coastline.
•Most of the protests are
located in the Middle
Colonies up through the
New England Colonies.
•Successful in forcing the
British Parliament to repeal
the Stamp Act.
Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766
Stamp Act Congress
New York City (1765)
Delegates from 9 colonies issued a series of documents:
1. “Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the
Colonies” adopted
2. A petition for relief sent to King George III
3. Appeal to Parliament to repeal Stamp Act
-Continued distinction drawn between external
(permissible) and internal (objectionable) taxation of
colonies
Stamp Act repealed by Parliament (1766)
-London forced to yield (victory for colonials)
Declaratory Act passed at same time
STAMP ACT REPEALED
Costs of
Colonial Resistance
Britishlaws
•Stamp Act of 1765
•Parliament repeals Stamp Act.
Declaratory Act, 1766
•declared Parliament had the power to tax
the colonies both internally and externally,
and had absolute power over the colonial
legislatures.
Townshend Duties
Crisis: 1767-1770
1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend,
Secretary of the Exchequer.
A
A
Shift from paying taxes for Br. war
debts & quartering of troops 
paying col. govt. salaries.
He diverted revenue collection from
internal to external trade.
Tax these imports  paper, paint,
lead, glass, tea.
A Increase custom officials at
American ports  established a
Board of Customs in Boston. Granted Writs of
Assistance in Homes, shops, warehouse
A
Colonial Response to
the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson  1768
* Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania.
2. 1768  2nd non-importation
movement:
* “Daughters of Liberty”
* spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents:
* John Hancock’s ship, the
Liberty.
* 4000 British troops sent
to Boston.
1770
1768—1770,
British
soldiers arrived in Boston,
MA to maintain order and
enforce the taxes the
colonists were asked to
pay after the French and
Indian.
The
people of Boston
resented the British
soldiers and considered
them a foreign presence.
Boston Mass.
High
tensions between
British and Bostonians
over enforcing British
policies.
March
1770, the British
shed Colonial blood for
first time blood.
The
relationship between
the Colonies and England
would never improve
Used
as propaganda to
convince people of the
colonial cause.
Boston Mass.
The Gaspee Incident (1772)
Providence, RI coast
Committees
of Correspondence
Purpose  warn neighboring colonies
about incidents with Br.
 broaden the resistance
movement.
Tea Act, East India Company
•Made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea
and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3
cents/pound.
•The Colonists had to buy tea from the East India Tea
Company----gave the company a monopoly
•Colonists claimed it was
“taxation without representation”
•Sons of Liberty protested against the Tea Act in Dec.
1773 by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor
Exports & Imports: 1768-1783
Intolerable Acts: 1774 repressive acts
designed to punish
Boston
The Intolerable Act closed the port
of Boston from Colonial trade,
revoked their charter, and placed
Massachusetts under martial law.
Quebec Act:
opened Ohio Valley
Colonists viewed this poorly
The Coercive or Intolerable
Acts (1774)
1. Port Bill
2. Government Act
3. New Quartering
Act
4. Administration of
Justice Act
Lord North
The Quebec Act (1774)
Intolerable Acts inspired 12 colonies to send
delegates to determine a reaction to British
Actions Taken: Suffolk Resolves
Convention not a Congress
Delegates:
Most had no desire for
independence at this time
Radicals (P. Henry, S. Adams)
Moderates (GW, J. Dickinson)
Conservatives (J. Jay, J.
Galloway)
1) Repeal of Intolerable Acts
Urged colonial boycotts
2) Recognized Parliament’s
authority to regulate trade
(external tax)
Urged King to restore colonial rights
(internal taxes)
“Declaration of Rights and Grievances”
3) The Association
Urged creation of committees in
colonies to boycott
4) Meet again in May 1775 if colonial
rights were not recognized
There is no retreat but in submission
and slavery! Our chains are forged!
Their clanking may be heard on the
plains of Boston! The war is
inevitable and let it come! I repeat it,
sir, let it come.
Patrick Henry
(1736-1799)
Revolutionary War
orator, radical and
statesman. In a
speech urging armed
resistance against the
British. Speech was
given in March of
1775.
It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the
matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace,
Peace -- but there is no peace. The
war is actually begun! The next
gale that sweeps from the north
will bring to our ears the clash of
resounding arms!
PHenry
Our brethren are already in the
field! Why stand we here idle?
What is it that gentlemen wish?
What would they have? Is life so
dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains
and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty
God!
I know not what course others
may take but as for me:
“Give me liberty or give
me death”.
PHenry
1770
Troops2
•After the Boston
Tea Party the British
send more troops to
enforce the
Intolerable Acts.
•Colonial militias
prepare for war.
Lexington
British
attempt to “search and
seize” stolen weapons.
First
Action
shots of the Revolution in
SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD
•British searching for
stolen weapons–
“search and seizure”
•Stopped at Lexington
and encountered 56
Minutemen
•Minutemen stood up
for what they believed
was their land
Independence or Negotiation after Lexington/Concord?
Military Actions:
-Called on colonies to
provide troops
-GW appointed
commander-in-chief of
colonial army
Peace Efforts:
Many in colonies did not
want independence but
change in relationship
with Britain
*“Olive Branch Petition”
sent
Pledged loyalty to king and
asked to secure peace
and secure colonial
rights
King declared colonies in
rebellion
George Washington
John Hancock
Who would be our first commanding general?
•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following:
•Political
George Washington was chosen
•Economic
based on his qualifications.
•Military
•Social
•Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA
to discuss their options in response to the
Intolerable Acts.
•The decision was to negotiate with King
George III and send him a declaration of
their willingness to remain British.
•BUT, they have grievances (problems)
which they want the King and Parliament
to address.
•AND, they instructed the local militias in
each town to begin preparing for war with
the MINUTEMEN!
Whereas many of our subjects in diverse parts of our
Colonies and Plantations in North America, misled by
dangerous and ill designing men, and forgetting the
allegiance which they owe to the power that has protected
and supported them; after various disorderly acts
committed in disturbance of the public peace, to the
obstruction of lawful commerce, and to the oppression of
our loyal subjects carrying on the same; have at length
proceeded to open and avowed rebellion, by arraying
themselves in a hostile manner, to withstand the execution
of the law, and traitorously preparing, ordering and levying
war against us:
And whereas, there is reason to apprehend that such
rebellion hath been much promoted and encouraged by the
traitorous correspondence, counsels and comfort of
diverse wicked and desperate persons within this realm:
We hereby see fit, by and with the advice of our Privy
Council, to issue our Royal Proclamation, hereby declaring,
that all our Officers, civil and military, are obliged to exert
their utmost endeavors to suppress such rebellion, and to
bring the traitors to justice,
And we do accordingly strictly charge and command all our
Officers, and all others our obedient and loyal subjects, to
use their utmost endeavors to withstand and suppress such
rebellion, and to disclose and make known all treasons and
traitorous conspiracies which they shall know to be against
us, our crown and dignity;
Given at our Court at St. James the twenty-third day of
August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five
God save the King!
Common Sense / Declaration of Ind.
Arouse public support / Justify revolution
Common Sense (Paine)
Jan. 1776 pamphlet
Argued:
1) Colonists exploited by
Britain
2) King George was a
villain
3) Called for
independent republic
Richard Henry Lee’s resolutions
(June 1776)
-Declared colonies to be independent
TJ’s Declaration (July 4, 1776)
1) Recognized natural rights
(unalienable), compact theory
(“consent of the governed”) and
right of revolution (against
tyrannical govts.)
2) 27 grievances blaming the King
3) Omitted attack on slave trade
4) Recognized this as treason but
signed it collectively
Thomas Paine: Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
(1776)
Declaration of Independence
Independence Hall
New
National Symbols
Loyalists (Tories) v. Patriots (Whigs)
• Loyal to the King
• 1/5 - 1/3 of population
• Anglican clergy,
religious minorities,
govt. officials, some
wealthy merchants
• Some served in Br. Army
• Native Americans
• Post-war:
Some had property
seized and many
scattered to other parts
of Br. empire
• Many from New
England and Virginia
• Served in local militias
for short times
• Army short of supplies,
poorly equipped, rarely
paid
• 5,000 African Americans
• Regarded Loyalists as
traitors to cause
American or British?
Advantage or Disadvantage?
1. Well trained, well
disciplined
2. Skilled marksmen
3. Signed up for short
term of service
4. Fought for own home,
land, country
5. Geographic distance
6. Skilled at guerilla-type
warfare
7. Not professional or welltrained
8. Fought for pay/land
promises for a foreign
country
9. Fought for a cause
10. Provided own
equipment
11. Resisted discipline
12. Actively supported by
European powers
1. Which of the following sources would be
most useful in researching a paper entitled
“Arguments for Independence, 1776”
a. John Dickinson’s Letters From a Farmer
in PA
b. The Olive Branch Petition.
c. Treaty of Paris.
d. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.
e. John Locke’s Two Treatises on
Government.
2. The First Continental Congress was a
reaction to
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The Declaratory Act.
Fighting at Lexington and Concord.
Passage of the Intolerable Acts.
The Boston Massacre.
The British tax on tea.
3. Which of the following most accurately
describes those Americans who fought on the
British side in the American Revolution?
a. They were a large majority of the population.
b. They were most numerous in New England.
c. They were generally identified with the Whig
Party in England.
d. They tended to be primarily the wealthy,
govt. officials, or Anglican clergymen.
e. They tended to be passive in their efforts
against the Patriots.
4. Which of the following most accurately
describes the change in American public opinion
between January 1774 and July 1776?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
It changed from a desire for reconciliation to a
decision for independence.
Most people favored independence in 1774 but were
willing to fight for it only after the Declaration of
Independence.
Loyalists were in the majority both in 1774 and 1776.
By the summer of 1776, only a relatively small
number of Americans expressed support for the
king’s government.
Military support from France encouraged American
patriots.
Tea Act (1773)
8 British East India Co.:
 Monopoly on Br. tea
imports.
 Many members of
Parl. held shares.
 Permitted the Co. to
sell tea directly to
cols. without col.
middlemen
(cheaper tea!)
8 North expected the
cols. to eagerly choose
the cheaper tea.
Boston Tea Party (1773)
First Continental Congress (1774)
55 delegates from 12 colonies
Agenda  How to
respond to the
Coercive Acts &
the Quebec Act?
1 vote per colony
represented.
The British Are Coming . . .
Paul Revere & William Dawes make their
midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of
approaching British soldiers.
The Shot Heard ’Round the World!
Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775
The Second Continental Congress
(1775)
Olive Branch Petition