FHM TRAINING TOOLS
This training presentation is part of FHM’s
commitment to creating and keeping safe
workplaces.
Be sure to check out all the training programs
that are specific to your industry.
Health Hazards
OSHA Hazards for
Construction (1926)
OSH Act of 1970
•
The purpose of the OSH Act is to
“assure so far as possible every
working, man and woman in the nation
safe and healthful working conditions
and to preserve our human resources.”
Routes of Entry
•
Inhalation
– airborne contaminants
•
Absorption
– penetration through the skin
•
Ingestion
– eating
– drinking
OSHA Hierarchy of Control
1.
Engineering controls
2.
Work practice controls
3.
Administrative controls
4.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Types of Exposure
•
Acute
– Short term period between exposure and
onset of symptoms
•
Chronic
– Long time period between exposure to an
agent and the onset of symptoms
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
•
OSHA
– Occupational Safety and Health Administration
•
NIOSH
– National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health
•
ACGIH
– American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
•
OSHA
– PEL, STEL, Ceiling
•
NIOSH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
•
ACGIH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
•
TWA
– takes into account variable exposure through a full shift,
8 hour work day
•
STEL
– limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes
•
CEILING
– absolute maximum level of exposure not to be
exceeded
Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
•
Legally enforceable
– OSHA PEL
– OSHA AL (action level)
– OSHA EL (excursion limit)
Silica
Special Emphasis Program (SEP)
•
•
•
Special Emphasis Program--Silica
OSHA’s Industrial Hygiene initiative
Collaboration of OSHA Compliance and
Consultation Programs
SiO2
Why Target Crystalline Silica
Exposure?
•
•
•
•
Widespread occurrence and use
Number of related deaths
Number of exposed workers
Health effects
Occurrence and Use of Silica
•
•
•
SiO2 - basic component of sand, quartz
& granite
Quartz - 2nd most common mineral in
the earth’s crust
Airborne silica is produced by:
Occurrence and Use of Silica
•
Airborne silica is
produced by:
– sandblasting
– tunneling jack hammering
– rock drilling
– concrete manufacturing
– foundry work
– demolition
– stone cutting
– asphalt pavement
– drilling
– quarrying
manufacturing
Construction Targeting
•
•
•
•
•
Jack hammering
Rock drilling
Abrasive blasting
Concrete mixing
Brick and concrete block or slab cutting
Permissible Exposure Limit
(PEL) for Silica
10 mg/m3
= ? mg/m3
% Quartz +2
PEL for respirable dust
containing a % silica.
Silicosis Prevention Program
•
Medical surveillance program
– baseline examination
•
medical and occupational history prior to exposure
– every 5 years if < 20 years of exposure
– every 2 years if > 20 years of exposure
– baseline chest x-ray
– pulmonary function tests (PFT)
– x-ray upon termination of employment
Source: OSHA SEP
Silicosis Prevention Program
•
•
•
•
Personal air monitoring program
Training and information on crystalline
silica
Availability of air and medical surveillance
data to workers
Respiratory protection program
Source: OSHA SEP
Silicosis Prevention Program
•
Hygiene facilities and clothing change
areas
• Recordkeeping
• Personal exposures below the PEL OR
facility has an abatement program that
provides interim worker protection
• Housekeeping program
• Regulated areas
Source: OSHA SEP
Health Effects
•
•
•
Acute - intense crystalline silica
exposure
Accelerated - more intense exposure
over 5 to 15 years
Chronic - 20 to 45 years prolonged
exposure to crystalline silica
Common Hazard
•
Abrasive blasting
•
Paint removal
•
Renovation & demolition
•
Road repair
Exposure Controls
Substitution
•
•
•
•
Coal slag (black beauty)
Steel grit
Aluminum oxide
Wild stuff (frozen CO2, walnut
shells, baking soda
Exposure Controls
Wet Methods
•
•
•
•
•
Water suppression of dust
Very effective method
May be less efficient
Requires supply of water and clean up
Power tools with HEPA exhaust
Silica Case Example
•
39 year old sandblaster diagnosed with
silicosis and tuberculosis after 22 years
of abrasive blasting
– shortness of breath
– wheezing
– chest discomfort
– lung tissue samples - extensive fibrosis
(silicosis)
Silica Case Example
•
49 year old man diagnosed with
silicosis, emphysema, and asthma after
21 years of work as a tile installer where
he was exposed to dust from cutting,
drilling, and working with grout. He was
a nonsmoker
Cadmium
29 CFR 1926.1127
•
•
•
•
Blue-white metal
Grayish-white powder
Found in lead, copper, and zinc sulfide
ores
Compounds
– highly colored from brown to yellow and
red
Cadmium
29 CFR 1926.1127
•
Uses
– electrode component in alkaline batteries
– stabilizer in plastics
– paints
Cadmium
29 CFR 1926.1127
•
Short term exposure
– irritation of upper respiratory tract
– constriction of the throat
– metallic taste
– cough
– flu-like symptoms
Cadmium
29 CFR 1926.1127
•
Long term exposure
– kidney damage
– lung cancer
– prostate cancer
Scope
•
All occupational exposure to cadmium
compounds
–
in all construction work
•
•
•
construction
alteration
repair
Covered Activities
•
•
•
•
•
Wrecking
Demolition
Salvage
Use of cadmium
containing paints
Cutting, brazing,
burning, grinding or
welding
•
Electrical grounding
w/cadmium
• Installation of
cadmium products
• Emergencies
• Transportation,
disposal, and
storage
Definitions
•
•
Action level (AL)
– 2.5 g/m3
Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32)
–
–
–
–
–
determines presence of cadmium
regulated areas
access
PPE
training
Permissible
Exposure Limit
PEL = 5 g/m3
Exposure Monitoring
•
•
Prior to performance
Exposure at or above the AL
–
–
–
–
•
•
relevant plans
reports
MSDSs
other records
Frequency
Additional monitoring
?
Initial Monitoring
•
•
As soon as practicable
Higher concentrations
–
•
•
monitor while conducting task
Objective data
Documentation
– > 5 g/m3
– < 5 g/m3
Prohibited Activities
•
•
•
•
•
Eating
Drinking
Smoking
Chew tobacco
Apply cosmetics
OR
carry such products into regulated areas
Methods of Compliance
•
•
•
Intermittent exposure
Exposure < 30 days per year
Engineering and work practice controls
are not feasible
–
–
reduce exposure to lowest level
PPE
Methods of Compliance
Employee
Rotation
Compliance Program
•
•
•
Exposure > PEL
Written program
Review and update as necessary
Other Requirements
•
•
•
Hygiene areas and practices
Housekeeping
Medical Surveillance
–
–
–
30 or more days > action level
Communicating hazards
Recordkeeping
Lead in Construction Standard
29 CFR 1926.62
•
SCOPE AND APPLICATION
– Applies to all construction work where an
employee may be occupationally exposed
to lead.
– Excludes construction work covered in the
general industry standard.
Lead in
Construction Standard
•
Applies to:
– Demolition
– Lead contamination/
– Removal and
emergency cleanup
– Transportation,
disposal, storage
– Maintenance
operations
associated with
construction
Encapsulation
– New construction,
alteration, repair, or
renovation
– Installation of
products containing
lead
Selected Definitions
•
LEAD
– Metallic lead
– All inorganic lead compounds
– Organic lead soaps
~ Excludes organic lead compounds. ~
Selected Definitions
•
COMPETENT PERSON
•
ACTION LEVEL
(AL)
– 30 g/m3
•
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT
– 50 g/m3
(PEL)
Selected Definitions
•
ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE
(in g/m3)
400
# hours worked
Selected Definitions
•
INITIAL DETERMINATION
– To determine whether employees are
exposed at above the action level
– May rely on historical data
– May rely on objective data
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
INITIAL DETERMINATION
– TASK 1 TRIGGERS:
•
Exposure up to 500 g/m3 (10 x the PEL)
•
Activities include:
– manual demolition of structures, hand scrapping or
sanding, heat guns, power tool cleaning with dust
collection systems, spray painting
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
INITIAL DETERMINATION
– TASK 2 TRIGGERS:
•
•
Exposure up to 2,500 g/m3 (>10 x the PEL,
but less than 2,500 g/m3 )
Activities include:
– using lead containing mortar, cleanup where dry
expendable abrasives are used, rivet busting, power
tool cleaning without dust collection systems,
movement/removal of enclosures
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
INITIAL DETERMINATION
– TASK 3 TRIGGERS:
•
Exposure > 2,500 g/m3 (>50 x the PEL)
•
Activities include:
– abrasive blasting, welding, cutting, torch burning
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
– Exposure at or above the action level and
below the PEL
•
Conduct monitoring representative of each
exposed employee
– May use historical data
– Additional monitoring - every 6 months
– Document
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
– Exposure at or above the PEL
•
Conduct monitoring representative of each
exposed employee
– May use historical data
– Additional monitoring - quarterly
– Document
Exposure Assessment
Lead in Construction
•
NEGATIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
– No exposure at or above the action level
– Additional monitoring is not required unless
there is a change in:
– equipment, process, control, personnel or task
resulting in levels at or above the action level
– Document
Methods Of Compliance
Lead in Construction
•
Engineering Controls
•
Respiratory protection
•
Compliance program
•
Mechanical ventilation
•
Administrative controls
•
Good work practices
Respiratory Protection
Lead in Construction
•
REQUIRED:
 While engineering and work practice controls are
being installed or implemented
 During activities when engineering and work
practice controls are not feasible
 Where engineering and work practice controls are
not feasible to reduce exposures below PEL/AL
 In emergencies
Respiratory Protection
Lead in Construction
•
Must be provided whenever an employee
requests a respirator.
•
Must provide a PAPR whenever an employee
requests one and it is protective against the
level of exposure.
Exposure > PEL
Lead in Construction
•
Respiratory protection
•
Personal protective equipment
•
Change rooms
•
Showers (where feasible in construction)
•
Eating facilities
•
Hand washing facilities
Housekeeping
Lead in Construction
•
Maintain surfaces as free as practicable
of lead accumulation.
Medical Surveillance
Lead in Construction
•
INITIAL MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
– Exposure > AL one day
•
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
PROGRAM
– Exposure > AL for more than 30 days per
year
Medical Removal
Lead in Construction
•
Two blood lead levels > 50 g/dL
•
Return - < 40 g/dL
•
Benefits
Employee Training
Lead in Construction
•
EXPOSURE > AL
•
ANNUALLY
Recordkeeping
Lead in Construction
•
EXPOSURE DATA
– At least 30 years
•
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
– Duration of employment plus 30 years
Recordkeeping
Lead in Construction
•
MEDICAL REMOVAL
– At least duration of employment
•
OBJECTIVE DATA
– 30 years