Expanding Markets and Moving West
SECTION 1
The Market Revolution
SECTION 2
Manifest Destiny
SECTION 3
Expansion in Texas
SECTION 4
The War with Mexico
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Section 1
The Market Revolution
Technological changes create greater interaction
and more economic diversity among the regions of
the nation.
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SECTION
1
The Market Revolution
U.S. Markets Expand
Changing Economic Activities
• Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy
what cannot make
• Mid-century farmers begin specialization—raise
1or 2 cash crops
• Market revolution—people buy and sell goods
rather than make them
The Entrepreneurial Spirit
• Capitalism—private control of means of
production, used for profit
• Business capital (money, property, machines)
fuels growing economy
• Entrepreneurs invest own money in new
industries; great loss, profit
Continued . . .
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Capitalism
Capitalism hasn’t always been like the way it is today. Throughout the 1800s, it was
mainly dominated by small family-owned firms. In 1830 the biggest company in the world
was the Cyfartha iron company, worth about $2 million, with 5,000 employees. A hundred
years later the biggest company, U.S. Steel, was worth $2.3 billion, and employed 250,000
people. Today, the world’s largest company is the energy producer Royal Dutch Shell. It
raked in a staggering $458 billion in revenue in 2008.
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1
continued U.S.
Markets Expand
New Inventions
• Inventor-entrepreneurs develop new products
• Charles Goodyear creates vulcanized rubber in
1839
• Elias Howe patents sewing machine; I. M. Singer
adds foot treadle
• Factory production of clothing prices drop by over
75%
Impact on Household Economy
• Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment;
boost industry output
• Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers
become consumers
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SECTION
1
The Economic Revolution
Impact on Communication
• 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse develops electromagnetic
telegraph:
- messages tapped in code, carried by copper wire
- businesses, railroads transmit information
In 1843, Congress agreed to pay for the construction
of the first telegraph line, from Baltimore to
Washington. On May 24, 1844, the first message
was sent across the wires: “What hath God
wrought?”—a quotation from the Bible.
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued
The Economic Revolution
Impact on Transportation
• 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat goes 150 miles
up Hudson in 32 hours
• By 1830 steamboats on western rivers and
canals cut freight costs, speed travel, carry
heavy machinery and raw materials
• Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast
and world markets
Emergence of Railroads
• 1840s, shipping by railroad much costlier than by
canal
• Railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland
• Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers
• By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops,
safety increased
Continued . . .
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Birth of the Railroads
Before the opening of the first major railway line, the Liverpool & Manchester in 1830, there were fears it
would be impossible to breathe while travelling at such a velocity, or that the passengers’ eyes would explode
due to having to adjust to the motion. The first moving picture, "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station“,
was shown to an audience in France in 1895. When the film was first shown, the audience was so overwhelmed
by the moving image of a life-sized train coming directly at them that people screamed and ran to the back of
the room. Hellmuth Karasek in the German magazine Der Spiegel wrote that the film "had a particularly lasting
impact; yes, it caused fear, terror, even panic.“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk
SECTION
1
New Markets Link Regions
Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing
• Canals, railroads turn Northeast into center of
American commerce
• New York City central link between U.S. farms
and European markets
• Great rise in manufacturing: more, better, less
expensive goods
Midwest Farming
• John Deere invents steel plow; farmers replace
oxen with horses
• Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper;
1 farmer can do work of 5
• Farmers shift from subsistence farming to
growing cash crops
NEXT
SECTION
1
continued New Markets Link Regions
Effect of Regional Links
• Improved transportation, communication make
regions interdependent
• Growing links lead to development of regional
specialties
Southern Agriculture
• Most of South agricultural; relies on cotton,
tobacco, rice
• South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in
land, slave
Continued . . .
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Section 2
Manifest Destiny
Americans move west, energized by their belief
in the rightful expansion of the United States
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
NEXT
SECTION
2
Manifest Destiny
The Frontier Draws Settlers
American Mission
• Before 1840, few Americans go to Louisiana
Territory; many do after
• Manifest destiny—belief that U.S. destined to
expand to Pacific Ocean
Attitudes Toward the Frontier
• Many settlers try fresh start in West after
panic of 1837
• Land for farming, speculation important for
building prosperity
• Merchants seeking new markets follow
farmers, miners
• Oregon Territory harbors expand trade with Asia
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Manifest Destiny
In the summer of 1845, John L. Sullivan, a magazine editor, had written of “the fulfillment of our manifest
destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying
millions”. The phrase manifest destiny came to signify the inevitability of the continuing growth of the
US—to the Pacific Ocean, certainly, and who knew where else?
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2
Settlers and Native Americans
Effects on Native American Communities
• Most Native Americans maintain own traditions
even if forced to move
• Some assimilate into white culture; some fight
to keep whites out
The Black Hawk War
• In 1830s, settlers in Illinois, Iowa pressure
natives to go west
• Chief Black Hawk leads rebellion in Illinois,
Wisconsin Territory
• Sauk, Fox tribes defeated, forcibly moved west
of the Mississippi
Continued . . .
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Black Hawk War
As a young man, Abraham Lincoln served very briefly as a volunteer
during the Black Hawk War of 1832. He saw no action, but joked that
he “had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and
although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was
often very hungry.”
When Black Hawk was captured he was placed in the charge of a
recent West Point graduate, Jefferson Davis.
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2
continued
Settlers and Native Americans
Middle Ground
• Middle ground is area not dominated by Native
Americans or settlers
• Good relations where settlers need Native
American trading partners
• Middle ground west of Mississippi, result of
1830 Indian Removal Act
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued
Settlers and Native Americans
Fort Laramie Treaty
• Small numbers of displaced natives fight
settlers moving west
• 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between U.S.
government, native nations
- Native Americans get control of Central Plains
- promise not to attack settlers
- U.S. pledges to honor boundaries
• Settlers increase, deplete buffalo, elk;
U.S. violates treaty
NEXT
SECTION
2
Trails West
The Santa Fe Trail
• Thousands trek west on old Native American trails,
new routes
• Santa Fe Trail—busy trade route; Independence,
MO to Santa Fe, NM
• First 150 miles wagons go alone, then band together
for protection
The Oregon Trail
• 1836, settlers go to Oregon, prove wagons can go
into Northwest
• Oregon Trail—trail from Independence, MO to
Portland, OR
• Pioneers use Conestoga wagons, push handcarts;
trip takes months
Continued . . .
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The Donner Party
http://www.history.com/topics/donnerparty/videos/the-donner-party
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2
continued
Trails West
The Mormon Migration
• Joseph Smith forms Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-day Saints in NY
• Mormons—religious group, settles in Illinois;
clashes over polygamy
• Brigham Young, Smith’s successor, leads
Mormons outside U.S.
- settle near Great Salt Lake, Utah
Resolving Territorial Disputes
• 1842, Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles border in
East, Midwest
• “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” slogan calls for
annexation of Oregon
• 1846, U.S., Britain extend boundary west along
49th parallel
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Joseph Smith and the Mormons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06jF1EG8o-Q
Smith says that in 1827, he found golden plates inscribed in Egyptian characters, which
he translated with the help of God. The result was the “Book of Mormon” (published in
1830): gives the history of a group of Jews who escaped from Jerusalem when it fell to
invaders in ancient times…they eventually arrived in the Americas.
Section 3
Expansion in Texas
Mexico offers land grants to American settlers,
but conflict develops over religion and other
cultural differences, and the issue of slavery.
NEXT
SECTION
3
Americans Settle in the Southwest
Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers
• To protect territory, Mexico encourages U.S.
farmers to go to Texas
• Offers land grants to empresarios (agents) who
sell land cheaply
• Until 1830s, Anglo settlers live as naturalized
Mexican citizens
Austin in Texas
• Stephen F. Austin, successful empresario,
establishes colony in 1821
• Old Three Hundred get 177 farming acres or
4,428 grazing acres
• U.S. wants lands south to Rio Grande; Mexico
refuses to sell Texas
NEXT
SECTION
3
Texas Fights for Independence
“Come to Texas”
• Cultural differences arise between Anglos and Mexico:
- Anglos speak English, not Spanish
- Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery
• In 1830s, Anglos greatly outnumber Tejanos
• Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna
imprisons Austin
- revokes local powers; rebellions erupt, including
Texas Revolution
“Remember the Alamo!”
• Santa Anna marches to Texas; Austin tells Texans to
arm themselves
• Santa Anna storms Alamo, old mission; all 187 U.S.
defenders killed
Continued . . .
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The Alamo
In February of 1836, General Santa Anna led an army of 4,000 men and
began a siege of the Alamo, an old chapel in San Antonio. The Alamo
was commanded by James Bowie, the inventor of the Bowie knife. Also
in the fort was Davy Crocket. The Alamo siege cost Santa Anna ¼ of his
army.
http://www.solarmovie.tl/link/play/1343595/
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3
continued Texas
Fights for Independence
The Lone Star Republic
• Sam Houston (former Governor of TN) defeats,
captures Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto
• Santa Anna grants TX independence in exchange for
his freedom
• Treaty of Velasco grants independence to Texas
(April 1836)
• Houston becomes president of the Republic
of Texas
Texas Joins the Union
• 1838, Houston invites U.S. to annex, or incorporate,
Texas
• South favors, North opposes annexation
• British recognize TX independence; even the North
now approves of annexation over fears of Brit control
• Texas becomes state in 1845
NEXT
The Republic of Texas
Sam Houston was elected President of Texas over Stephen Austin, who
was appointed Secretary of State. The Republic was an independent
country until its annexation by the US in 1846. The capital of Texas since
1839 is Austin. But the largest city in TX, on the site of the Battle of San
Jacinto, is named Houston. It’s the 6th largest city in the US, and the
largest to be named for an American.
Section 4
The War with Mexico
Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas leads to
war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial gains
for the United States.
NEXT
SECTION
4
The War with Mexico
Polk Urges War
Election of 1844
• 1844 election about expansionism in TX
--Dems increasingly pro-slavery; Whigs anti
--Whigs nominate Clay = anti-TX, slavery
--Tyler fails to win Dems nomination
--Dems nominate James K. Polk
--Dems expansionist views appeal to public…Polk wins a close
election
• President Polk favors war with Mexico
- believes U.S. will get Texas, New Mexico, California
NEXT
SECTION
4
continued Polk
Urges War
Polk Considers War
• FL & TX enter US as slave-states; IA & WI
enter as free-states
• Slave states want war to expand in more
territory
• Texans claim land all the way to Rio Grande
• Polk orders General Zachary Taylor to
blockade the Rio Grande
Sectional Attitudes Toward War
• North opposes war, fears spread of slavery,
Southern control of Congress
• South favors war to extend slavery, increase its
power in Congress
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SECTION
4
The War Begins
Polk Provokes War
• False rumors that MX being egged on British enrages
the public
• U.S. repeatedly violates Mexico’s territorial rights
• Mexican, U.S. soldiers skirmish near Matamoros;
9 Americans killed
• Polk sends war message to Congress, withholds
facts
• Congress approves war, stifles opposition
Kearny Marches West
• Polk orders Colonel Stephen Kearny to march to
Santa Fe
• New Mexico surrenders to U.S. without a fight
Continued . . .
NEXT
There was great internal division over the war with Mexico. Many in the
free states opposed “Mr. Polk’s War”. One of the more vocal dissenters
was a young congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln.
Can you think of other American wars with a great amount of opposition?
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4
continued The
War Begins
The Republic of California
• 1830s, 12,000 Mexican settlers in California;
1840s, 500 Americans
• John C. Frémont, urged by Polk, proclaims
Republic of California in 1846
The War in Mexico
• MX troops 6x Amer troops; have poor leaders
• US=better trained soldiers & tech. advantage
• U.S. has many military victories; Invasion of Mexico
led by generals Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott
• Polk helps Santa Anna regain power to negotiate
peace, but Santa Anna fights U.S.
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SECTION
4
America Gains the Spoils of War
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Occupation of Mexico City ended the war.
• U.S. and Mexico sign Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo in 1848
-Texas border set at Rio Grande
- Mexico cedes lands from TX to CA for $15 million
- guarantees rights of Mexicans living in territories
• War enlarges U.S. territory by about one-third;
almost equal in area to all of Europe
• Mexican War serves as a battleground for officers
who in a decade will fight the Civil War
Taylor’s Election in 1848
• Democrats divided over extension of slavery
• Polk decides not to run
• Whig nominee, war hero Zachary Taylor easily
wins election
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SECTION
4
The California Gold Rush
The Rush Begins
• Jan, 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in CA
• Gold rush, or migration of prospectors to
California in 1849
• Forty-niners, gold prospectors, come from Asia,
South America, Europe
Continued . . .
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San Francisco
San Francisco’s population grows from 500 to 150,000 in 15 years due
to the gold rush.
The gold rush did not only lead to just Americans leaving their home
and heading to CA. People from all over the world did as well. Above
right illustrates Chinese migrants who sailed east digging for gold.
The violence of the gold rush
A grim portrayal of violent goldfield life in California critical of the outgoing Polk administration. Mayhem erupts, as
prospectors and thieves brawl over the gold being taken from the hills. In the center one man discharges a pistol in the face of
miner carrying a large sack of gold. Behind them others fight with knives and fists. One desperate character accosts another,
demanding “Bread! Bread! Damn you! Bread.” On the far right is a table where a buckskin-clad man is served by another man
who exacts “A pinch of Gold for a drink.” On the left another man, kneeling on the ground, vomits. In the left background rises
a mountain with several prospectors hard at work. In the center distance the Capitol and White House are visible. On the “High
Road to California,” former President James K. Polk and his cabinet, armed with spades and pickaxes, hurry toward the
goldfields. Polk, in the lead, says, “Off Boys to reap the reward of our four years labor.” The California territory was acquired
from Mexico during Polk’s administration.
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4
continued
The California Gold Rush
Impact of Gold Fever
• San Francisco becomes supply center for miners,
major port
Gold Rush Brings Diversity
• By 1849, California’s population exceeds 100,000
• Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans migrate in large
numbers
• Slavery permitted until outlawed by 1849
constitutional convention
• California joins Union in 1850 even though half of
the state lays south of MO Compromise line
NEXT