TAMAQUA AREA HIGH SCHOOL
LEHIGH CARBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
DUAL ENROLLMENT COURSE OUTLINE
BIO 163 - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
Division/Department:
Credit Hours:
Lecture Hours:
Laboratory Hours:
Other:
Prerequisite(s):
Corequisite(s):
Sciences
4
3
3
0
Biology assessment test required. It is strongly
suggested that students not passing the
assessment test take (and pass with a C or
better) BIO 105, or have passed a college-level
biology course.
None.
Course Description
Provides students, primarily in health-related programs, with an in-depth understanding of the
anatomy and physiology of complex living organisms, including humans. Biological principles,
as well as the structural and functional relationships among several organ systems, are discussed.
(Considerable dissection is required.)
Course Objectives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Demonstrate insight into the normal anatomy and physiology of complex vertebrates,
especially the human.
Describe how the various parts of the body are structurally and functionally related to
one another.
Demonstrate the necessity of complexity within living organisms.
Demonstrate a knowledge-base essential for advanced study.
Develop specific laboratory skills including dissection.
Demonstrate fluency and literacy in anatomical and physiological terminology.
Employ the scientific method to analyze and interpret physiological test results.
-2Course Content – BIO 163 - lecture
The student should be able to:
1.
Organization of the Body
a.
Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology."
b.
Describe the structural and functional characteristics necessary for the
maintenance of life, including the levels of organization of living things.
c.
Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure:
directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions.
d.
Define homeostasis, explaining requirements and operation of homeostatic
systems, with examples.
2.
Tissue
a.
Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body.
b.
Describe the physiological characteristics of epithelial tissue.
(1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous,
transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar,
pseudostratified columnar.
(2) Describe the general function of epithelial tissue, including protection,
secretion, absorption, diffusion, and filtration.
(3) Describe the structure, function, and distribution of glandular epithelium.
c.
Describe the physiological characteristics of connective tissue.
(1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural
features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular,
dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood.
(2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue.
d.
Characterize the three types of muscle, including properties of each.
e.
Identify, in general terms, the primary components of nerve tissue and describe
their functions.
f.
Describe the structure and function of the various types of membranes,
including mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes.
3.
Integumentary System
a.
Describe the structure and function of the layers of the integument, including
dermis, epidermis and hypodermis.
b.
Describe the structure, growth and function of the hair and nails.
c.
Describe the structure and function of the skin glands and their products.
4.
Skeletal System
a.
Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
b.
Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone.
c.
Describe the microscopic components of bone and cartilage, and discuss the
dynamic nature of bone (bone remodeling).
d.
Discuss hormones that affect bone structure.
e.
Describe the formation and growth of the skeleton from embryonic development
through adult structure.
-3-
8.
5.
Joints
a.
Describe and give examples of the structural and functional types of joints,
including locations and movements of each.
b.
Describe functions of ancillary joint structures such as ligaments, bursae, joint
capsules, etc.
6.
Muscle System
a.
Describe the energy sources involved in muscle contraction.
b.
Illustrate and label the microscopic structural components of muscle cells.
c.
Describe the functions of the microscopic and molecular structures of muscle
tissue including components involved in the mechanism of skeletal muscle
contraction.
d.
Identify the general functions of muscles.
e.
Explain factors influencing force, velocity, and duration of muscle contraction.
f.
Describe the microscopic structure of smooth muscle.
g.
Discuss the mechanisms and characteristics or smooth muscle contraction.
h.
Describe the physiology of the neuromuscular junction.
i.
Discuss the concept of "motor unit" and its relationship to strength and precision
of contraction.
7.
Nervous System--General
a.
Describe the structure and function of the various neuroglia and neurons.
b.
Explain the electrical properties of the resting neuron.
c.
Define "action potential" and differentiate between various electrical potentials
in neurons, such as resting, graded, action, postsynaptic.
d.
Describe the synapse and its functional mechanisms.
e.
Differentiate between Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP) and Inhibitory
Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSP) and their effects.
f.
Classify neurotransmitters according to chemical composition and function.
g.
Explain the basic concepts of neural integration, including organization of
neurons, types of circuits, and neural processing.
h.
Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract,
ganglion, nucleus.
Central Nervous System
a.
Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the brain:
cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic system,
reticular formation.
b. Discuss the mechanisms for protecting brain tissue, including the meninges,
cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier.
c.
Know the functions of pathways to, from, and within the cerebrum, the roles of the
basal ganglia, and the localization of the cerebral areas relative to their roles.
d. Understand the gross anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord including its
connections with brain and spinal nerves.
e.
Describe the general organization of the somatosensory system.
f.
Characterize motor integration, including levels of motor control.
g.
Discuss higher mental functions, including: brain wave patterns, sleep cycles,
consciousness, memory, and language.
-49.
Peripheral Nervous System
a.
Characterize the structure and classification of nerves and associated ganglia.
b.
Describe the regeneration of nerve fibers.
c.
Know the distribution of the spinal nerves.
d.
Describe a reflex arc and spinal reflexes, distinguishing between reflexes and
voluntary movements.
e.
Classify sensory receptors and stimuli detected by each.
10. Autonomic Nervous System
a.
Describe and interrelate the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
b.
Discuss the relationship of the ANS to the endocrine system.
c.
Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS divisions,
including functions, neurotransmitters, and receptors.
d.
Discuss control of the autonomic nervous system.
11. Special Senses
a.
Discuss the concepts of sense reception and transmission, sense receptors and
sense organs.
b.
List and give functions of the special senses (olfaction, gustation, vision,
hearing, equilibrium).
c.
Describe the structure and function of the taste buds.
d.
Describe the structure and function of olfactory receptors.
e.
Characterize activation of olfactory receptors, and include a description of the
olfactory pathway.
f.
Give a functional overview of light and optics.
g.
Describe the photoreceptors on the retina, visual pathway to brain, and visual
processing.
h
Discuss sound and the mechanisms of hearing.
i.
Discuss the mechanisms of equilibrium and orientation.
-5Course Content – Bio 163L - lab
The student should be able to:
1L. Organization of the Body
a.
Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology."
b.
Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure:
directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions.
2L. Tissue
a.
Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body.
b.
Describe the anatomical characteristics of epithelial tissue.
(1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous,
transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar,
pseudostratified columnar.
.
c.
d.
e.
Describe the anatomical characteristics of connective tissue.
(1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural
features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular,
dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood.
(2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue.
Characterize the three types of muscle, including microscopic properties of
each.
Identify all tissue subgroups listed above, and nervous tissue, using the
microscope.
3L. Integumentary System
a.
Identify skin layers and related structures using microscope and models.
4L. Skeletal System
a.
Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone.
b.
Identify the bones and bone markings from skeletal models, diagrams, and other
resource materials.
c.
Identify and discuss variations between male and female skeletons.
5L. Muscle System
a.
Identify origins, insertions and actions of muscles presented in class.
(See APPENDIX. Human and other models may be used, but use of the cat as
the primary dissection and testing specimen is expected.)
b.
Demonstrate the relationship between muscles and their antagonists.
6L. Nervous System--General
a.
Describe the structure and function of the neuron.
b.
Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract,
ganglion, nucleus.
-6-
7L. Central Nervous System
a.
Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the brain:
cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic
system, reticular formation.
b.
Identify the meninges and ventricles of the brain.
c.
Understand the gross anatomy of the spinal cord including its connections
with brain and spinal nerves.
d.
Identify major structural and functional brain features using human models
and dissection of sheep brains.
8L. Peripheral Nervous System
a.
List names, numbers and functions of the 12 pairs of cranial
nerves. b. Know the distribution of the spinal nerves.
c.
Identify features of nerve and spinal cord models.
9L. Special Senses
a.
Describe the structure of the ear.
b.
Identify and label features of the vertebrate eye using human eye
models and dissected eye specimens.
Teaching and Grading Procedures
Teaching will be a combination of lecture and lab. The lecture portion may include a
traditional lecture format and/or small group sessions in which students discuss topics and
reinforce concepts from lectures or some other appropriately organized approach.
The laboratory portion of this course includes a comprehensive histology component as well as
extensive dissections, the cat being the major model. In addition, human models, sheep brains,
and eye specimens are used. Lab tests are non-cumulative practical exams, using dissected
specimens and models. Multiple choice questions, matching questions, essay questions and
word banks are not appropriate for practical exams. Exam questions should accurately reflect
the
scope of material covered in the required lab manual. Practical exam scores should constitute
a decisive majority of the lab grade.
Lecture procedures, topic coverage depth, and grading of students should reflect the depth of
coverage presented in the approved textbook for the course. Use of text examples, personal
examples, chapter summaries, cross sections of study questions in both text and accompanying
study guide, and cross sections of test bank questions are all appropriate means of assessing
depth of text coverage.
The
following
topics
represent
the
course
sequence:
-7-
Core concepts of anatomy and physiology
Organization of living organisms
Tissues
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
The lecture component of the course accounts for 60 percent of the final grade; the lab
component, therefore, accounts for 40 percent of the grade. Extra credit assignments for
individual students are not allowed.
Textbooks and Materials
Current editions of the following textbooks, or their equivalent, are standard for BIO 163, and are
available in the LCCC bookstore:
Marieb, Elaine and Hoehn, Katja. Human Anatomy and Physiology.
Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. (lecture text)
Michael G. Wood. Laboratory Manual for Anatomy & Physiology I & II, LCCC compilation.
Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings, Inc. (lab manual)
Students are expected to provide their own gloves.
-8-
APPENDIX
Human Muscles to Identify
Note to instructors: You may compare the ones typed in italics between the human models and the cats. Note difference in size, shape, angle, precise name, and if they are divided into separate parts.
HEAD
Orbicularis oris
#on little
torso
model
23
#on big
torso
model
11
Orbicularis oculi
19
7
Muscle
Temporalis
Masseter
Head model
Left side of
model
Right side of
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
Lips
Closes lips
Eyelids
Blinking, squinting
14
Various facial muscles,
maxilla, mandible, septum of
nose
Nasal portion of frontal bone,
frontal process of maxilla,
medial palpebral ligament
Temporal fossa
Coronoid process of mandible
Elevates jaw, retracts mandible
27
Zygomatic arch
Angle and ramus of mandible
Elevates jaw, clenches teeth
NECK (Anterior)
Muscle
Head model
Sternocleidomastoid
Right side of
model
Sternohyoid
Digastric
#on little
torso
model
28
#on big
torso
model
68
Origin
Insertion
Action
Manubrium & medial end of
clavicle
Mastoid process of temporal
bone
Rotation or flexion of head
29
39
Manubrium and clavicle
Hyoid
Pulls hyoid down
27
(under
chin)
Posterior belly-mastoid
process, anterior belly-inner
surface of mandible
Fibrous loop on hyoid bone
Raises hyoid, assists in lowering
mandible
A-1
NECK (Posterior)
Trapezius
#on little
torso
model
34
Levator scapulae
36
Splenius group
35
Muscle
Head model
#on big
torso
model
1
Origin
Insertion
Action
Occipital bone, ligamentum
nuchae, spinous processes of
C7 and all thoracic vertebrae
1st to 4th cervical vertebrae
Clavicle, spine of scapula and
acromion process of scapula
Adducts scapula, hyperextends
head
Superior angle of scapula
Ligamentum nuchae, 7th
cervical & 1st three thoracic
vertebrae
Occipital bone and mastoid
process
Extends head backward and
flexes laterally, elevates scapula
Extension and rotation of head
TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Anterior)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
51
# on big
torso
model
21
Pectoralis major
Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage
Pectoralis minor
52
24
Ribs 3, 4, & 5
Between greater & lesser tubercles
of humerus
Coracoid process of scapula
Deltoid (anterior,
middle, posterior)
50
Clavicle, acromion process and
spine of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Serratus anterior
54
1st to 9th ribs
Anterior medial border of scapula
26
Inferior borders of ribs
Superior borders of ribs
Adduction, flexion, and medial
rotation of humerus
Depresses shoulder by drawing
scapula downward
Whole muscle abducts humerus; In
part, may flex, rotate, extend
humerus
Pulls scapula downward, forward,
inward
Elevates ribs (aids in inspiration)
27
Superior borders of ribs
Inferior borders of ribs
Depresses ribs (aids in expiration)
44
Inferior border of rib and sternum,
costal cartilages of last six ribs and
lumbar vertebrae
Central tendon
Inspiration, increases vertical
dimensions of thorax, increases
intra-abdominal pressure
External intercostals
(11 pairs)
Internal intercostals
(11 pairs)
Diaphragm
53
A-2
TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Posterior)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
# on big
torso
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
Latissimus Dorsi
63
2
Greater tubercle of humerus
Extends, adducts, medially rotates
humerus
Infraspinatus
60
Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar
and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest,
lower ribs
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Greater tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally
Teres major
61
Inferior angle of scapula
Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus
Teres minor
69
Lateral border of scapula
Lowest portion of greater tubercle
of humerus
Greater tubercle of humerus
Adducts, extends, rotates humerus
medially
Rotates humerus laterally, weakly
adducts it
Abduction of humerus
Supraspinatus
Rhomboideus major
59
Above
spine of
scapula
4
Rhomboideus minor
Just above #59
5
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous
processes of 7th cervical, 1st
thoracic vertebrae
Upper part of medial border of
scapula ( root of scapular spine)
Adducts scapula
1
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Medially rotates humerus and holds
head of humerus in glenoid cavity
Subscapularis
Supraspinous fossa
Spinous processes of 1st to 5th
thoracic vertebrae
Medial border of scapula.
Adducts scapula
A-3
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
Muscle
# on little torso
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
56
# on big
torso
model
39
Rectus abdominis
Pubic bone
Xiphoid process, costal cartilages
of ribs 6, 7 & 8
Compresses abdominal viscera,
flexes vertebral column
External oblique
55
36
Lower eight ribs
Linea alba
Internal oblique
57
40
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest,
thoracolumbar fascia
Lower 3 ribs, xiphoid process, linea
alba, pubis
Compresses abdominal viscera,
flexes vertebral column
Compresses abdominal viscera,
flexes vertebral column
Transversus
abdominis
143
42
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, costal
cartilages of lower 6 ribs,
thoracolumbar fascia
Linea alba, pubis
Compresses abdominal viscera,
flexes vertebral column
Origin
Insertion
Action
Quadratus lumborum
# on big
torso
model
(inside)
166
Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest
Last rib, transverse processes of
lower 4 lumbar vertebrae
Aids in extending trunk
Psoas major
165
Lumbar vertebrae
Lesser trochanter of femur
Flexion of femur and vertebral
column
Iliacus
167
Iliac fossa
Lesser trochanter of femur
Flex femur
PELVIC MUSCLES
Muscle
A-4
UPPER LIMB (Movements of Brachium and Antebrachium)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
# on
arm
model
72
# on big
torso
model
9
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
71
7
9
Brachialis
73
8
10
Brachioradialis
82
13
Triceps brachii
70
10, 11,
12
Origin
Insertion
Action
Coracoid process of scapula
Medial surface of humerus
Flexion and adduction of humerus
Short (medial) head: coracoid
process of scapula long
(lateral) head:
supraglenoid tubercle of
scapula
Lower half of humerus
Radial tuberosity
Flexes and supinates forearm
Coronoid process of ulna
Flexes forearm
20
above lateral epicondyle of
humerus
lateral surface of radius above
styloid process
flexes forearm
11
Long head: scapula; lateral
head: posterior surface of
humerus; medial head:
posterior surface of humerus
Olecranon process of ulna
Extends forearm
UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Supination and Pronation)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
# on arm
Model
Origin
Insertion
Action
Supinator
86
25
lateral epicondyle of humerus,
below radial notch of ulna
lateral upper 1/3 of radius
supinates forearm
Pronator teres
74
12
medial epicondyle of humerus
middle lateral surface of radius
pronates forearm
A-5
UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Flexion of Hand)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
# on arm
Model
Origin
Insertion
Action
Flexor carpi
radialis
75
13
Medial epicondyle of humerus
2nd & 3rd metacarpals
Flexes wrist, assists in pronating,
abducting hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
77
15
Medial epicondyle of humerus,
olecranon process of ulna
Pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal
Flexes wrist, assist in adducting hand
Palmaris longus
76
14
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Palmar aponeurosis
Flexes wrist
UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Flexion of Digits)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
Flexor digitorum
superficialis
85 (under 7476)
Flexor pollicis
longus
# on
big
torso
model
20
# on
arm
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
24
Humerus, ulna, radius
Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
Flexes middle and proximal
phalanges of digits 2-5
22
41
Radius, ulna, interosseus
membrane
Distal phalanx 1
Flexes thumb
UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Extends Wrist and Hand)
Muscle
# on little torso
model
# on arm
model
Origin
Insertion
Action
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
81
19
Humerus
2nd metacarpal
Extends wrist, abducts hand
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
80
18
Humerus
3rd metacarpal
Extends wrist, abducts hand
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
78
16
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
5th metacarpal
Extends wrist
79
17
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Proximal and middle phalanges of
digits 2-5
Extension of digits 2-5
A-6
UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Extends and Abducts Digits)
Extensor pollicis
brevis
83
# on arm
Model
21 (only
tendon
is
visible)
22
Abductor pollicis
longus
84
23
Interosseus membrane
Trapezium and 1st metacarpal
Abduct thumb
Abductor pollicis
brevis
90
29
flexor retinaculum and tubercles of
scaphoid and trapezium
proximal phalanx of thumb
abducts thumb
Muscle
# on little torso
model
Extensor pollicis
longus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Ulna and radius
Distal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
Radius
Proximal phalanx of thumb
Extends thumb
LOWER LIMB (Thigh Movements)
# on leg
model
3
Origin
Insertion
Action
Gluteus maximus
# on little torso
model
101
ilium, sacrum, coccyx
iliotibial tract, posterior femur
extension, outward rotation of femur
Gluteus medius
102
4
Ilium
Greater trochanter of femur
Abduction, medial rotation of femur
Sacrum
Greater trochanter of femur
Lateral rotation of femur
Muscle
Piriformis
Tensor fasciae
latae
Adductor longus
108
9
anterior superior iliac spine
lateral condyle of tibia
abducts and flexes thigh
115
13
Pubis
linea aspera of femur
flexes and medially rotates femur
Adductor magnus
117
14
Pubis and ischium
Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera
Adducts and extends thigh
A-7
LOWER LIMB (Thigh and Lower Leg Movements)
# on little torso
model
120
# on leg
model
18
Origin
Insertion
Action
long head: ischial tuberosity
short head: linea aspera of femur
head of fibula, lateral condyle of
tibia
Collective action (Hamstrings): flex
lower leg, extends thigh
Hamstring:
Semitendinosus
118
16
ischial tuberosity
tibia
Collective action (Hamstrings): flex
lower leg, extends thigh
Hamstring:
Semimembranosus
119
17
ischial tuberosity
medial condyle of tibia
Collective action (Hamstrings): flex
lower leg, extends thigh
Quadriceps
Femoris: Rectus
femoris
Quadriceps
Femoris: Vastus
lateralis
Quadriceps
Femoris: Vastus
medialis
Quadriceps
Femoris: Vastus
intermedius
Sartorius
Gracilis
110
anterior inferior iliac spine,
superior rim of acetabulum
patella, tibial tuberosity
11a
112
11c
linea aspera
lateral condyle of tibia, iliotibial
tract
collective action (quadriceps):
extension of lower leg.
Independently flexes femur
collective action (quadriceps):
extension of lower leg
113
11b
linea aspera
patella
collective action (quadriceps):
extension of lower leg
111
11d
anterior and lateral surface of femur
patella
collective action (quadriceps):
extension of lower leg
109
116
10
15
anterior superior iliac spine
pubic bone
medial surface of tibia
medial surface of tibia
flex and medially rotate thigh
adducts, flexes, rotates thigh
medially
Muscle
Hamstring: Biceps
femoris
A-8
LOWER LIMB (Lower Leg and Foot Movements)
# on little torso
model
126
# on leg
model
24a, b
Origin
Insertion
Action
medial and lateral condyles of
femur (2 heads)
posterior surface of calcaneus
plantar flexion
Triceps surae:
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
127
24c
heads of fibula and tibia
posterior surface of calcaneus
plantar flexion
121
19
Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Tibialis posterior
129
28
Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of
tibia
Tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane
Fibularis longus
(=Peroneus longus)
Fibularis brevis
(=Peroneus brevis)
Flexor digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus
Extensor digitorum
longus
Extensor hallucis
longus
124
22
Head and upper surface of fibula
Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2 nd,
rd
3
4th metatarsals
1st metatarsal
Dorsiflexion,
Inverts foot
plantar flexion
125
23
Lower lateral surface of fibula
5th metatarsal
plantar flexion
130
27
lower posterior surface of tibia
distal phalanges of digits 2-5
flexes distal phalanges of 2-5
131
29
Lower posterior fibula
Distal phalanx of first toe
Flexion of first toe
122
21
Upper anterior fibula
Extension of toes, dorsiflexion
123
20
(under
21)
Fibula, interosseus membrane
Middle and distal phalanges of
digits 2-5
Distal phalanx of 1st toe
Muscle
Triceps surae:
Gastrocnemius
plantar flexion, everts foot
Extends 1st toe, dorsiflexion
A-9