Chapter 9
DNA: The Genetic
Material
Read 192-198
Demo model (student race)
Lab Activity from Binder
DNA and RNA
Crossword puzzle
Vocabulary (
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anticodon
codon
base sequence
genetic code
RNA polymerase
transcription
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translation
restriction enzyme
DNA replication
ribosomal RNA
Introduction
• Cells come from existing cells – the cell
theory
• “Like produces like” – dogs produce pups
not kittens
But how???????
• Heredity- transmission of traits from one
generation to the next
• Genetics- the science of heredity usually
dealing with the molecular basis
I. HISTORY
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chromosomes were observed for many years
since 1850
• colored bodies- selectively absorbed stain
• composition determined- protein and nucleic
acid
How did they fit together?
• James Watson (American) and Francis Crick
(British)
• Proposed model of DNA and chromosomes
“DOUBLE HELIX”
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Won the Nobel Prize in 1953 in Physiology
II. DNA
A. Structure (handout from binder)
Nucleotide
Phosphate group + Sugar + Nitrogen base
Processes Involving DNA
1. Semi-conservative Replication
See Handout #1 (pg. 105 in NB)
DNA  DNA
Enzyme involvement
Unzipping- DNA helicases
Uniting- DNA polymerase
proofreading
2. Transcription (DNA code is converted to
RNA code)
See Handout #2 (pg. 106)
DNA  RNA
Contrasting DNA and RNA
RNA
DNA
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2 strands
Deoxyribose
Remains in Nucleus
Bases
– ATCG (thymine)
A-T
G-C
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1 strand
Ribose
Exits nucleus
Bases
– AUGC (uracil)
A-U
G-C
Chargraff’s Ratio: #C = #G
#A = #T
3 Types of RNA
1. mRNA (messenger)- carries
instructions for making proteins from a
gene and delivers to site of translation
RNA  proteins
(nucleotides) translation (amino acids)
RNA instructions – series of 3 nucleotide
sequence on mRNA called a codon
*each codon corresponds to an amino acid
(start/stop codon)
2. tRNA (transfer)- carry specific amino
acid on one end.
Compact shape
Carries anticodon (compliment to mRNA codon)
3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Structural material.
Along with protein composes a ribosome.
How Proteins are made Ch. 10
(read 205-212)
4. Translation (protein synthesis)
1. Begins when mRNA leaves the
nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
2. tRNA brings the amino acid
-when tRNA brings each
new aa it bonds with
the adjacent aa
(peptide bond)
3. After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA
leaves.
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Continues until STOP codon
Protein synthesis is done
New protein is released
PROTEINS HAVE DEFINATE SHAPES.
IF THE SHAPES CHANGE
THEY WON’T FUNCTION PROPERLY
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DNA code
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mRNA codon
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tRNA anticodon`_____________
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Amino acid
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TGA
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UCU
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tryptophan
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DNA code
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mRNA codon
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tRNA anticodon`_____________
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Amino acid
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CAT
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GUU
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methionine
CP Biology Article Presentation
• 4-5 minute summary of article summary
• DO NOT READ FROM THE SUMMARY – you can
use note cards if you want
• You need at least one visual that will help illustrate
points that you are making in your presentation –
posters, powerpoints (4-6 slides….Be creative!
• If you do not do this correctly, you will have to redo
this in front of the class…do it right the first time!
• Start after the test on DNA approximately Jan. 17th
• Dress appropriately for giving a presentation
TEST THURSDAY – Test
Topics
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Notes on DNA/RNA
Vocab 59-68
Reading 192-198, 205-212
Semi Conservative Replication,
Transcription and Translation – Handouts
in Binder that we colored…
• DNA/RNA Lab
• Crossword, Text Questions 200,220
NOTEBOOK CONTENTS
2nd Quarter Notebook
• Daily Work
Check
– Too hot Not to Handle
Cover Sheet
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• Assignment Sheet
• Grade Sheet w/ Tot. Pts %
• Vocabulary 22 (primary
prod.) - 58 (microvilli)
• Notes
• Systems
• Life Processes (Digestive
System pg 83-85) Teeth lab
THIS IS 10% OF YOUR
QUARTER GRADE!!!
Grade
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Ecosystems WS
CH 18 WS pg 57
CH 19 WS Human Impact
Ch 2 Chem of Life
Biochem Crossword
Enzyme WS
• Labs
– Pred/Prey LabBat Graph
– -Beano Lab/Graph
– Enzyme Computer Lab
– (not in 2011)