Examining the Elephant:
Many Views of One Health
Gary Vroegindewey, DVM, MSS, DACVPM
Director, Global Health Initiatives
Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine
Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
One Health Definition
One Health has been defined as "the
collaborative effort of multiple disciplines —
working locally, nationally, and globally — to
attain optimal health for people, animals and
the environment"
https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reference/Pages/One-Health94.aspx
One Health
Unites the entire spectrum of medical expertise with the
goal of improving and protecting animals and public
health worldwide
One Health History
The recognition that environmental
factors can impact human health
can be traced as far back as to the
Greek physician Hippocrates (c.
460 BCE – c. 370 BCE) in his text
"On Airs, Waters, and Place".
He promoted the concept that
public health depended on a clean
environment.
Hippocrates
One Health History
Lucius Junis Moderatus Columella wrote a work
Segregation and Quarantine, which was an early text on
agriculture and lead to a basic form of One Health, in
that it advised people and animals to be kept separate
on farms.
One Health History
“Between animal and human
medicine there is no dividing
line-nor should there be.
Rudolph Carl Virchow
(1821 – 1902)
The object is different but the
experience obtained
constitutes the basis of all
medicine."
COLUMBIA VETERINARY
COLLEGE (1877-1884)
“It is desired to have
graduate not only a
horse-doctor or a cowdoctor, but a man
qualified to give medical
advice
upon
the
diseases of all domestic
animals; to make him, in
fact,
a
doctor
of
comparative medicine”.
Professor Bates (Dean)
Harvard,
1882-1901
Langdon
Frothingham
1889
New York-American Veterinary
College, within the NYU School
of Medicine 1899-1922
NYC, East 26th Street, 1924
“The medico in an Australian sheep district not only has to prescribe
for his patients both man and beast, but has to act as his own
dispenser and, in fact, combines the duties of a doctor, veterinary
surgeon and a chemist.”
Courtesy: C. Trenton Boyd,BS, MA, AHIP, FMLA
One Health History
Calvin Schwabe, DVM
One Health Commission
One Health Initiative
Conferences
Courses and Degrees
Courses
One Health Library Guide created by Duke Global Health Librarian
Duke Global Health librarian, Diane Harvey, immediately reached out to the
One Health course organizers to get involved. She has put together a
fantastic resource for the course and our students, a One Health LibGuide.
This guide will be very helpful in researching case studies and learning more
about One Health. Diane has been working with her counterparts at UNC,
Mellanye Lackey, and NC State, to provide resources to the students.
Libraries
One Health References
“The threat to human
health will persist as
long as the problem
persists in animals.”
Dr. Peter Horby
World Health Organization
Viet Nam
Greater progress in prevention and control of infectious diseases
requires a more directed effort focusing on the complex interplay
between human health, the health of animals, and the environment.
Are We Truly One Health?
One Health Group Hug
The One Health Elephant in the
Room
Barriers to One Health in
Operation
Barriers to Effective One Health
•Legal Authority
•Funding
•Institutional Culture
•Processes
•Terminology
•Facilities
•Infrastructure
•Information technology
DoD Lyme Disease Example
US Army Center for
Health Promotion
and Preventive
Medicine
US Army Veterinary
Command
US Army Medical Centers
Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza
Disease Surveillance
Terminology/Information
Technology
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD),
a medical classification list by the World Health Organization
(WHO).
It codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings,
complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury
or diseases.
The US ICD-10 CM, for instance, has some 68,000 codes.
The US also has ICD-10 PCS a procedure code system not
used by other countries that contains 76,000 codes
ICD-10 Example
Veterinary Terms in Human
Databases
Sample of pink salmon infected with Henneguya salminicola, caught off
the Queen Charlotte Islands, Western Canada in 2009
Informatics
One Health Through Multiple
Lenses
"Blind monks examining an elephant“
an ukiyo-e print by Hanabusa Itchō (1652–1724).
One Health Lenses
Translational and Comparative Medicine
What can we learn from one species that can be translated
into another species
Example:
Al-Mashhadi and colleagues created a large
animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia
FH by genetically altering Yucatan minipigs.
These animals reproduce features of the
human disease, and could thus be used for
translational atherosclerosis research into
new drugs and imaging agents.
CREDIT: J. RAIS/AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Comparative Medicine
One Health Lenses
Zoonotic Diseases
Disease transmitted from
animals to people
Rabies
Ebola
Monkey pox
Salmonella
E. coli
Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg as St. Jerome
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553)
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Hanta virus
West Nile
Plague
FMD
Ebola virus
Rift Valley Fever
Monkeypox
Anthrax
Nipah virus
One Health Lenses
Narrow to
Holistic
World Bank- People, Pathogens and our Planet
Holistic One Health
The Peaceable Kingdom- Edward Hicks 1780-1849
Acknowledgements
C. Trenton Boyd,BS, MA, AHIP, FMLA
Distinguished Librarian Curator of the Medical and Veterinary
Historical Collections University of Missouri
Don Smith, DVM, DACVS
Professor of Surgery and Dean Emeritus
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
Gary Vroegindewey, DVM, MSS, DACVPM
Director, Global Health Initiatives
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Maryland Campus
8075 Greenmead Drive
College Park, MD 20742-3711
301.314.6821
gvroeg@umd.edu
Discussion