RACIAL-ETHNIC INEQUALITY
IN CHILD WELL-BEING
FROM 1985-2004
by
DONALD J. HERNANDEZ
and
SUZANNE E. MACARTNEY
Department of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis
University at Albany, SUNY, Email: DonH@albany.edu, Phone: (518) 442-4668
presentation at the
NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION
Washington, D.C., January 29, 2008
Acknowledgements:
This research was conducted with funding from the Foundation for Child Development.
The authors also are grateful to
Kenneth C. Land, Vicki Lamb, Sara Kahler Mustillo, and Callie Rennison.
The authors bear sole responsibility for the content and views expressed here.
Slide 2. Percent of U.S. Children Ages 0-17
in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups, 1980-2100
American Indian (2000-2050 with NHOPI, Other)
Asian/NHOPI (2000-2050 Asian alone, 2060-2100 includes American Indian)
Black, Non-Hispanic
Hispanic origin
White, Non-Hispanic
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
Projections for 2000-2050 were released by the Census Bureau March 18, 2004. These projections take into account the much larger Hispanic
population identified in Census 2000. Projections and estimates for other years are from an earlier series released by the Census Bureau January
13, 2000, and were based on the count of Hispanics in Census 1990.
FCD Child Well-Being Index (CWI)
Seven Domains of Well-Being
● Safety/Behavioral Concerns
● Family Economic Well-Being
● Health
● Community Connectedness
● Educational Attainment
● Social Relationships
● Emotional/Spiritual Well-Being
– OVERVIEW –
The Changing Gaps Separating Whites
from Blacks and Hispanics
● Changes in Overall Gaps
● Changes in Domain Gaps
● Accounting for Convergence
● Additional Black/Hispanic Advantages
● Education and Voting
● Eliminating the Overall Gaps
● Looking Beyond Convergence
Slide 5. Overall CWI
120
Average of 7 Domains
Index value
White
110
Hispanic
100
Black
90
80
70
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Slide 6. Drug Use Indicator
Percent using illicit drug
32
Percent with illicit drug use in grade 12
29
26
White
23
20
Hispanic
17
Black
14
11
8
5
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
violent offenders per 1,000 population 12-17
Slide 7. Violent Crime Indicator
70
Violent crimes, juvenile offenders
60
50
40
30
20
Black
White
Hispanic
10
0
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Slide 8. Crime Victimization
Indicator
victimizations per 1,000 population 12-17
70
Juvenile victimization rate
60
50
40
30
Black
20
White
10
Hispanic
0
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
20
04
Slide 9. Poverty Indicator
40
Percent in poverty among families with children under 18
Percent living in poverty
35
30
25
Black
20
Hispanic
15
White
10
5
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Percent with secure parental employment
Slide 10. Secure Parental
Employment Indicator
90
Percent with a parent employed full-time, year-round
85
White
80
75
Hispanic
70
65
Black
60
55
50
45
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Slide 11. Suicide Indicator
Rate per 100,000 population, 15-19
14
Suicide Rate, Ages 15-19
12
10
White
8
Hispanic
6
Black
4
2
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Slide 12. Prekindergarten
Indicator
Percent enrolled, ages 3-4
65
Percent Enrolled in Prekindergarten, Ages 3-4
55
Black
White
45
Hispanic
35
25
15
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Slide 13. College Graduation
Indicator
Percent with BA degree, ages 25-29
36
Percent with a Bachelor’s Degree, Ages 25-29
White
30
24
18
Black
12
Hispanic
6
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
19
89
19
88
19
87
19
86
19
85
19
"Measuring Social Disparities" (2008) by Donald J. Hernandez and Suzanne Macartney; University at Albany, SUNY.
Closing the Gaps:
How long might it take?
Black-White gap
● 18 years, based on 1993-2004 trends
● 54 years, based on 1985-2004 trends
Hispanic-White gap
● 14 years, based on 1994-2004 trends
● 43 years, based on 1985-2004 trends
Beyond Race-Ethnic Gaps:
Goals for all America’s children
The overall CWI score would be…
●
115 … if … Blacks and Hispanics
closed the gap with Whites
●
129 … if … the U.S. achieved its best
historical value for each indicator
●
144 … if … the U.S. achieved the best
international value for each indicator
RACIAL-ETHNIC INEQUALITY
IN CHILD WELL-BEING
FROM 1985-2004
by
DONALD J. HERNANDEZ
and
SUZANNE E. MACARTNEY
Department of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis
University at Albany, SUNY, Email: DonH@albany.edu, Phone: (518) 442-4668
presentation at the
NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION
Washington, D.C., January 29, 2008
Acknowledgements:
This research was conducted with funding from the Foundation for Child Development.
The authors also are grateful to
Kenneth C. Land, Vicki Lamb, Sara Kahler Mustillo, and Callie Rennison.
The authors bear sole responsibility for the content and views expressed here.