Unit 9 Objectives – Systems I
Students will be able to:
40.2 – Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization: Tissue identification
1. Define tissue.
2. From micrographs or diagrams, correctly identify the following animal tissues, explain how their structure
relates to their functions, and note examples of each type.
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
i. Loose connective tissue
ii. Adipose tissue
iii. Fibrous connective tissue
iv. Cartilage
v. Bone
vi. Blood
c. Muscle tissue
i. Skeletal (striated) muscle
ii. Cardiac muscle
iii. Smooth muscle
d. Nervous tissue
i. Neuron
40.5 – Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and behavior - Integumentary
System: S/F comparison w/in different groups
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Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular environmental variable.
Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets.
Name four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment.
Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation.
Describe thermoregulatory mechanisms utilized by endothermic invertebrates.
Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing environmental temperatures.
48.1 – Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
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Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems.
Distinguish among sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each.
Describe the function of astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
48.2 – Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron
13. Define a membrane potential and a resting potential.
14. Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential.
15. Distinguish between gated and ungated ion channels and among stretch-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion
channels, and voltage-gated ion channels.
48.3 – Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
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Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated ion channels in this process.
Describe the two main factors that underlie the repolarizing phase of the action potential.
Define the refractory period.
Explain how an action potential is propagated along an axon.
Describe the factors that affect the speed of action potentials along an axon and describe adaptations that
increase the speed of propagation. Describe saltatory conduction.
48.4 – Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
21. Compare an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse.
22. Describe the structures of a chemical synapse and explain how they transmit an action potential from one cell to
another.
48.5 – The vertebrate nervous system is regionally specialized
23. Compare the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
24. Distinguish between the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
25. Describe the structures and functions of the following brain regions: medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and
cerebrum.
49. 1 – Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
26. Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane
potentials and then transmit signals to the central nervous system.
27. List the five types of sensory receptors and explain the energy transduced by each type.
49.2 – The mechanoreceptors involved with hearing and equilibrium detect settling particles or moving fluid
28. Explain the role of mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance.
49.3 – The senses of taste and smell are closely related in most animals
29. Explain how the chemoreceptors involved with taste function in insects and humans.
30. Describe what happens after an odorant binds to an odorant receptor on the plasma membrane of the olfactory
cilia.
49.4 – Similar mechanisms underlie vision throughout the animal kingdom
31. Describe the functions of the rod cells and cone cells of the vertebrate eye.
49.5 – Animal skeletons function in support, protection, and movement
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Describe three functions of a skeleton.
Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function and explain why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms.
Distinguish between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton.
Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton provides both strength and flexibility.
Explain how a skeleton combines with an antagonistic muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for
movement.
37. Explain how body proportions and posture impact physical support on land.
49.6 – Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting
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Using a diagram, identify the components of a skeletal muscle cell.
Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction.
Explain how muscle contraction is controlled.
Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
44.1 – Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes
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Define osmoregulation and excretion.
Define osmolarity and distinguish among isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic solutions.
Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers. Explain why osmoregulation has an energy cost.
Discuss the osmoregulatory strategies of marine animals.
Explain how the osmoregulatory problems of freshwater animals differ from those of marine animals.
Describe some adaptations that reduce water loss in terrestrial animals.
Describe the ultimate function of osmoregulation.
44.3 – Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme
49. Describe the key steps in the process of urine production.
50. Identify the various types of kidneys found in major animal groups
51. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the mammalian excretory system.
44.4 – Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the functional units of the mammalian kidney
52. Using a diagram, identify and describe the function of each region of the nephron.
53. Describe and explain the relationships among the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the
mammalian kidney.
54. Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Explain the significance of the juxtamedullary
nephrons of birds and mammals.
55. Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney.
45.1 – The endocrine system and the nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal’s physiology
56. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and the
endocrine system.
57. Describe the organization of a stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent signal, and effector in a simple
endocrine pathway.
58. Describe an example of a negative feedback loop in an endocrine pathway involved in maintaining homeostasis.
45.2 – Hormones and other chemical signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating pathways that culminate in specific
cell responses
59. Discuss how and why different target cells exposed to the same hormone may respond in different ways
45.3 – The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system
60. Discuss the role of the pituitary gland in the overall function of the endocrine system
61. What is a tropic hormone?
45.4 – Nonpituitary hormones help regulate metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior
62. Describe the hormonal control of calcium, insulin homeostasis