312 PHT
Nahla S. Barakat, Ph.D
King Saud University
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
Second Term
1433-2012
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• Solution is a homogenous mixture composed of two or
more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in
another substance, known as a solvent. A common
example is a solid ,such as salt or sugar ,dissolved in
water ,a liquid.
• Gases may dissolve in liquids, for example:carbon dioxide
or oxygen in water.
• Liquids may dissolve in other liquids. Gases can combine
with other gases to form mixtures, rather than solutions.
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Possible Types of Solutions
• solid in solid e.g. brass
• solid in liquid e.g. sugar in water
• solid in gas e.g. mothball in air
• liquid in solid e.g. dental amalgam
• liquid in liquid e.g. ethanol in water
• liquid in gas e.g. water in air
• gas in solid e.g. hydrogen in palladium
• gas in liquid e.g. O2 in water
• gas in gas e.g. oxygen in nitrogen
• Of the nine possible types of solutions, you are probably most
familiar with those in which the solvent is a liquid, especially
those in which the solvent is water.
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Advantage of solutions
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Liquids are easier to swallow
A drug must be in solution before it can be absorbed
A solution is an homogenous system, the drug will be
uniformly distributed throughout the preparation
Some drugs can irritate the gastric mucosa if localized in
one area. Irritation is reduced by administration of a
solution of the drug
4
Problem associated with the manufacturing of
solutions
• Liquids are bulky and inconvenient to transport and store
• The stability of ingredients in aqueous solution is often poor
than in solid dosage form
• Solution provide suitable media for the growth of microorganisms and may require the addition of preservative
• Accurate dose measuring depends on the ability of patient to
measure the dose
• The taste of a drug is always pronounced when it in solution
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Aqueous solutions and non-aqueous solutions
• Aqueous solutions Solutions that contain water as the solvent
are called aqueous solutions. For example, sugar in water,
carbon dioxide in water, etc .
• Non-aqueous solutions Solutions that contain a solvent
other than water are called non-aqueous solutions.
• Ether, benzene, petrol, carbon tetrachloride etc., are some
common solvents. or example, sulphur in carbon disulphide,
naphthalene in benzene, etc .
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• Concentrated solutions and dilute solutions
Between two solutions, the solute quantity may be relatively
more or less.
The solution that has a greater proportion of solute is said to be
more concentrated than the other that has a lesser proportion.
If the proportion of solute is less, the solution is said to be
dilute .
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Saturated and unsaturated solutions
• Saturated Solution
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given
temperature is called a saturated solution
• Unsaturated solution
A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given
temperature is called an unsaturated solution.
A given solution that is saturated at a particular temperature may
become unsaturated when the temperature is increased.
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• Solubility and Miscibility
• Different substances have different solubilities.
• Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a solute that
can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific
temperature and pressure conditions.
• A substance that cannot be dissolved in another (or does so
to a very limited extent) is said to be insoluble.
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Solubility of a solute
• Solubility is defined as the number of grams of a solute that
dissolves in 100g of a solvent to form a saturated solution at a given
temperature and pressure
• Solubility is the maximum weight of a solute that can be dissolved
in 100g of a solvent at a given temperature and pressure
• Solubility = Wt of solute in saturated solution  100
Wt of solvent in saturated solution
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Relative terms of solubility
parts of solvent required
for 1 part of solute
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Very soluble
Freely soluble
Soluble
Sparingly soluble
Slightly soluble
Very slightly soluble
Practically insoluble
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1
1-10
10-30
30-100
100-1000
1000-10,000
 10,000
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• Miscibility refers to the ability of a liquid to dissolve in
another in all proportions.
• Alcohols like methanol and ethanol are miscible with water.
There is no limit to the amount of these alcohols that can be
dissolved in water - they dissolve in all proportions.
• When a liquid does not dissolve in another to any extent, the
liquids are said to be immiscible .
•
Oil and water are immiscible.
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• Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes
• One way to distinguish between solutions that contain ions and
those that contain molecules is an electrical conductivity test.
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• A solution that conducts electrical current is said to be
electrolytic and the solute is called an electrolyte.
The sodium chloride solution is an electrolytic solution.
• The solute in a solution that does not conduct electrical current
is a non-electrolyte.
Examples include:
sugar ,urea ,glycerol ,and methylsulfonylmethane( MSM.
• Generally, dissociated ionic compounds are electrolytes
whereas dissolved molecular compounds are non-electrolytes.
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Units of Measure in Solutions
• Concentrations are often given in terms of weight/volume. For
example, mg/L, or mg/100 mL (common clinical units).
• A Molar Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole
of a substance plus enough water to make one Liter of solution.
• A Molal Solution is an aqueous solution consisting of one mole
of a substance plus 1 kg of water (usually very close to 1 L
water). The total volume may thus be more than 1 L.
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Parts per million (PPM) .Parts per million works like percent by mass,
but is more convenient when there is only a small amount of solute
present.
PPM is defined as the mass of the component in solution divided by
the total mass of the solution multiplied by 106 one million
A solution with a concentration of 1 ppm has 1 gram of substance for
every million grams of solution.
in general, one ppm implies one mg of solute per liter of solution.
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Terms of expression the strength of pharmaceutical
preparations
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•
•
Percentage (%)
% w/v 1g in 100 mL preparation
%v/v
1mL in 100 mL preparation
% w/w 1 g in 100 g preparation
Ratio strength:
weight in volume (1:1000 w/v= 1g constituent in 1000 mL
preparation)
• volume in volume (1:1000 v/v = 1ml constituent in 1000 mL
preparation)
• weight in weight (1:1000 w/w = 1 g constituent in 1000 g
preparation)
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Factors Affecting Solubility
Temperature will affect solubility.
If the solution process absorbs energy then the solubility will be
INCREASED as the temperature is increased.
If the solution process releases energy then the solubility will DECREASE
with increasing temperature
•
Mechanical stirring Mechanical stirring increases solubility. For
example, sugar dissolves faster on stirring with a spoon.
• pH of the solvent
(examples include weak acids and weak base)
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• Molecular Size will affect the solubility. The larger the molecule or the
higher its molecular weight the less soluble the substance will be . Larger
molecules are more difficult to surround with solvent molecules in order
to solvate the substance.
• In
the
case
of
organic
compounds
the
amount
of
carbon
"BRANCHING "will increase the solubility since more branching will
reduce the size (or volume) of the molecule and make it easier to solvate
the molecules with solvent .
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• An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is
water.
• As water is an excellent solvent as well as naturally abundant.
• Substances that do not dissolve well in water are called
hydrophobic') water fearing') whereas those that do are known
as hydrophilic (Water-loving').
• An example of a hydrophilic substance would be the sodium
chloride , ordinary table salt.
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• Aqueous solutions
Types of pharmaceutical water
Purified water, USP
Water for injection
Aromatic water
• Physiological compatibility
• Lack of toxicity
• Possesses a high dielectric constant
• ensuring the dissolution of a wide range of ionizable materials
• Lack of selectivity
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I- Some solvents for liquid preparations
• Alcohol
• The most useful solvent in pharmacy (orally and parenterally)
• It form hydroalcoholic mixture with water that dissolves both
alcohol-soluble and water-soluble substances
• It is miscible with water and can dissolve many waterinsoluble ingredients, including drug substances, flavorants,
preservatives.
• It is used as antimicrobial preservative (15%)
• Toxicity of ingested alcohol particularly for children.
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• Diluted alcohol
• Is prepared by mixing equal volumes of alcohol and purified
water (50%)
• Alcohol, Rubbing
• Alcohol rubbing compound
• It contains about 70% ethyl alcohol by volume
• It is employed as a rubefacient externally and as soothing rub
for bedridden patients, a germicide for instruments
• As vehicle for topical preparation
• As skin cleanser before injection
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• Glycerol
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•
•
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•
•
It is a clear syrup liquid with sweet taste
It is miscible with water and alcohol
As solvent it is compatible with alcohol
It is used as a stabilizer and as auxiliary solvent
It has preservative qualities
It is used in internal preparations
• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol
• Is about 70% by volume isopropyl alcohol, with or without colour
additives, stabilizers and perfume oils
• It is used externally as a rubefacient and soothing rub and for topical
products
• It is less likely to be abused
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• Propylene glycol
• A viscous liquid, miscible with water, glycerol and alcohol
• It is substituted for glycerol in modern pharmaceutical
preparations
• It is used for formulation of digoxin, diazepam, phenobarbital
injection
• As diluent for ear drops
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•
•
•
•
PEG 400
Is used as a solvent in topical solution
Used as co-solvent with alcohol and water
Can be used for extraction processes
In the formulation of veterinary solutions
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•
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•
•
Ethyl ether
Used for extraction of crude drugs
It is used as a co-solvent with alcohol in some collodions
It is not used for internal use
• Liquid paraffin
• It is unpleasant to use externally
• It is used as a solvent for topical application of drugs in
emulsion formulations
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• Dimethylsulfoxide
• It is used as a solvent for veterinary drugs
• It is used for application to human skin
• Miscellaneous solvents
• Isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate are solvent for
external use, cosmetics
• Low viscous, lack of greasiness
• Xylene is used in ear drops for human use to dissolve ear wax
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II- Other formulation additives
• Buffers
Injection, eye drops and nasal drops should be buffered at pH 7.4
Ex: carbonates, citrates, phosphate, lactates, gluconates, tartarates, borates
(external)
• Density modifier
Ex: dextrose
• Isotonicity modifier
Ex: dextrose and sodium chloride
• Viscosity enhancement
Low conc., of gelling agents can be used to increase the apparent viscosity of
the product
Ex: Povidone, Carbomer, Hydroxyethylcellulose
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• Preservatives
Ex: parahydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens)
• Reducing agent and antioxidants
Ex: sodium metabisulphite,
hydroxytoluene
butylated
hydroxyanisole
or
butylated
• Sweetening agent
Ex: sucrose, polyhydric alcohols: sorbitol, mannitol,
artificial sweeteners: sodium or calcium salt of saccharin
• Flavours and perfumes
To mask the unpalatable taste, ex: fruit juices, aromatic oils, herps
• Colours
To improve the attractiveness of the product and to enable ease of
identification
Ex: carotenoids, chlorophyll, riboflavines, coal tar dyes
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According to particular pharmaceutical solution’s use may be classified as:
• Oral
• Otic
• Ophthalmic
• Nasal
• Topical
According to the composition or use, solutions may be classified as :
• Aqueous solution containing sugar are termed syrups
• Sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions are termed elixirs
• Solution of aromatic materials are termed spirits
• Solutions prepared by extracting active constituents from crude drugs are
termed tinctures
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Oral solutions
Dry mixtures for solution
Certain antibiotics have insufficient stability in aqueous solution
to meet extended shelf life periods
They are provided in dry powders or granules for reconstitution
before use
Once reconstituted, the solution remain stable for 7-14 days
depending on the condition of storage
Examples: Penicillin V Potasium for oral solution, USP
Cloxacillin Sodium for oral solution, USP
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Oral rehydration solutions
Are usually effective in treatment of diarrhea and mild volume depletion (510% of body weight). These are available OTC
+
+
Oral solution contains: 45mEq Na , 20 mEq K , 35 mEq CL , 30 mEq citrate,
25 g dextrose / 1 Liter
These formulations are available in liquid or powder packets form for
reconstitution
These products should not be mixed with milk or fruit juice
Oral colonic lavage solution
Used for preparation of the bowel for colonoscopy
Composed of oral solution of electrolytes with PEG-3350.
Before dispensing it to the patient, the solution is reconstituted with water,
creating an iso-osmotic solution. PEG is an osmotic agent in the GIT
• The formulation is as follows:
• PEG-3350; Sodium sulfate; sodium bicarbonate; sodium chloride;
potassium chloride 240 ml every 10 min (total 4 L).
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Syrup
• In cooking, a syrup (from Arabic ‫ شراب‬sharab ,beverage, via Latin
siropus) is a thick ,viscous liquid ,containing a large amount of
dissolved sugars ,or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents
and medicinal substances.
• Syrup containing flavoring agents but not medicinal substances are
called nonmedicated or flavored vehicles (syrup):
• Cherry syrup
• Orange syrup
• Raspberry syrup
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• The syrup are intended to serve as pleasant-tasting vehicles for medicinal
substances, consists of a concentrated or saturated solution of refined sugar
in distilled water.
• The "simple syrup" of the British Pharmacopoeia is prepared by dissolving
85 g of refined sugar in purified water to make 100 mL of syrup. The
specific gravity of the syrup should be 1.313.
• Flavoured syrups are made by adding flavouring matter to a simple syrup.
For instance ,syrupus aromaticus is prepared by adding certain quantities
of orange flavouring and cinnamon water to simple syrup. Similarly,
medicated syrups are prepared by adding medicaments to, or dissolving
them in, the simple syrup.
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• As syrups can contain up to 85% of sugars, they are capable of resisting
bacterial growth by virtue of their osmotic effect.
• Syrup, NF, also called simple syrup.
• The amount of preservative required to protect a syrup against microbial
growth varies with the proportion of water available for growth
• Preservative commonly used in syrups : benzoic acid 0.1-0.2%, sodium
benzoate 0.1-0.2%, parabens (0.1%).
• To enhance the appeal of the syrup, a coloring agent that correlates with the
flavorant employed (green with mint, brown with chocolate).
• Most syrups are flavored with synthetic flavorants or with naturally
occurring materials, such as volatile oils (orange oil), vanilin
• Colorant to enhance the appeal of the syrup may be added
• Sucrose-based syrup may be substituted by a polyol, such as sorbitol
solution USP, 64%
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• Examples of medicated syrup:
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Analgesic
Anticholenergic
Antiemetics
Anticonvulsant
Antihistamine
Antiviral
Antitussives
Expectrorant
Bronchodilators
Fecal softener
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Elixirs
• An elixir (From Arabic, ‫ )اإلكسير‬are clear, sweetened
hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and usually
flavored to enhance their palatability.
• Non-medicated elixirs are employed as vehicles.
• Elixirs are usually less sweet and less viscous than syrup.
• In addition to alcohol and water, other solvents, such as
glycerol and propylene glycol are frequently employed in
elixirs as adjunctive solvents.
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• Elixirs are sweetened with sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol, and/or
artificial sweeteners (Saccharine)
• Most elixirs have coloring agents to enhance their appearance
• Elixirs containing more than 10-12% alcohol are usually selfpreserving
• Because of their usual content of volatile oils and alcohol,
elixirs should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers and
protected from excessive heat
• Antihistamine Elixir: Diphenhydramine HCl
• Analgesic Elixir: acetominophen
• Cardiotonic Elixir: digoxin
• Antispasmodic Elixir: hyoscyamine sulfate
• Sedative Elixir: phenobarbital
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Tinctures
• In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e.g. of leaves or
other plant material) or solution of a non-volatile substance;
e.g. of iodine, mercurochrome).
• Tinctures contain alcohol in amounts ranging from approx. 1580%.
• The alcohol content protects against microbial growth
• Other solvent, such as glycerol, may be employed
• Tincture must be tightly stopered and not exposed to
excessive temperature
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• Many tinctures must be stored in light-resistant containers
and protect from sunlight.
• Some examples that were formerly common in medicine
include:
• Tincture of Cannabis sativa
• Tincture of Benzoin
• Tincture of cantharides
• Tincture of green soap( (which also contains lavender)
• Tincture of guaiac
• Tincture of iodine
• Tincture of opium (laudanum)
• Camphorated opium tincture (paregoric)
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• Tincture of iodine is often found in emergency survival kits,
used both to disinfect wounds and to sanitize surface water
for drinking.
• When an alcohol solution is not desirable, Lugol's iodine, an
aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide solution, or
povidone iodine (Betadine), a PVP solution, can be used.
• Other names for Lugol's solution are I2KI (Iodine-Potassium
Iodide); Markodine, Strong solution (Systemic); Aqueous
Iodine Solution BP.
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Linctuses
• A viscous preparation, usually for the relief of cough
• It consists of a simple solution of the active agent in a high
concentration of sucrose
• The syrup content has a demulcent action on the mucous
membranes of the throat
• For diabetic use, the sucrose is replaced by sorbitol or
synthetic sweeteners
• This type of product, should be sipped slowly and not be
diluted beforehand
• It is administered in multiple of 5 mL
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Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr.
Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr.
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia – 20 min.
Camphor water, up to – 1 oz.
For use in acute rheumatism and other
febrile conditions
Sodium Salicylate – 15 gr.
Sodium Bicarbonate – 30 gr.
Strong Solution of Amm. acetate – 30 min.
Compound Tincture of Cinchona – 20 min.
Syrup of Tolu – 1 dr.
Camphor water, up to – 1 oz.
Useful in Influenza.
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Topical solutions
Aluminum acetate (Burow’s solution)
• Is colourless and has a faint acetous odor,
• Is applied topically as an astringent wash or wet dressing after dilution with
10 to 40 parts of water.
• Used in various types of dermatological lotions, cream and pastes
• Commercial tablets are available for preparation of this solution
Calcium hydroxide (lime water)
• It is called Limewater, contain not less than 140 mg of Ca(OH)2 in each
100 mL of solution
• Cool purified water is the solvent
• The solution is intended to be saturated with solute
• The solution should be stored in well-filled tightly stopered containers and
kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate conc., of dissolved solute.
• The solution is astringent and is employed in dermatological solutions and
lotions
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• Hydrogen peroxide
Synonym: Peroxide
• It contains 2.5-3% w/v hydrogen peroxide H2O2, suitable preservative may
be added (0.05%)
• Is a clear, colorless liquid.
• It deteriorates upon long standing also by the effect of light and heat
• The solution should be preserved in tight, light-resistant containers, at
temp. not exceeding 35 C
• It is categorized as a local anti-infective for use topically on the skin or
mucous membranes (gargle).
• Its germicidal activity is based on the release of nascent oxygen on contact
with the tissues and its ability to cleanse wounds
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• Povidone iodine
• Commercial product: Betadine Solution
• It is a chemical complex of iodine with PVP
• It contains approx. 10% available iodine and slowly released when applied
to the skin
• It is employed as surgical scrub and nonirritating antiseptic solution
• Thimerosal topical
• Is a water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for
its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties
• It is used to disinfect skin and as an application to wounds and abrasions
• It has been also applied to the eye, nose, throat in dilution 1:5000
• It is also used as a preservative for various preparations
• The solution is affected by light and must be maintained in light resistant
containers
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Topical tinctures
• Iodine Tincture
• It is a reddish-brown colour tincture
• It is prepared from 2% iodine crystal and 2.4% sodium iodide in a vehicle
alcohol/water (44-50% alcohol)
• It is a popular local anti-infective agent applied to the skin in general
household first aid
• Compound Benzoin tincture
• It is prepared from 10% benzoin and lesser amounts of aloe, storax and tolu
balsam
• The mixture is macerated in alcohol
• It is used to protect and toughen skin in the treatment of bedsores, ulcers,
cracked nipples, and fissures of the anus
• Also used in treatment of venereal warts
• It is also used as an inhalent for bronchitis and other respiratory conditions
• It is best stored in tight, light-resistant containers
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Thimerosal Tincture
The vehicle is water, acetone and 50% alcohol
It must be manufactured and stored in glass or suitably resistant containers
Ethylenediamine is used as stabilizer in the official solution and tincture
The commercial preparation is colored orange red, the colour defines the
area of application
It is a commonly used household antiseptic for application to the skin
abrasions and cuts and in preparation of patients for surgery
Green Soap tincture
65% of active constituent in alcohol
Also contains 2% lavender oil as perfume
Used as detergent
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Vaginal and rectal solutions
• Vaginal douches
• Solution for irrigation cleansing of the vagina, used for hygienic effect
• Solutions may be prepared from powders or liquid concentrates.
• The resultant solution contains the appropriate amount of chemical
agents in proper strength
• Boric acid – astringents - antimicrobial – quaternary ammonium
compound – detergents – oxidizing agents – salts – aromatics
• Evacuation Enemas
• Rectal enemas are used to cleanse the bowel.
• The enema solution are solutions of; sodium phosphate, sodium
biphosphate, glycerin, docusate sodium, light mineral oil
• The product will work within 5-10 min
• They are available in disposable plastic squeeze bottles
• Typical example: Soft soap 25 g / 500 mL water as an emollient
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Simple Enema
Soft Soap – 1 oz.
Warm water, up to – 1 pint.
Dissolve and mix.
For use in constipation.
To be given at body temperature.
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Ear preparations
• Also known as otic products, these are simple solutions of drugs in water,
glycerol, propylene glycol or alcohol/water mixture for local use
• Hydrogen peroxide (5-volume), Phenol (6% w/w) ear drops
• Ear drops are a form of medicine used to treat or prevent ear infections,
especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal (Otitis externa).
• Bacterial infections are sometimes treated with antibiotics. Examples are:• Gentisone HCL ear drops (containing Gentamicin and hydrocortisone).
• Ciproxin HCL ear drops (containing ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone).
• Kenacomb ear drops, containing triamcinolone acetonide, neomycin and
gramicidin (antibiotics) and nystatin (antifungal).
• Over the counter ear drops are also available, including spirit drops
(alcohol solution), which dries out the ear, and drops such as Aqua Ear
(used for swimmer's ear) containing a mixture of substances such as
alcohol and acetic acid, to dry the ear and make it difficult for microbes to
grow.
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Eye preparations
• Eye drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions
intended for instillation into the eye.
• Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain
steroids (e.g. mydriatics, dexamethasone), antihistamines,
sterile
sympathomimetics,
beta
receptor
blockers,
parasympathomimetics (e.g. pilocarpine), parasympatholytics
(e.g. tropicamide or atropine), prostaglandins, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or topical anesthetics.
• Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are
only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions,
• and they can also contain anti-redness and similar chemicals.
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Nasal preparations
• These are formulated as small-volume solutions is an aqueous
vehicle for instillation into the nostrils
• Formulation are isotonic with nasal secretions using sodium
chloride.
• Viscosity can be modified using cellulose derivatives
• Nasal administration can be used to deliver drugs for either
local or systemic effect.
• Locally acting drugs are for example decongestants and
allergy treatments.
• Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal
sprays are migraine drugs, nicotine replacement and hormone
treatments, anti-convulsant.
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Irrigations
• Are sterile, large volume aqueous–based solutions for
the cleansing of body cavities (peritoneal dialysis
solution) and cleansing wounds.
• They should be made isotonic with tissue fluid
• They are not for oral or parenteral use
• For external use only
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Spray
An aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of
coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be
applied topically, most usually to the nasopharyngeal
tract or to the skin by means of an atomizer
The type of atomizer used depends on the viscosity of
the spray solution
Drugs used for relief of asthma are commonly
dispensed as spray
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Topical dental solution
• Oromucosal preparations: are designed for application to the throat or
oral cavity and can includes solids and semi-solids as well as solutions
• Mouthwashes and gargles
• These aqueous solutions are for the prevention and treatment of mouth and
throat infections and can contain antiseptics, analgesics and / or astringents
• They are intended to bring the medication into contact with mucous surface
of the throat
• They are usually diluted with warm water before use
• Gargles may have some analgesic effect and provide symptomatic relief
• Mouthwash are intended to wash out the mouth , they may be of value for
local hygiene of the mouth
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Alkaline Gargle and Mouth Wash
Take of:
bicarbonate
of Soda
Boric Acid
Chloride of Sodium
1 oz.
1 oz
2 oz.
Directions- Add a teaspoonful to 8 ounces of warm
water and use as a gargle, mouth wash or nasal
douche.
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Compound Potassium Chlorate Gargle
Take of:
Potassium Chlorate
Borax
Tincture of Myrrh
Water, up to
6 gr.
3 gr.
5 min.
1 oz
Useful in stomatitis
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• Gingival and sublingual preparations
• These are in the form of drops or sprays for application to
specific areas of the oral mucosa such as the gums for the
prevention and treatment of periodontal disease or under the
tongue to enable fast absorption of active agents into systemic
circulation
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Non aqueous solutions
• Liniments
Are liquid preparation for external use only and may be applied with or
without friction.
They should not be applied to unbroken skin
They are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various
medicinal substances
For oleaginous liniments, the solvent may be a fixed or volatile oil
(almond, sesame, peanut, wintergreen, turpentine oil)
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle are useful when rubefacient or
counterirritant action is desired
• For relief of pain, they may be applied on warmed flannel or lint or may
be painted with a soft brush
• Liniment may be alcoholic solutions
• They should be dispensed in colored bottle
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Menthol Camphor Compound Liniment
•
•
•
•
•
•
Menthol
– 2 gr.
Camphor
– 5 gr.
Oil of Turpentine
– 2 dr.
Soft Soap- 2 dr.
Olive Oil, up to
– 1 oz.
Useful in chronic inflammation of joints.
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Aconite Belladonna and Camphor Liniment
(ABC Liniment)
Take of:
Liniment Aconite
Liniment of Belladonna
Each equal parts.
Liniment of Camphor
For use in Rheumatism, etc.
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• Paints
Liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes in small amounts
using a small brush
The solvent is water, alcohol, ether or acetone
Glycerol is often added to ensure prolonged contact with the skin (viscocity
modifier)
•
Collodions
Is a clear viscous liquid prepared by dissolving pyroxylin in a 3:1 mixture of
ether and alcohol or acetone/alcohol
Pyroxylin obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids on
cotton, consists of cellulose tetranitrate
The resulting solution is highly volatile and flammable
The product is capable of forming a protective film on application to the skin
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Castor oil may be applied to collodion to render the film flexible, permitting its
comfortable use
After evaporation of the solvent leaves a tough , flexible film hold the drug in
intimate contact with the skin
• Salicylic acid Collodion
•
•
•
•
It is 10% solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion
Has keratolytic effect especially in the removal of corns from the toes
The product is applied as one drop on the corn or wart, allowing time to dry
As salicylic acid is irritant to normal skin, it should be applied directly on
the corn or wart
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