Review the Animal Kingdom
• 4 Major Characteristics?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls
7 Essential Functions?
• Feeding
• Response
• Respiration
• Movement
• Circulation
• Reproduction
• Excretion
Trends in Animal Evolution
• Cell specialization and levels of organization?
• Early development?
• Body symmetry?
• Cephalization?
• Coelom?
Hard Shells
The Anatomy of a
Sponge
Water flow
Osculum
Central cavity
Pores
Collar Cell
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary,
vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming,
cup-shaped
Examples: hydra, coral,
sea anemone
Examples: jellyfish,
portuguese man of war
Ecology of Sponges
1.Ideal habitats for marine animals
such as snails, sea stars, sea
cucumbers, and shrimp
2.Mutually beneficial relationships
with bacteria, algae and plant-like
protists
Ecology of Cnidarians
• A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen
855
• B. Provide habitats for marine organisms
• C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea
turtles)
• D. Symbiotic relationships with other
organisms
3 Groups of Worms?
• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Segmented Worms
• What do all 3 groups have in common?
– Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual
reproduction, true organs,
Flatworm adaptation?
• Simplest animals to have bilateral
symmetry and cephalization.
Roundworm Adaptation?
First animals to have a one way digestive
system with mouth and anus
First animals to have a fluid filled body
cavity called a pseudocoelom- “false body
cavity”
Segmented Worm Adaptation?
First animals to have true circulatory system
and coelom – body cavity.
Examples of Mollusks?
Major Advancement?
• Well developed nervous system
4 parts to body?
1. Foot2. Mantle (covering) –
3. Shell –
4. Visceral mass –
• muscular and modified
in each group: used for
crawling, burrowing, or
may form tentacles for
capturing prey
• thin layer that covers
most of the body and
secretes the shell
• made of calcium
carbonate – for
protection
• area where internal
organs are located.
Classification of Mollusks?
• Classified into three common groups
based on shell presence and type and
foot modification
1. Gastropods
2. Bivalves
3. Cephalopods
Echinoderms’ Adaptations
• Development similar to vertebrates
• Water Vascular System
Types of Echinoderms
•
•
•
•
•
Sea Stars
Brittle Stars
Sea Urchins
Sand Dollars
Sea Cucumbers
Arthropods “jointed foot”
• Major Groups
–
–
–
–
–
Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives
Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish
Centipedes
Millipedes
Insects and their relatives – grasshopper,
cricket, roaches, beetles
Arthropods
• Characteristics
– Largest group of animals
– Have jointed appendages which include legs,
antennae, claws and pincers
– Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies,
exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system
with two openings and a nervous system
– Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually
Arthropods
• Body Segments
– Bodies of these animals are divided into
specialized segments
• Exoskeleton
– A hard outer covering that supports and protects
the internal body and provides places for muscle
to attach.
– Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and
replaced during a process called molting
Exoskeleton
Advantages
1. protection
2. prevents desiccation
Disadvantages
1. Must molt as animal grows
2. limits size of animal
Arachnids
• Have two body regions
– Cephalothorax and an abdomen
• Four pairs of legs and no antennae
• Many are adapted to kill prey with
poison glands, stingers, or fangs
• Some are parasites
Black Widow
Arachnids
• Scorpions
– Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of
abdomen.
– Have a well-developed appendages which they
can grab their prey.
• Spiders
– Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into prey
to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its
mouth.
– Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are
exchanged.
Arachnids
• Mites & Ticks
– Most are parasites
– Ticks have specialized mouthparts to
remove blood from the host.
– Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme
disease.
Centipedes & Millipedes
• Have long bodies and many segments,
exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and
simple eyes.
• Found in damp environments
• Reproduce sexually
• Centipedes are predators
• Millipedes feed on decaying plant
matter.
Centipede
Millipede
Crustaceans
Crustaceans
• Have one or two pair of antennae and
mandibles, which are used for crushing
food.
• Most live in water, but some live in
moist environments on land—such as
pill bug.
• Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs
are claws for catching and holding food.
Crustaceans
• Swimmerets are appendages on the
abdomen which help in movement and
are used in reproduction; also force
water over the gills used in O2 and CO2
exchange
Chelipeds – capture
prey & defense
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Uropodsteering-
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
telson -
Uropodsteering-
Rostrum - protection
X
-
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Antennae –
touch & taste
Carapace – outer
covering of body
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
telson-
Uropodsteering-
Rostrum - protection
X
-
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Walking Legs
Carapace – outer
covering of body
Antennae –
touch & taste
Chelipeds –food
and defense
Antennule - balance
telson -
Uropodsteering-
Rostrum - protection
X
-
Cervical groove –
separation of head &
thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
anus
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Green gland- removes
liquid waste
anus
Telsonbackward
movement
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Mandible – grind food
anus
Telsonbackward
movement
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
uropod
Mandible – grind food
anus
Telsonbackward
movement
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Walking legs
uropod
Mandible – grind food
anus
Telsonbackward
movement
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Walking legs
cheliped
uropod
Mandible – grind food
anus
Telsonbackward
movement
swimmerets
Gill Chamber
Maxilliped – taste &
hold food
Insects
• Have three body regions
1.Head
– Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth
2.Thorax
– Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of
wings if present are attached here
3.Abdomen
– Where reproductive structures are found
Insects
• Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and well
developed nervous systems
• Have an open circulatory system that
carries digestive food to cells and removes
wastes
• Insect blood doesn’t carry O2 instead air
enters and exits through openings called
spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax
• Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly
Have some of the most
specialized adaptations of
all arthropods
Insects success
• Insects are extremely successful based these
reasons
–
–
–
–
–
Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton
Ability to fly
Rapid reproduction cycles
Small sizes
Use a variety of food sources
• Insects have other adaptations that allow
them to be successful
Insects & Food
• Feed on a number of things have different
mouth parts to obtain food
• Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles
for chewing
• Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for
lapping up nectar
• Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts
that are adapted for piercing into plants or
other organisms
Value of Insects
• A source of food
• Agriculture would be impossible without
bees and other insects to pollinate
crops
• Useful chemicals are obtain from some
arthropods
• Important part of ecological community
Controlling Insects
• Not all arthropods are of value some
are pests that carry disease or can
damage crops
Controlling Insects
• Common ways to control insects
– Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful
insects
– Biological controls
• Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be
used to control insects
• Natural predators being released to kill the
harmful insect
• Some how interfere with reproduction of the
particular insect
Insect Metamorphosis & Crayfish
Diagram
Eggs laid
by adult
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Adult
emerges
from
chrysalis
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Adult –
eats
nectar &
pollen and
can fly
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Adult
emerges
from
chrysalis
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Eggs laid
by adult
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Adult –
eats
nectar &
pollen and
can fly
What are the 4
stages of
Complete
Metamorphosis
Adult
emerges
from
chrysalis
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Young
Larva
Eggs laid
by adult
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Complete
Metamorphosis
Adult –
eats
nectar &
pollen and
can fly
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Adult
Adult
emerges
from
chrysalis
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Advantages:
1. Adults &
larvae do
Eggs laid
not compete by adult
for same
food source
Young
Larva
Larva –
feeds on
leaves
Complete
Metamorphosis
Adult –
eats
nectar &
pollen and
can fly
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Mature
Larva
attaches
to twig
Adult
Adult
emerges
from
chrysalis
Larva
begins to
pupate
(change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult lays eggs
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult lays eggs
molt
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult lays eggs
molt
molt
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult- able to
reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
molt
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult- able to
reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
What are the three
stages of
incomplete
metamorphosis?
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Adult- able to
reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
Incomplete
Metamorphosis
Egg
molt
Nymph
Adult
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow
Advantage:
1. Nymphs only job is
to eat; adults only
reproduce – increases
reproductive success
Adult- able to
reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
Incomplete
Metamorphosis
Egg
molt
Nymph
Adult
Eggs hatch into
nymphs that eat
vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings &
must molt as they grow