Ch. 21
Age of Imperialism 1800 - 1914
I. Imperialism
*domination of one country by another
*economic, political or social control
A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in
the back, with Queen Victoria (UK),
Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II
(Russia), Marianne (France), and a
samurai (Japan) stabbing into a plate
with Chine ("China" in French) written
on it.]
Africa & Asia
*divided up by European powers
Natural resources
Trading markets
Military strongholds
A. Forms of Imperialism:
1. Colony
*territory directly controlled by imperial power
ex. England’s controls India
2. Sphere of Influence
*imperial power claims exclusive investment and
trading influences (Ex. only UK & China)
3. Protectorate
*nation depends on another country for its protection
B. Reasons for Imperialism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nationalism
Political Rivalries
Military Seaports
Economics new markets and raw materials
Social Darwinism *superior nations spread
civilization to backward countries
6. Population outlets
7. Religious and Humanitarian
White Man’s Burden
“Take up the White Man’s burden
Send forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exile,
To serve your captives need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk & wild
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil & half-child.”
Rudyard Kipling 1899
II. African Continent
Africa: *Unknown Continent Dark Continent
A. African Exploration
1. David Livingstone
*Greatest African Explorer 1841 - 1873
1st non-African to cross Africa (E2W)
Discovered: Victoria Falls 1855
(Mosi-oa-tunya) Smoke that Thunders *native name
Missionary Travels & The Zambezi and Its Tributaries
*2 Books by Livingstone (best sellers)
London Journal *carried stories of his expeditions
Motto: “Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization.”
Livingstone missing 1871
2. Sir Henry Stanley
New York Herald *hired to find Livingstone
8 month search: November 10, 1871
Lake Tanganyika, Ujij *modern Tanzania
**“Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”
Stanley takes over African exploration
“I detest the land most heartily.” Stanley
Stanley found source of Congo River
Stanley and Livingstone opened door
for Colonization of Africa
David Livingstone memorial
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
B. Egypt
1. Muhammad Ali *Founder of Modern Egypt 1805
*independence from Ottoman Empire
modernization of Egypt
2. Suez Canal 1859 -1869
Ferdinand de Lesseps *French builder of Suez Canal
“The canal will open the world to people.”
*British take over Suez Canal 1875
“Lifeline of the British Empire”
Egypt became protectorate of England 1882
Fashoda Incident 1898
*England & France verge of war over Suez Canal
C. North Africa *French Control
Barbary States: Morocco, Tunis, Libya, Algeria
Barbary Pirates *sailed off North Africa
French excuse to intervene in N. Africa
D. Ethiopia (On Horn of Africa)
Menelik II *Ethiopian Emperor 1896
Battle of Adowa *defeated invading Italians
only African nation not under European control
E. Liberia 1822
*USA created homeland for freed slaves
Monrovia *capital city
named after President James Monroe
F. Congo 1876
King Leopold II of Belgium “The Civilizer”
hired Henry Stanley – Belgian control of Congo
exploitation of the Congo (900,000 miles)
*ivory, rubber, & copper
Brutal treatment of natives 1876-1908
Population dropped
20 million – 10 million
Cut off ears & hands of workers
Imprisoned wives & workers
G. South Africa
1. Zulu Empire 1800’s
Shaka “Napoleon of Africa” Great Zulu King
(army of 80,000)
Battle of Isandhlwana 1870
*Zulu Army defeated British
Maxim Gun *1st machine gun
British destroyed Zulu’s 1879
“A spear has been thrust in the belly of the nation,
there are not enough tears to mourn for the dead.”
Cetewayo last Zulu King
2. Cape Colony
Cape Town *founded by Dutch 1652
supply station to East Indies
Afrikaners *Dutch settlers
Boers *Dutch farmers
believed they were superior to Black Africans
indigenous *natives of a region
English took control 1806
(Afrikaners resented British rule)
3. Great Trek 10,000 Boers left Cape Town 1830
*Boers migrated to north form2 new colonies
Orange Free State & Transvaal
4. Gold & Diamonds discovered - South Africa 1880’s
5. Cecil Rhodes *British Prime Minister of Cape Colony
De Beers Diamond Co. 1880
*monopoly diamond mines
Rhodesia *colony founded by Rhodes 1890
“Cape to Cairo” *railroad Rhodes planned to build
Crossing at
Victoria Falls
6. Boer War 1899 - 1902
*England defeated Boers control of South Africa
Concentration Camps 26,000 Boers died
7. Apartheid *Legal Segregation
(discrimination of African natives)
3 Classes of People: Brits - Afrikans – Blacks
8. Union of South Africa 1910
combined Cape Colony & Boer Republics
H. Liberia & Ethiopia *only 2 free African states
1914 European powers divided up all Africa
Ethiopia
Liberia
III. India
A. British East India Co. 1600
*sold Indian products on world market
cotton, sugar, & cloth
British vs. French for control of India
B. Robert Clive 1756
*Chief Official of British East India Co.
Battle of Plassey (Seven Years War)
*drove French out of India
Battle of Plassey
Black Hole of Calcutta 1756
*British POW’s suffocated to death
number that died?
British 123 – 146
Indians said 15 -43
C. Sepoy Rebellion 1858
Sepoys *Indian soldiers in British Army
beef & pork fat used to grease bullets
Hindu’s cattle sacred / Muslims can’t touch pork
*Sepoys killed 50 Europeans
House of the Ladies
200 British women & children massacred
British Parliament took control of India 1858
dissolved British East India Co.
British Raj 1757 – 1947
D. Queen Victoria “Empress of India” 1877
*India “Jewel in the Crown”
British Viceroy *Governor of India
3,500 English officials ran 280 million people
largest colonial population in world
British culture forced on India
Impact of British Rule:
1. Market for British products & raw materials
*buy only British textiles
2. Shift from growing food to growing cotton
*famine killed 30 million 1800 - 1900
3. Social Changes:
population growth (improved health care)
schools ran by British (upper class only)
(90% population illiterate)
British outlawed:
Suttee - suicide of widow jumped on husbands funeral fire
Thugs - religious fanatics who strangled victims
(to goddess Kali)
E. Indian National Congress 1885
*fought Indian independence
Mohandas Gandhi 1913 - 1948
*leader for Indian Independence
F. Tagore *famous Indian poet
Song Offerings (famous poem) world peace
Nobel Prize for Literature 1913
(introduced Indian culture to West)
IV. China
A. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644 - 1911
*last Chinese dynasty
Peking capital city *modern Beijing
Internal Problems:
gov. corruption, peasant unrest, & famine
External Problem: - Western Imperialism
B. European Imperialism:
1. Canton *only port open to foreign traders
2. British East India Co.
pressure China to receive diplomats & open ports
tea, silk, & porcelain *major Chinese exports
British exchanged Indian cotton & silver
for Chinese products
C. Opium War 1839 - 1842
*British East India Co. traded opium for Chinese goods
“Drug of the People”
drained silver supply of China
Chinese gov. destroyed $6 million worth of opium
British military seized Canton
Unequal Treaties
Treaty of Nanking
*receive foreign diplomats & opened 5 more ports
Hong Kong *acquired by British 1898
pay destroyed opium (99 year lease)
July 1, 1997 *Hong Kong returned to China
Extraterritoriality
*exemption from Chinese law for foreigners
D. Taiping (Great Peace) Rebellion 1850 - 1864
*bloodiest civil war in history (20 million killed)
peasant uprising - discontent with Qing rule
Hong Xiuquan *Rebel Leader
*younger brother of Jesus??
“To kill all idolaters generally, & to possess
the empire as its true sovereign.”
Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
*Dynasty proclaimed by Taiping Rebels
European nations come aid of Qing Empress
Devil Soldiers * Chinese troops trained by
Frederick Townsend Ward
E. Spheres of Influence
exclusive trading privileges to regions of China
F. Open Door Policy 1899
*USA demanded equal access to trade in China
for all nations
John Hay *U.S. Secretary of State
President Teddy Roosevelt
G. Empress Dowager Cixi 1861 - 1908
*most powerful woman in Chinese history?
“I have often thought that I am the cleverest
woman who ever lived.”
“I have 400 million people
dependent on my judgment.”
Social Reforms:
ended footbinding
ended civil service exams
western education system
H. Boxer Rebellion 1900
“Fists of Righteous Harmony”
*Boxer nickname (secret society)
Goal *expel Qing & all foreigners
“Destroy the foreigner!” *Boxer slogan
killed 200 missionaries / thousands of Chinese
attacked foreign embassies in Peking
International Army *crushed Boxers
Britain, USA, Germany, Russia, & Japan
China forced to pay $333 million Indemnity
I. Henry Puyi *Last Emperor of China 1908 - 1911
throne at age of 2
Forbidden City *his prison
V. Japan
A. Tokugawa Dynasty 1603 - 1868
*Reign called “Great Peace”
Tokugawa Ieyasu *united Japan
Policy of Isolation:
expelled missionaries & forbid foreigners
Act of Seclusion 1636
no Japanese could leave country
all Japanese residing abroad killed when return
Nagasaki *only harbor open for trade
Dutch *only nation Japan would trade with
B. Commodore Matthew Perry July 8, 1853
White Fleet *U.S. fleet sailed into Edo Bay
opened diplomatic negotiations with Japan
President Millard Fillmore
“To bring a singular & isolated people into
the family of civilized nations.”
Causes of USA involvement in Japan:
1. refueling station (ships sailing to China)
2. whaling industry
3. American prisoners shipwrecked in Pacific
placed in bird cages
Gifts brought by Perry:
*miniature railroad & telegraph
Treaty of Kanagawa
*opened Japanese ports to foreign trade
ended Japanese isolationism
C. Meiji Period *Enlightened Gov. 1868 - 1912
Mutsuhito *Enlightened Emperor
Emperor became supreme power in Japan
Sat-Cho Alliance Samurai force Shogun to resign
1. End of Feudalism
*Samurais outlawed (forced to give up swords)
loyalty to Emperor
2. Military State most powerful Asian nation
“Rich country & a strong state.” slogan of Meiji
compulsory military service - 3 years
3. Japanese Constitution
*based on German const.
Ito Hirbumi *traveled world study govs.
Diet *Japanese Parliament (little power)
4. Modernize Industry: 1870
Zaibatsu large financial & industrial corporations
wealthy families who dominated economy
ex. Mitsubishi & Sumitomo families
Heavy Industry: chemicals, mining, appliances, autos
5. Iwakura Mission 50 Japanese sent
*Western culture adapted clothing to baseball
strict educational system (modeled after USA)
6. Edo *renamed Tokyo 1868
D. Japanese Imperialism:
1. Sino-Japanese War 1894
*China & Japan fight over Korea
Japan gained Korea as a colony
2. Russo - Japanese War 1904 - 1905
surprise attack on Port Arthur (Russian Naval base)
Czar Nicholas II called Japanese “Monkeys”
Pres. Teddy Roosevelt negotiated treaty
bt. Russia & Japan won Nobel Peace Prize
E. Hirohito *new Emperor of Japan 1910 - 1990
Tojo *Japanese War Minister
VI. Consequences of Imperialism
*Hatred
*Political Rivalries
*Arms Race