Addendum
Program of Events
Midwest Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine
2015 Annual Meeting
November 5-7, 2015
Poster Presentation Abstracts
by Session and Abstract Number pg 1-84
Free Communication Abstracts
by Session and Abstract Number pg 85-112
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-1
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON FOREARM BLOOD FLOW AND
VASODILATORY CAPACITY IN RESISTANCE EXERCISE
Curtis G. Fennell (Kent State University), Yu Lun Tai (Kent State University), Stephen Schnee (Kent
State University), J. Derek Kingsley (Kent State University)
An acute bout of resistance exercise has been suggested to have a negative effect on vascular function.
Previous studies have utilized isolation exercises on resistance machines rather than whole-body
resistance exercises using free weights. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of free-weight resistance
exercises on forearm blood flow (FBF) in resistance-trained individuals. METHODS: Ten young,
healthy individuals (8 males, 2 females; aged 23±3 yrs) with 9±3 yrs of resistance training were assessed
for height (1.75±0.51m), weight (81.6±10.2kg) and body fat percentage (15.6±7.9%). One repetition
maximum (1RM) was assessed on the squat (144.1±32.2kg), bench press (108.6±32.6kg), and deadlift
(159.6±39.9kg). Vasodilatory capacity was assessed by strain gauge plethysmography at rest and
followed by 5 minutes of circulatory occlusion (220 mmHg) to induce reactive hyperemia (RH) before
and 25 minutes after an acute bout of resistance exercise consisting of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75%
1RM on the squat, bench press and deadlift. Two minutes of rest was given between sets and exercises.
Each participant also completed a quiet control session of the same duration. Area under the curve for
FBF-RH was also utilized to determine differences in blood flow. Data were analyzed by an analysis of
variance to examine the effects of condition (acute resistance exercise, control) by time (rest, recovery).
Tukey HSD was used as a post-hoc test if the interaction was deemed significant. The alpha level was set
apriori at 0.05. RESULTS: Resting FBF (4.2±1.5 2ml//min/100ml) and peak blood flow (20.4±13.62
ml//min/100ml) were similar at rest between conditions. There was a significant interaction for FBF after
the free-weight resistance exercises (10.9±6.2 ml//min/100ml, p≤0.05) as well as for peak blood flow
(32.7±23. 2 ml//min/100ml, p≤0.001) such that they were different during rest and recovery from the
control (Control: FBF: 3.9±1.6 ml//min/100ml; peak blood flow: 20.4±12.3 ml//min/100ml, p>0.05).
Area under the curve for FBF-RH significantly (p≤0.05) increased after the acute bout of free-weight
resistance exercises by 128% and did not change after the control (5.6%). CONCLUSION: These data
demonstrate that free-weight resistance exercises significantly alter microvascular endothelial function in
young, healthy resistance-trained individuals.
Keywords: Free Weight, Peripheral Vascular Function, Resistance Training, Reactive Hyperemia
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-2
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND PULSE WAVE REFLECTION FOLLOWING AN ACUTE BOUT
OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE IN RESIS
Yu Lun Tai (Kent State University)
Evaluation of arterial stiffness and pulse wave reflection provide insight into vascular function to a
greater degree than traditional measures such as brachial blood pressure (BP). PURPOSE: To determine
the effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise on arterial stiffness, peripheral and central
aortic BP, and pulse wave reflection in young, resistance trained individuals. METHODS: Fifteen young,
healthy individuals (aged 23±3 yrs) with 9±3 yrs of lifting experience volunteered for the study.
Participants performed 2 counterbalanced sessions consisting of an acute bout of resistance exercise
(ARE) using free-weights or a quiet control. The ARE consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1
repetition maximum for the squat, bench press, and deadlift with 2 minutes of rest between sets and
exercises. The quiet control consisted of the participant lying supine for 30 minutes. Data were collected
at rest and 10 minutes during recovery for each session. Arterial stiffness was assessed using carotidfemoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) while pulse wave reflection characteristics were evaluated using
applanation tonometry. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of condition
(ARE, control) across time (rest, recovery). Paired t-tests were used for post-hoc comparisons if the
ANOVA was deemed significant. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction for cfPWV (rest:
5.34±0.61; recovery: 5.86±0.74, p<0.05) such that it was elevated during recovery from the ARE, but not
the control. There were no significant interactions (p>0.05) for peripheral or central aortic BP. However,
there were significant interactions for the augmentation index (AIx)(rest: 115.8±8.7; recovery: 123.2±8.5,
p=0.004), the AIx normalized at 75bpm (rest: 3.3±14.9; recovery: 27.3±13.1, p=0.0001), augmentation
pressure (rest: 4.5±5.7 mmHg; recovery: 10.4±5.7mmHg, p=0.003), time of the reflected wave (rest:
150.3±7.1ms; recovery: 145.5±5.6ms, p=0.003), and wasted left ventricular energy (rest:
641.6±684.2dynes s/cm2; recovery: 1785.3±920.6dynes s/cm2, p=0.013) such that they were altered
during recovery from the ARE but not the control. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that an
acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise does not alter peripheral or central aortic BP, but does
significantly alter arterial stiffness and measures of pulse wave reflection. Taken together, these data
suggest that resistance exercise using free-weights may alter vascular function up to 15 minutes after the
exercise bout. Future research needs to address these findings using other free-weight exercises.
Keywords: Augmentation Index, Wasted left ventricular energy, time of the reflected wave,
Augmentation index normalized at 75bpm
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-3
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
ACUTE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ALTERS AUTONOMIC MODULATION IN YOUNG,
RESISTANCE TRAINED INDIVIDUALS.
Xian Mayo (Kent State University), Yu Lun Tai (Kent State University), Curt Fennell (Kent State
University), J. Derek Kingsley (Kent State University)
Health organizations currently recommend resistance exercise as a means to prevent a host of chronic
diseases. However, the responses of the cardiovasculature to resistance exercise are unclear. PURPOSE:
To evaluate the effects of an acute bout of free-weight, whole-body resistance exercise consisting of the
squat, bench press, and deadlift on heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate complexity (HRC) in
resistance trained individuals. METHODS: Sixteen young, healthy individuals (aged 23±3 yrs;
mean±SD) with 9±3 yrs of resistance training volunteered for the study. Autonomic modulation was
measured at rest and 25-30 minutes after an acute bout of resistance exercise utilizing 3 sets of 10
repetitions at 75% 1 repetition maximum on the squat, bench press and deadlift. Two minutes of rest was
given between sets and exercises. Each participant also completed a quiet control session of the same
duration. Measures of HRV were analyzed in the frequency domain and included measures of vagal
modulation (normalized high frequency (HFnu)), sympathetic modulation (normalized low frequency
(LFnu)), and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio). Sample Entropy (SampEn), indicative of vagal
modulation, was used as a measure of HRC. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the
effects of the two conditions (acute resistance exercise and control) across time (rest and recovery). Paired
t-tests were used for post-hoc testing if the ANOVA was significant. RESULTS: There was a significant
interaction for heart rate (+59%, p<0.05) such that it was significantly elevated after the acute bout of
resistance exercise and compared to the control. There was a significant interaction for HFnu such that it
significantly decreased (-59%, p<0.05) during recovery from the acute resistance exercise compared to
rest and to the control. LFnu significantly increased (+92%, p<0.05) above rest during recovery from the
acute resistance exercise and compared to the control. In addition, there was a significant interaction for
the LF/HF ratio (+624%, p<0.05) such that it was elevated above the control and rest during the recovery.
There was also a significant interaction (p?0.001) for SampEn such that it decreased (-35.2%) during
recovery from the resistance exercise bout and increased (+10.7%) during recovery from the control.
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise using free-weights
attenuates vagal recovery up to 30 minutes after completion of an acute bout of resistance exercise using
free-weights. Future studies should evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the reduced vagal
modulation as well as if there is an increase in the risk for cardiovascular events due to the changes in
autonomic modulation seen after resistance exercise.
Keywords: heart rate variability, heart rate complexity, free-weights, vagal
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-4
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAXIMAL AND RAPID TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS AND
MUSCLE POWER IN VERY OLD ADULTS
Brittany N. Followay (Kent State University), Ryan M. Thiele (Oklahoma State University), Eric C.
Conchola (Oklahoma State University), Ty B. Palmer (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK)
Isometric assessments of leg extensor and flexor strength are commonly used to evaluate muscle function
in very old adults. It has been hypothesized that maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the leg
extensors and flexors may be important predictors of functional performances for movement activities
such as walking and stair climbing. However, limited data exist regarding how these parameters associate
with muscle power during a chair-rise task in very old adults. Moreover, because the leg flexor muscles
are larger in size than the leg extensors in very old adults, the leg flexors may also be able to generate
similar or even higher explosive strength capacities in these populations, which could help further
enhance these muscles’ contribution to chair-rises and other important locomotor-related performances.
PURPOSE: To examine muscle-related strength differences and the relationships between muscle power
output during a chair rise task and maximal and rapid isometric torque characteristics of the leg extensors
and flexors in very old adults. METHODS: Ten very old adults (mean+SD: age=88+6 years;
height=158+9 cm; mass=67+10 kg) performed 2 chair rises followed by 2 randomly-ordered isometric
maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the leg extensors and flexors. Estimated peak power output
(Pmax) was measured during the chair rises using a linear velocity transducer. For each MVC,
participants sat in an upright position with the knee- and ankle-joints immobilized using custom-built
stabilizing apparatuses. All MVCs were performed on the right leg at a knee joint of 90° below the
horizontal plane, while restraining straps were placed over the trunk, waist, and thigh. Participants were
instructed during each MVC to push or pull “as hard and fast as possible” against a load cell for a total of
3-4 seconds. Isometric MVC peak torque (PT; Nm) was determined as the highest mean 500 ms epoch
during the entire 3-4 second MVC plateau. Peak rate of torque development (RTD; Nm·s-1) was
quantified from the first derivative of the absolute torque-time curve during its initial ascent. Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficients (r) were used to examine the relationships between Pmax and PT
and RTD. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare PT and RTD between muscle groups. RESULTS:
Significant positive relationships were observed between Pmax and RTD for the leg extensors (r=0.681,
P=0.030) and flexors (r=0.634, P=0.049); however, no relationships were observed for either muscle
group between Pmax and PT (r=0.033-0.262, P=0.465-0.927). There were no differences in PT (P=0.116)
or RTD (P=0.997) between the leg extensors (PT=48+24 Nm; RTD=245+103 Nm·s-1) and flexors
(PT=35+13 Nm; RTD=245+130 Nm·s-1). CONCLUSION: The present findings of significant
relationships between Pmax and RTD of the leg extensors and flexors suggest that explosive strength
capacities of the lower extremity musculature may play an important role in chair-rise performances in
very old adults. The lack of differences in maximal and rapid torque production between the leg extensors
and flexors may provide important insight regarding the effects of aging on muscle strength ratios
between the hamstrings and quadriceps (H:Q ratio) muscles. Future research studies may wish to examine
whether the H:Q ratio can be used in older adults as an effective predictor and possible risk factor of
dynapenia and other age-related declines in functional strength-related performances.
Keywords: Chair rise, extensors, flexors, muscle function
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-5
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMPARISON OF ANTI-GRAVITY TREADMILL
RUNNING AND CYCLE ERGOMETRY
Jeremiah A. Vaughan (Kent State University), Neil Fleming (Trinity College)
PURPOSE: To determine the association between gravitational load and velocity on energy expenditure
during treadmill running and to compare energy expenditure during reduced gravitational loaded running
and cycle ergometry. METHODS: Fifteen healthy, male recreational runners (age = 23 ± 2 yr, height =
1.79 ± 0.05 m, mass = 74.4 ± 11.1 kg, BMI = 23.2 ± 2.7 kg∙m-2, body fat = 13.6 ± 5.8%) data were
analyzed. The methodology consisted of a counterbalanced design between a treadmill and cycle
ergometer protocol. The treadmill protocol entailed 12 stages: running at 3 different velocities (8 km∙h-1,
9.5 km∙h-1, and 11 km∙h-1) at 4 different gravitational loads (40, 60, 80, and 100% body weight), for 4
minutes with 2 minutes recovery between stages. The cycle protocol consisted of 4 different power output
stages (120, 160, 200, and 240 Watts), for 4 minutes with 2 minutes of recovery between stages. A Latin
Square was used to randomize gravitational loads and power outputs. Metabolic and heart rate data were
averaged during the last minute of each stage for both treadmill and cycle ergometer protocol. A multiple
regression analysis was performed to predict oxygen consumption (VO2) from treadmill velocity and
body weight (BW) support and subject body mass (BM). Normality tests failed for VO2 data, so a log
transformation was performed so data were normally distributed and therefore satisfy the use of a two
factor repeated measures ANOVA on VO2 and heart rate (HR). A Bonferroni post hoc test was
performed to determine differences between the different conditions and intensities for VO2 and HR.
RESULTS: The multiple regression analysis performed significantly predicted VO2 (F(3,371)=396.0,
p<0.0005, R2=0.762). The following equation accurately predicted VO2 when running in a lower body
positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill using 3 independent variables (SEE=3.51 mL∙kg-1∙min-1): V ̇O2 =
(1.814 x Velocity) + (0.202 x %BW) – (0.126 x BM) + 3.448. Increasing velocity had a significant effect
on VO2 (F=81.711, p <0.001) and HR (F=92.665, p<0.001). Decreasing gravitational load had a
significant effect on VO2 (F=267.37, p<0.001) and HR (F=146.520, p<0.001). A significant interaction
existed between velocity and gravitational load on VO2 (F=5.526, p< 0.001) and HR (F=4.530, p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: An equation was created using a multiple regression analysis to accurately predict VO2
while running in a LBPP device based off velocity, %BW and body mass. Clinicians and athletic trainers
will now be able to accurately predict patients VO2 while training on a LBPP treadmill to develop an
individualized exercise program to enhance the rehabilitation and training process.
Keywords: lower body positive pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption, rehabilitation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-6
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
COMPARISON OF CONSUMER-BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MONITORS TO A
RESEARCH-GRADE ACCELEROMETER
Mary Tuttle (Ball State University), M. Benjamin Nelson (Wake Forest Baptist Health), Jeremy Steeves
(Maryville College), Leonard Kaminsky (Ball State University), Alexander Montoye (Ball State
University)
Background: Recently, consumer-based physical activity (PA) monitors have become popular tools to
track PA behaviors, such as steps, active minutes, and energy expenditure (EE). Currently, little is known
about the validity of the measurements provided by consumer-based PA monitors. Purpose: This study
compared measures of steps, active minutes, and EE of four consumer-based monitors to a research-grade
accelerometer within a simulated free-living protocol. Methods: Thirty adult men and women (18 to 80
years of age) without mobility impairments were fitted with four consumer-based PA monitors. The FO
and FZ were worn on the left hip, the FF and JU were worn on the non-dominant wrist, and one researchgrade accelerometer, the AG, was placed on the right hip. Subjects wore the monitors while participating
in ?12 activities of their choosing from a list of 21 activities including sedentary, household, and
ambulatory/exercise activities during an 80-minute, simulated free-living protocol. Activities chosen were
performed for 2-15 minutes, and at least half of the protocol was spent in sedentary activities. All
outcome variables were analyzed on a total-visit basis; steps and EE were recorded from all consumerbased PA monitors at the beginning and end of the protocol. Additionally, active minutes were recorded
from the FF, JU, and AG. A previously validated EE prediction equation and cut-points for active minutes
(EE ?3.0 METs) were applied to obtain the AG data from each protocol. Criterion measures were
assessed throughout the protocol using direct observation, where a trained research assistant counted and
recorded steps taken, and a portable metabolic analyzer which measured EE and active minutes. A
repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare differences between the consumer-based PA
monitors and the AG monitor, and between monitors and criterion methods. Results: During the protocol
participants took on average 2183±821 steps, and were active 18±8 minutes, and expended 185±72 kcals
based on AG measures. The FO, FZ, and FF overestimated steps taken compared to the AG (mean
difference 199-302 steps, p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in steps recorded by the JU
compared to the AG (mean difference 145 steps, p=0.21). All consumer-based monitors overestimated EE
compared to the AG (mean difference 36-81 kcals, p<0.05). The FF underestimated active minutes by 6.4
minutes (p=0.001), while estimates of active minutes from the JU were not significantly different from
the AG (mean difference 1.4 minutes, p=0.33). When compared to the criterion measures, all monitors,
including the AG, underestimated steps and EE (p<0.01). Additionally, all monitors that measured active
minutes, (FF, JU, and AG) provided underestimations compared to the criterion (p<0.05). Discussion:
Although consumer-based PA monitors tended to overestimate steps and EE and underestimate active
minutes compared to the AG, the JU provided comparable data to the previously validated, research-grade
AG accelerometer. Due to the discrepancies found in measures of PA between consumer-based-PA
monitors and a research-grade accelerometer during a short simulated free-living protocol, caution should
be exercised when comparing PA estimates obtained using these monitors to assess PA in real world
settings for prolonged periods of time.
Keywords: Energy Expenditure, Active Minutes, Simulated Free-living environment, Step count
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-7
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RUNNING MEMORY AND MOOD STATE DURING
SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE IN NORMOBARIC HYPOXIA
Hayden D. Gerhart (Kent State University), Yong Suk Seo (Kent State University), Curt Fennell (Kent
State University), Jon Stavres (Kent State University),Shane Draper (Kent State University)
Numerous studies have demonstrated functional and morphological differences between males and
females, such as body composition, muscular strength, cardiovascular function and neural processes.
When exposed to a hypoxic environment, cognitive functioning and mood state are impaired.
PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to investigate gender differences seen in working
memory and mood state as the result of low to moderate exercise in normobaric hypoxia. METHODS:
16 young healthy men (24±4 years) and 11 young healthy women (22±3 years) volunteered for this
investigation. No participants were exposed to normobaric hypoxia or an altitude above 2500m within
two months prior to participation in the study. Each participant reported to the lab on two separate
occasions; a familiarization trial and an experimental trial. The familiarization trial was conducted in
normoxia and consisted of baseline anthropometric measurements including age, height, weight, heart
rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and 7-site skinfold measurements. A submaximal exercise protocol to
determine the VO2/Watt relationship was performed on a cycle ergometer, followed by 20 minutes of
rest. The familiarization trial ended with a VO2 max protocol performed on the cycle ergometer. The
experimental trial was conducted in hypoxia and consisted of initial baseline measurements followed by a
60-minute resting acclimation to normobaric hypoxia. Two 15-minute bouts of submaximal exercise
(40% and 60% of adjusted VO2 max) in hypoxia were separated by 15 minutes of rest. VO2, HR, Oxygen
Saturation (SpO2), BP, regional cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), and cognitive testing (Running Memory
Continuous Performance Task (RMCPT) and Mood State) were assessed during the final 5 minutes of
each stage of exercise in hypoxia, as well as at baseline in both conditions. Repeated measures ANOVA
was utilized for assessing throughput score of RMCPT, total mood disturbance (TMD), VO2, mean
arterial pressure (MAP), HR, SpO2, and rSO2. RESULTS: Significant differences were demonstrated
between men and women for average VO2 max (men: 47.0±7.7 ml/kg/min: women: 40.9±4.6 ml/kg/min),
average adjusted VO2 max (men: 34.2±5.6 ml/kg/min: women: 29.8±3.3 ml/kg/min), 60% watts (men:
101±23 watts: women: 68±10 watts), and 40% watts (men: 52±16 watts: women: 35±10 watts).
Throughput score of RMCPT was significantly higher than hypoxic baseline during both exercise
intensities (40% p=.006: 60% p=.001) although no difference was observed between the two (p=.512).
TMD was significantly improved at 40% (p=.003) but not at 60% (p=.074) and a significant difference
was observed between the two exercise intensities (p=.017). Females exhibited a higher HR compared to
men at each time point (baseline: men: 70.0±7 bpm: women: 85.5±12 bpm: p≤.001: 60%: men:
130.7±13.1 bpm: women: 147±16.6 bpm: p=.006: 40%: men: 110.4±10.6 bpm: women: 132.0±16 bpm:
p≤.001). Men displayed significantly higher MAP than women during 60% exercise (men: 93.0±6.2
mmHg: women: 85.8±8 mmHg: p=.013). No difference in SpO2 or rSO2 was observed between the two
exercise conditions (SpO2: p=.563: rSO2: p=.590). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study
suggest that when compared to rest in hypoxia, an acute bout of low to moderate (40% - 60% VO2max)
exercise in hypoxia improved cognitive functioning and mood state in male and female subjects.
Keywords: Altitude, Cognition, Moderate, Physical Activity
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-8
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
3-L-HYDROXYACYL CO-A DEHYDROGENASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IS INCREASED IN
POORLY CONTROLLED TYPE 2 DIABETES
Ron T Garner (Purdue University), Jessica A Weiss (Purdue University), Timothy P Gavin (Purdue
University)
PURPOSE: In type 2 diabetes (T2D), 46% of patients are poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%) and poor
glycemic control is linked to low skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Previous evidence demonstrated
increased muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in poorly controlled T2D. Two important sites in the
regulation of fatty acid oxidation are β–oxidation and the citric acid (TCA) cycle, which are controlled in
part through the enzymes 3-L-hydroxyacyl co-A dehydrogenase (β-HAD) and citrate synthase (CS),
respectively. Elevations in β–oxidation without concomitant increases in TCA could result in elevated
acylcarnitines, which are linked with poor muscle insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that skeletal
muscle β-HAD activity would be higher and CS activity lower in poor- versus well-controlled T2D.
METHODS: Biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis. Muscle homogenization and
enzyme activities were measured from poor- (N=4) and well-controlled (N=6) T2D patients using
standard procedures. RESULTS: Muscle β-HAD activity was greater in poor- compared to wellcontrolled T2D patients (61.6 ± 12.9 µM/min/g vs. 25.6 ± 2.9 µM/min/g, respectively; p = 0.01). There
was no difference in muscle CS activity between poor- and well-controlled T2D (137.7 ± 19.3 µM/min/g
vs. 96.3 ± 16.5 µM/min/g, respectively; p=0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Increased skeletal muscle fatty acid
oxidation, which has been previously linked with poor glycemic control and low muscle insulin
sensitivity, appears to be due in part to elevated β-oxidation and not differences in TCA capacity.
Keywords: Muscle Biopsy, Metabolism, Skeletal Muscle, Fatty Acid Oxidation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-9
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
COMPARING CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER BODY
NEGATIVE PRESSURE STIMULATION
Jon R. Stavres (Kent State University), Brandon Pollock (Kent State University), Keith Burns (Kent State
University), John McDaniel (Kent State University)
BACKGROUND: Lower body negative pressure stimulation distal to the iliac crest redistributes blood to
the lower extremities resulting in a drop in blood pressure. The use of lower body negative pressure as a
method of unloading baroreceptors has been limited to the lower body and it is unknown as to whether the
physiological responses to lower body negative pressure are the same as the physiological responses to
upper body negative pressure. This is very important considering lower body negative pressure is widely
used as a tool for simulating and studying the physiological responses to human hemorrhaging.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cardiovascular responses to negative
pressure when applied to the upper and lower limbs. METHODS: Twenty healthy participants performed
a protocol to compare the cardiovascular responses to upper body negative pressure and lower body
negative pressure. Participants placed their whole left arm (WA), whole left leg (WL) or a portion of their
left leg that was volume-matched to their arm (VML) into a negative pressure chamber. Participants
remained at rest for 5 minutes to collect baseline data and then each limb was subject to 2 stages of
negative pressure (-30 and -60 mmHg) lasting 5 minutes, each followed by a 3 minute recovery. Heart
rate, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, brachial artery blood flow, brachial artery diameter, and
muscle oxygenation changes in the right (non-negative pressure exposed) forearm were measured
continuously. For each pressure a 2-way analysis of variance (limb condition x time) was used to assess
physiological responses to the negative pressure. Our statistical analysis was separated and analyzed as an
acute response (first 1.5 minutes) and a chronic response (all 5 minutes). RESULTS: Our results
indicated a main of effect of limb for mean arterial pressure (p=.022), and main effects of limb (p=.001),
time (p<.001), and an interaction (p=.047) for brachial blood flow during the first 1.5 minutes of negative
pressure. However, the interaction for brachial blood flow can be explained in the first 15 seconds of
stimulation, when blood flow during WA dropped significantly more than during VML (p=.044), after
which the changes from baseline were similar across WA, VML, and WL. Results also indicated a main
effect of limb (p=.038) for the chronic mean arterial pressure response, and main effects of limb (p<.001)
and time (p<.001) for the chronic blood flow response. Overall, the magnitudes of the cardiovascular
responses to negative pressure were minimal and responses that did exist were similar between the WA,
WL, and VML. CONCLUSIONS: This suggests that there are no differences between the physiological
responses to upper and lower body negative pressure and that the cardiovascular response to
hemorrhaging may not depend upon the location of the hemorrhage.
Keywords: Hemodynamics, Blood flow, Baroreflex, Mean arterial pressure
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-10
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
COLLEGE STUDENTS STUDY HABITS AT A MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY: AN
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Kathryn J. Southard (Iowa State University), Jesse L. Rhoades (University of North Dakota), James R.
Whitehead (University of North Dakota), Tanis J. Walch (University of North Dakota)
Purpose: Sedentary lifestyles are a major public health concern. Our lifestyle behaviors are becoming
increasingly sedentary across domains including work, leisure time, and school-related activities such as
studying. Recent evidence has shown that breaking up sedentary time with short breaks can have
influential health benefits. As such our purpose with this study was to examine current study behaviors in
college students to determine whether they choose active study breaks under naturalistic conditions. We
hypothesized that students will engage in more inactive breaks than active breaks overall, and that there
may be a difference depending on the study environment the student is in, such as a silent study area vs. a
social study area. Methods: 103 male and 61 female students were observed in 2 separate study rooms in
a university library over a 1-week period. 2-hour segments were completed for each room for 2 week days
and 1 weekend day for a total of 12 hours. Observation was conducted using our Systematic Observation
of Breaks (SOBREAK) method, developed based on similar observational methods, such as SOFIT and
SOPARC. Two trained researchers (inter-rater reliability=93%) systematically observed two different
types of study rooms, one silent, and one social, scanning every 30 seconds and recording the number of
active (AB) and sedentary (SB) breaks observed by gender. Types of breaks were operationalized, where
AB included: stretching, getting out of chair, walking, and SB: socializing, cellphone use, snacking,
switching between numerous forms of technology such as pulling out their phone when already using a
laptop while seated. Independent t-tests were used to analyze the data for break use between gender, study
area, time of day, and day of the week. Results: Students engaged in more SB than AB (9.0% vs 4.3%; p
< 0.05). Overall, students were more active in the evening than in the afternoon (4.6% vs. 3.9%; p <
0.05), however, females were more active in the afternoon (4.3% vs. 1.6%; p < 0.001), and males were
more active in the evening (7.6% vs. 3.6%; p < 0.001). More AB occurred in the social study setting than
in the silent setting (4.5% vs. 4.1%; p < 0.001). Students took the most active breaks on a weekend day,
compared to weekdays (5.0% vs. 3.8% vs. 4.1%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study provides
preliminary evidence that SB are abundant in college-aged students. Research has shown that physical
activity is associated with increased productivity while studying, and may improve mood and well-being.
The goal of using this information is to form interventions to break up sedentary time and perhaps
improve health and wellbeing in this population. Interventions could examine specific outcomes such as
energy expenditure and productivity between active and sedentary study times.
Keywords: physical activity, active break, intervention, sedentary
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-11
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
LOW BONE MASS IN MALE EXECUTIVES
Emily Joye Van Wasshenova (University of Toldo), Debra Boardley (University of Toledo), Steven
Freeman (Promedica Physicians Group), Michael Liskai (ProMedica Health System)
Low bone mass frequently leads to osteoporosis that can affect health and quality of life. It is often seen
as affecting mostly women, but men are frequently under-diagnosed and undertreated. Additionally, there
are few studies in young healthy men investigating risk factors associated with low bone mass density
(BMD). PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between low BMD assessed by dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DXA) and risk factors assessed by a comprehensive health physical. METHODS: A
comprehensive physical was performed on 283 men as part of a program offered at a large health system
in Northwest Ohio for business executives. A physical examination and health history, diet evaluation,
assessment of physical fitness (aerobic capacity, strength and flexibility measures), blood analysis, and
DXA scan were performed. Independent t-tests and chi-squares were used to assess differences between
participants with low BMD and those with normal BMD assessed by DXA. RESULTS: 30% of the
participants had low BMD (age: 49.98±8.2). Between the two groups, there were no statistically
significant differences in age, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, cardiovascular fitness,
frequency/duration of physical activity, alcohol intake, calcium intake, smoking status, use of statins,
calcium supplementation, and steroid use (p>0.05). There were statistically significant differences in
vitamin D intake (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Over a quarter of the sample had low BMD diganosed by
the physician as osteopenia, low bone density less severe than osteoporosis. It should be noted that the
average age of men with low BMD was 50 years old, a young age for osteopenia. Although the sample
was small (n=283), it could be assumed that rates of osteopenia may be higher in other populations as this
sample included relatively healthy and well-paid executives. Vitamin D intake was the only risk factor
that had significant differences between men with low BMD and those with normal BMD. Further
research should explore BMD and risk factors in larger samples of men. A better understanding of these
relationships might help identify risk factor(s) that are relatively easy and inexpensive to collect that
would predict those individuals that would most likely require further evaluation. A cost effective
screening approach would help medical providers identify and treat low BMD earlier.
Keywords: osteopenia, DXA, osteoporosis, risk factors
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-12
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
THE EFFECTS OF USING KNEE WRAPS ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE
Cardyl Trionfante (Louisiana State University), Arnold G Nelson (Louisiana State University), Curtis
Fennell (Kent State University), Wahab Aladwani (Kent State University),J. Derek Kingsley (Kent State
University)
Knee wraps have been used to improve squat performance for decades. Their effectiveness to increase a 1
repetition maximum has been documented in lifting records for several organizations. PURPOSE: To
investigate the effects of knee wraps (acutely and over a 2 week training period) on vertical jump
performance. METHODS: 10 healthy active males (Height- 1.74±5.88m, Mass- 86.1±14.6kg, Age- 27±3
years) volunteered to participate in a 2 week vertical jump training study. On three different testing days
(1, 4, and 11) subjects performed 2 sets of 5 vertical jumps with 20 seconds rest between jumps and 5
minutes rest between sets. One set was performed without knee wraps and one set was performed with
knee wraps. On two separate training days, subjects performed 3 sets of 10 vertical jumps with 20
seconds rest between jumps and 5 minutes rest between sets. One group (KW; n=5) performed the sets
with knee wraps and one group (UW; n=5) performed the sets without knee wraps. Vertical jump height
data was collected with a Vertec Device. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine
differences in vertical jump height across group (KW, UW), set, and time (Day 1, 4, 11). Interactions
were considered significant at p?0.05. Paired t-tests were used to examine time interactions with a
Bonferroni correction, while independent t-tests were used to examine group and set interactions for posthoc analysis. RESULTS: A significant 3-way interaction (p=.003) was observed for vertical jump height
such that groups were different on vertical jump height for sets without knee wraps on Day 4 (UW55.986±6.332cm, KW- 62.382±9.646cm) and Day 11 (UW- 56.087±8.851cm, KW-63.805±7.701cm). In
addition, sets without knee wraps were observed to be significantly greater (p<.001) than sets with knee
wraps on all days regardless of group. CONCLUSION: Different from back squat research, knee wraps
do not improve vertical jump performance even though vertical jump with knee wraps increases with
training. Future studies should evaluate different brands of knee wraps and styles of wrapping the knee.
Specifically, the knee wraps used in this study only allowed for 7 revolutions to cover the knee when
using technique described by previous studies; which allowed for 9 revolutions.
Keywords: Power, Countermovement Jump, Back Squat, Ergogenic Aid
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-13
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
THE EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION ON DOMS IN LONG
DISTANCE RUNNERS
Shane Draper (Kent State University), Emily Kullman (Cleveland State University), Ken Sparks
(Cleveland State University), Kathleen Little (Cleveland State University)
Since its transition from clinical medicine to sports medicine in 2007, intermittent pneumatic compression
(IPC) has been steadily gaining popularity as a recovery tool for professional, collegiate, and recreational
athletes. However to our knowledge there have been no studies which have investigated the influence of
intermittent pneumatic compression on serum C – reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, and
perceived pain. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of intermittent
pneumatic compression (IPC) (NormaTec, Newton Center, MA) on muscle inflammation, specifically
CRP levels, perceived pain, and gender after long distance running. METHODS: Ten long distance
runners, five males and five females, ages 18-55 years performed two, 20 mile runs at 70% VO2 max.
Runs were followed by no treatment (control) or IPC treatment for five consecutive days. For the IPC run,
subjects were treated with IPC for one hour immediately following the run and daily for five days
thereafter. During this one hour treatment the subjects where lying down on an examination table in the
supine position. The IPC consisted of boot divided into 5 cells that encompassed the entire leg. Each cell
would compress the limb (at 90 mmHg for cells 1 and 5 and at 100 mmHg for cells 2-4) and then release
in a pulsing manner for thirty seconds moving from the distal end of the limb to the proximal end of the
limb. At the completion of the 30 second pulse the cell would then compress the limb and hold in a static
manner for 1 minute and then would release in a distal to proximal direction. During the control,
participants did not receive any treatment. Serum C – reactive protein (CRP) was measured pre and post
run and daily thereafter for five days for both trials. Perceived pain was assessed using the Management
of Cancer Pain Scale following each 20 mile run and each day thereafter for five consecutive days. Two
way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess treatment differences. RESULTS: Results indicated
CRP levels did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two treatment conditions. Additionally, there were no
gender differences or order effect of treatments when comparing CRP levels. Subjective pain ratings
indicated no significant difference in pain between the two treatment conditions there was an order effect
in that subjects experienced less pain on the second run. There was, however, a significant difference (P =
0.038) in running time when comparing the control run (196.2 minutes) against the treatment run (204.8
minutes). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that CRP levels following long distance running are not
influenced by IPC. The perceived pain results also suggest no significant difference between the two
treatment conditions. Thus, the NormaTec IPC recovery device provided no additional benefit in reducing
CRP levels.
Keywords: Inflammation, NormaTec, Recovery, Runners
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-14
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON FUNCTIONAL SYMPATHOLYSIS
Brandon S. Pollock (Kent State University), Keith Burns (Kent State University), Jon Stavres (Kent State
University), John McDaniel (Kent State University)
BACKGROUND: Previous reports suggest there are gender-specific differences in the level of muscle
sympathetic nervous activity or its influence on central and peripheral vascular responses. These
differences may predispose females to experience reduced tolerance to lower body negative pressure
(LBNP) and greater overall orthostatic intolerance compared to males. PURPOSE: The purpose of this
investigation was to better understand gender differences related to sympathetically induced global
vasoconstriction and functional sympatholysis. METHODS: Ten male and 10 female volunteers with no
significant differences in physical activity, age, and height were recruited for this investigation. For the
duration of the protocol, participants were resting in the supine position. Participants initially performed 3
stages of incrementally increasing handgrip exercise at 15, 30 and 45% MVC with 1 minute of recovery
following each stage. Following a 20 minute recovery, this protocol was repeated with continuous
application of -30 mmHg LBNP distal to the iliac crest. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV),
stroke volume (SV), mean arterial pressure (MAP), brachial artery blood flow (BBF), brachial artery
diameter (DIAM) and forearm muscle oxygenation changes were measured continuously. RESULTS:
Negative pressure increased HR greater for males than females, but minimal gender differences were
observed in the peripheral responses to LBNP at rest and during exercise. However HRV indicated no
significant increases in sympathetic activity in both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: In the present
study -30 mmHg negative pressure was not a strong enough stimulus to elicit significant peripheral
vasoconstriction in our group of young, healthy participants. Therefore we cannot speculate as to whether
gender differences exist in sympathetic vasoconstriction or functional sympatholysis. Future
investigations utilizing more reliable methods of eliciting sympathetic vasoconstriction are needed to
further determine the presence of gender differences in functional sympatholysis.
Keywords: functional, sympatholysis, lbnp, gender
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P1-15
Friday
8:00a-9:45a
QUANTIFICATION OF FORCE PRODUCED DURING UPPER BODY HORIZONTAL
PLYOMETRICS
Karisa D. Laskowski (Western Illinois University), Timothy J. Piper (Western Illinois University),
Miriam N. Satern (Western Illinois University), Mark E. Cole (Western Illinois University),William P.
Ebben (Lakeland College)
Quantifying exercise intensity allows for proper exercise progression. Upper body medicine ball based
horizontal plyometric exercise intensity is not well understood and is likely to be a function of exercise
type and medicine ball mass. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the concentric force
produced during six horizontal upper body plyometric exercises performed with three different medicine
ball masses in order to further understand the intensity of these plyometric exercises. METHODS:
Twenty physically active women (age = 1.30 ± 2.75 years) participated in this study. Test exercises
included the bilateral chest pass (BCP), unilateral chest pass using the dominant (UCPD) and nondominant limb (UCPN), bilateral forward overhead throw (OHT), and the torso rotational pass to both the
left (RPL) and the right side (RPR). All exercises were performed with rubber medicine balls with known
masses of 0.91, 3.63, and 6.80 kg. Subjects performed the test exercises by throwing the medicine balls at
a vertically mounted force platform from a seated position six feet away. Subjects were habituated to and
practiced the test exercises during an initial session. Subjects returned for the testing session and
completed, in random order, two trials of each of the six test exercises using each medicine ball, for a
total of 36 trials. Data were analyzed using a 2-way (6x3) mixed ANOVA with repeated measures, with
Bonferroni adjusted pairwise comparisons used to identify the specific differences. RESULTS: Analysis
reveal differences in kinetic variables for ball mass used [F(2,19) = 4490.12, p ≤ 0.001, η2p = 0.996, d =
1.00], exercise type [F(5,19) = 22.64, p ≤ 0.001, η2p = 0.544, d = 1.00], and the interaction of ball mass
and exercise type [F(10,19) = 10.01, p ≤ 0.001, η2p = 0.345, d = 1.00]. These results indicate that
increased ball mass leads to increased concentric force for each exercise type, with 153.17% (p < 0.001)
more force being produced by the 6.80 kg ball than the 3.63 kg ball. The 6.8 kg ball produces 396.07% (p
< 0.001) more force than the 0.91 kg ball. Lastly, the 3.63 kg ball produces 258.58% (p < 0.001) more
force than the 0.91 kg ball. When comparing differences in concentric force production by exercise type,
OHT is the most intense exercise and produces 104.72% (p < 0.05) more force than RPL, the second
highest force producing exercise. OHT produces 113.59% (p < 0.05) more force than UCPN, which is the
least intense exercise. RPL, UCPD, BCP, and RPR produce similar force with the only difference being
RPL produces 103.04% (p < 0.05) more force than RPR. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to
comprehensively assess upper body horizontal plyometric exercise intensity, and reveals the influence of
medicine ball mass on concentric force production. Therefore, practitioners can use these results to assist
with appropriate exercise and intensity selection when progressing upper body plyometric programs.
Keywords: exercise intensity, stretch-shortening cycle, throws, medicine ball
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-1
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS FOLLOWING 4 WEEKS OF ELLIPTICAL BIKE TRAINING ON
EXPERIENCED RUNNERS
Jordan N. Oddis (Ohio University)
Health, fitness, and running performance can be improved through run training. Although running is
widely utilized, runners have seen high rates of injury. Injuries can lead to the cessation of run training,
and detraining can occur. Various cross-training methods have been employed to attenuate or eliminate
the negative detraining effects that often occur on one’s fitness and performance. A new outdoor elliptical
bike (EBIKE) has been designed to closely emulate the running motion and elicit running-specific
physiological benefits while reducing the impact forces that commonly lead to injury. PURPOSE: To
compare maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation
point (RCP), running economy (RE), and 5,000 m time trial (TT) times, following 4 weeks of EBIKEonly training (ET) and run-only training (RT) in experienced runners. METHODS: Twelve (n = 12)
college-aged runners (males = 6; females = 6) were preliminarily classified as healthy and experienced
via a health and running history screening, body composition assessment (skin fold method), and a graded
VO2max test (GXT) on a treadmill. Each participant then performed a TT on an outdoor 400 m track. The
4-week training period of randomly chosen ET or RT began 24-48 hours after the TT. Following the first
period of training, physiological and performance procedures were repeated. Participants then switched
training modalities and performed a matched (heart rate intensity, duration, frequency, and terrain) 4week training period in a randomized cross-over design. A final testing session took place following the
completion of the second training period. A repeated measures ANOVA (α < 0.05) was utilized to
compare means for all variables at the three testing time points. Paired t-tests compared the percent
change from pre to post for both training modalities. RESULTS: There were no significant differences
among means for VO2max (sig. = 0.235), RCP (sig. = 0.400), RE (sig. = 0.063), or TT (sig = 0.051)
between the ET and RT. VT was significantly greater following either the ET (sig. = 0.024) or RT (sig. =
0.035) compared to the initial time point. The percent change for RE was significantly improved (sig =
0.027) post RT (-1.87 ± 5.06%) compared to post ET (0.86 ± 3.58%). The percent difference for TT times
was significantly greater (sig = 0.022) post RT (-2.38 ± 2.95%) compared to post ET (-0.04 ± 4.31%).
CONCLUSION: In a novel investigation of the EBIKE and running, ET was able to maintain or improve
physiological and performance variables over a 4-week period as compared to RT. These results suggest
that low-impact ET can be utilized by coaches wishing to maintain or improve these factors in an injured
runner. / Research was funded in part by the ElliptiGO Inc. and the Ohio University College of Health
Sciences and Professions Student Research Grant.
Keywords: Cross-training, Injury, Detraining, Performance
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-2
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON VASCULAR FUNCTION IN MIDDLE-AGED
WOMEN.
Wahab Salem Aladwani (Kent State University), Yu Lun Tai (Kent State University), Curtis Fennell
(Kent State University), J. Derek Kingsley (Kent State University)
Aging is associated with increases in peripheral and central aortic blood pressure (BP) due to declines in
vascular health. Researchers have suggested that resistance training (RT) may improve vascular function
in older adults, but the data in middle-aged women are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present
study was to examine vascular function, via pulse wave reflection characteristics, between young women
(YW) and middle-aged women (MW) before and after 12-weeks of RT. METHODS: Sixteen young
(mean±SD; Age: 21±2 yrs; BMI: 24.1±3.8kg/m2) and thirty-two middle-aged (Age: 50±11 yrs; BMI:
30.1±5.9kg/m2) women volunteered for the study. The middle-aged women underwent 12-weeks of RT
using 9 different exercises, 2 times per week, using 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions beginning at 50-60% 1
repetition maximum. Pulse wave reflection characteristics were evaluated using applanation tonometry.
Before RT the group differences in pulse wave reflection characteristics were evaluated with a one-way
analysis of variance with BMI as a covariate (ANCOVA). The effects of RT were evaluated with a
repeated-measures ANOVA. Post-hoc testing utilized paired t-tests. RESULTS: Before RT the young
women had lower brachial diastolic BP (YW: 72±8mmHg; MW: 80±9mmHg, p≤0.005), aortic systolic
BP (YW: 98±10mmHg; MW: 111±16mmHg, p≤0.003) and aortic diastolic BP (YW: 73±8mmHg; MW:
81±9mmHg, p≤0.003), and no differences in brachial systolic BP (p=0.333). The young women also had
reductions in the augmentation index normalized at 75bpm (YW: -1.3±14.7%; MW: 28.3±6.7%,
p≤0.0001), augmentation pressure (YW: 1.6±4.1mmHg; MW: 9.1±4.8mmHg, p≤0.0001), time of the
reflected wave (YW: 164±50.1ms; MW: 136.3±9.0ms; p≤0.001) and wasted left ventricular energy (YW:
357.8±39.9dynes s/cm2; MW: 1616.7±1063.5 dynes s/cm2, p≤0.0001). There were no effects of RT on
any of the variables in the middle-aged women. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the notion that
aging decreases pulse wave reflection characteristics in women. In addition, these data also suggest that
RT for 12-weeks is unable to alter brachial, central aortic BP, or pulse wave reflection characteristics.
Future studies need to address modalities for improving vascular function in the aging population.
Keywords: wave reflection, aging, augmentation index, blood pressure
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-3
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EXAMINING THE ASSOCIATIONS AMONG HEALTH CARE PROVIDER COUNSELING,
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND WEIGHT GAIN
Carrie L. Lusty (Saginaw Valley State University), Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State
University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University), Joshua J. Ode (Saginaw Valley State
University), David M. Callejo (Saginaw Valley State University)
Many pregnant women do not engage in physical activity (PA) and exceed the recommended amount of
weight gain, despite the overwhelming evidence suggesting the importance of each. Health care provider
(HCP) counseling on PA and appropriate weight gain is recommended and may influence the likelihood
of pregnant women engaging in PA and gaining an appropriate amount of weight. PURPOSE: To
examine whether prenatal HCP counseling for PA and weight gain are related to 1) the time since last
pregnancy, 2) engaging in PA, and 3) one another. METHODS: As a part of the Midland County Health
Survey, residents self-reported demographic factors including age, educational level, marital status,
ethnicity, and income. Height and weight were also self-reported. If women reported ever being pregnant,
they were asked to report the number of years since their last pregnancy (dichotomized as ?20 or >20
years ago). Participants reported whether they were counseled about weight gain, and if they were
encouraged to engage in PA by their HCP. Finally, women were asked if they participated in leisure-time
PA during their last pregnancy. Chi Square analyses were used to examine associations among HCP
counseling, time since last pregnancy, and PA participation. RESULTS: Among women reporting ever
being pregnant (n=236), a majority were college graduates (50.6%), married (72.0%), Caucasian (95.7%),
and had an annual household income over $40,000 (68.8%). A majority of women (75.9%) reported being
counseled on weight gain by a HCP, and nearly half (49.3%) reported that a HCP recommended PA.
Overall, 63.6% of women engaged in PA while pregnant. Time since last pregnancy was not significantly
associated with PA HCP counseling (p=.81), or HCP weight gain counseling (p=.89). HCP
encouragement to participate in PA was significantly related to engaging in PA while pregnant (p<.001).
A greater percentage of those counseled on PA received counseling on weight gain (89.0%) than those
not counseled on PA (63.5%) (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings show no difference in the
percentage of pregnant women counseled on PA and weight gain more recently vs. >20 years ago and
highlight the importance of prenatal HCPs recommending PA. While weight gain counseling was related
to PA counseling, more HCPs counseled only on weight gain than PA. In an attempt to improve the
health of pregnant women and their babies, future research should examine barriers to HCP counseling,
particularly with regard to PA counseling.
Keywords: Prenatal, Behavior change, Recommendations, Obstetrics
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-4
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
Dustin Kidd (Saginaw Valley State University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University),
Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State University), Joshua J. Ode (Saginaw Valley State
University),David M. Callejo (Saginaw Valley State University)
Optimal health is achieved through a combination of many health behaviors, including physical activity
(PA). There is some evidence to suggest that health behaviors may cluster within an individual.
Specifically, those who engage in the recommended amount of PA may also be more likely to engage in
other health behaviors. PURPOSE: To examine relationships between various health behaviors and PA.
METHODS: As a part of a behavioral risk factor survey, Midland County residents were invited to
complete an online or paper survey and were asked to self-report demographic data (age, gender,
ethnicity, education, employment status, height, weight) and health behaviors (dietary intake [fruits,
vegetables, soda, alcohol, energy drinks, fruit drinks], sleep smoking status, and moderate-to-vigorous
PA). The sample was dichotomized according to PA recommendations (<150 minutes of moderate-tovigorous PA vs. > 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA). T-tests were utilized to assess differences in
BMI and health behaviors between those who reported meeting PA recommendations and those who did
not. An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Participants
(n=480) had an average age and BMI of 47.3±17.1 years and 29.2±7.3 kg/m2, respectively. A majority of
participants were female (67%), white (95%), completed some college education (85%) and were
employed full-time (65%). Overall, 54% of participants reported participating in at least 150 minutes of
moderate to vigorous PA. Participants who reported meeting PA recommendations had significantly
lower BMI values (p<.001), consumed more daily servings of fruit (p=.001), vegetables (p=.001), less
soda (p<.001) and more alcohol per week (p=.02). There were no significant differences between PA
groups for any of the other health behaviors. CONCLUSION: Meeting PA recommendations may
increase the likelihood of engaging in other healthy behaviors. We found that those who met PA
recommendations had a lower BMI and made healthier choices, particularly with regard to select dietary
behaviors. Interestingly, we also found that, on average, participants meeting PA recommendations
consumed more alcohol per week. Future research should study health behaviors in more diverse samples,
especially with regard to race and education, to better understand the clustering of health behaviors.
Keywords: Epidemiology, Survey, Well-being, Lifestyle Choices
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-5
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION USING THE
FITBIT CHARGE.
Sydney L. Moore (Iowa State University), Teresa M. Frankel (Iowa State University), Yang Bai (Iowa
State University), Laura D. Ellingson (Iowa State University)
Physical inactivity is an increasing problem in the United States today with less than 5% of Americans
meeting the recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate activity per week. Those who are less active
may face health problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, and cancer.
Many interventions have been tested to address physical inactivity, including mass media campaigns,
corporate wellness programs, and community-wide campaigns. The success of these programs is highly
variable and inactivity remains an important issue. Recent attention has been given to commercially
available wearable monitors as a potential avenue for promoting increases in physical activity. Monitors,
like the Fitbit, are designed to inform users about their activity level with the implicit goal of promoting
physical activity and improving health. The popularity of consumer monitors is increasing, but there are
few studies examining their efficacy for improving physical activity. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to test
whether the Fitbit influenced participants’ physical activity levels and whether providing additional
behavior change counseling based on motivational interviewing (MI) techniques enhanced these effects
over a 3-month intervention. METHODS: Fifty-six adults (50% female; age 43.3 ± 9.3) were randomly
assigned to receive a Fitbit (FB, n=19) or a Fitbit in combination with MI (FBMI, n=17). At baseline,
prior to receiving their Fitbits, physical activity was assessed for 7 days using the ActiGraph GT3X+ and
the activPAL3 accelerometers. Approximately one week later, participants returned for a second visit and
were introduced to their Fitbit. Additionally, the FBMI group received a thirty-minute MI session wherein
participants discussed their motivation to change and set a behavioral goal related to physical activity. All
participants received a phone call 1 month later to ascertain how they felt about their Fitbits and the
associated app/software and those in the FBMI group were also queried about their motivation to change
and about progress towards meeting their goals. Primary outcome measures included steps per day
through weeks 1-6. Steps were measured using the Fitbit as well as change in steps per day from baseline
data collected with activPAL. Within- and between-groups comparisons of average steps/day over the
first 6 weeks of the intervention were made using a repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The study
is ongoing. Therefore, we present results from the first 6 weeks of data looking at number of steps taken
per week. Over this time period, the FBMI group significantly increased their steps per day from 8335 ±
3187 to 9390 ± 4259 (p<0.05) and participants in the FB group also significantly increased their steps
from 7797.9 ± 2206 to 9553 ± 2584 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between groups over
the intervention period in the data collected to date. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that
wearable monitors like the Fitbit may be viable tools to promote increases in physical activity, at least in
the short term. At this point in the study, both groups have shown similar improvement in steps,
suggesting that wearing a Fitbit may be sufficient to improve activity levels. However, longer-term
adherence to physical activity is likely necessary to positively impact health and step counts in our two
groups may begin to diverge as the intervention continues.
Keywords: Fitbit, Intervention, Inactivity, Motivational Interviewing
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-6
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
ACTIVE GAMING AS A FORM OF CARDIOVASCULAR EXERCISE IN HEALTHY ADULTS
Mutsa M Godza (IUPUI), Keith E Naugle (IUPUI), Thomas E Ohlman (IUPUI), Alan E Mikesky
(IUPUI),Kelly M Naugle (IUPUI)
The U.S population has adopted an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, which is brought on by various
factors including increased screen time. The introduction of active gaming has shown promise of giving
an individual the ability to be physically active while playing video games. However, more research is
necessary to determine if active gaming alone can help an individual achieve the cardiovascular exercise
recommendations as set forth by the American College of Sports Medicine (150 minutes of moderate
intensity aerobic exercise). PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of time spent in sedentary and
moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during participation in four different active games.
METHODS: Ten (3 males; 7 females) young adults ages 18-32 voluntarily enrolled in this study and
completed five sessions (1 familiarization and four experimental). During each experimental session,
subjects played one of the four following active games for two 15-minute periods: Wii Tennis, Wii
Boxing, Kinect Tennis, and Kinect Boxing. During period 1, subjects played the active game at a selfselected intensity. During period 2, subjects were given standardized instructions designed to maximize
physical activity during game-play and game-related downtime. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
were measured using Borg’s RPE 6-20 scale. Percentage of time spent in sedentary and MVPA were also
measured during game play with accelerometers worn on the wrist of the dominant hand. The outcome
measures were analyzed with 4 Game × 2 Period repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS: Subjects
reported significantly greater RPE during period 1 of Kinect Boxing (10.0±.53) compared to period 1 of
Kinect Tennis (8.7±.4), Wii Boxing (8.7±.4), and Wii Tennis (8.5±.4). Also, RPE was significantly
greater during period 2 for all active games compared to period 1. Subjects spent a significantly greater
percentage of time being sedentary during period 1 (21.9%±3.0) of active game play compared to period
2 (3.4%±1.2). The percentage of time spent in MVPA was greater during period 2 (84.1%±2.9) compared
to period 1 of active game play (60.1%±3.4). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that active games
played at a self-selected intensity are capable of inducing moderate intensity physical activity; however,
approximately 40% of the time spent during game play was categorized as sedentary or light physical
activity. When subjects were given standardized instructions designed to maximize physical activity
during game play, approximately 84% of the time was spent in moderate or vigorous physical activity.
Keywords: Physical, Activity, Accelerometer, RPE
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-7
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
ASSOCIATIONS AMONG PERCENT BODY FAT, TIME SPENT OUTSIDE, AND SLEEP IN
LOW SOCIOECONOMIC CHILDREN.
Luke D. McCormick (Michigan State University), Gabriel Augustin (Michigan State University), Karin
Pfeiffer (Michigan State University), Jim Pivarnik (Michigan State University),Sandra Sellers (Crim
Fitness Foundation)
Research has shown sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality in children to be associated with numerous
adverse outcomes such as increased risk of behavioral issues and impaired academic performance. Excess
body fatness and little time spent outside may be potential contributing factors to reduced sleep time and
poor sleep quality in children; however, there is limited research examining these potential contributing
factors. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if percent body fat and time spent
outside were related to sleep time and sleep quality in children from a low socioeconomic, urban city.
METHODS: Data were collected from nine elementary schools in Flint, MI in grades 4-6. The study
sample consisted of youth (n=464, 51% boys, 85% black) ages 8-13 years. Percent body fat (BF) was
measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Time spent outside (hours/day) (OT) over the last 7
days was self-reported in hours/day. Total sleep time (hours/day) (ST) was determined from self-reported
wake up and sleep time on school days. Sleep quality (SQ) over the last 7 days was self-reported on a 1-4
scale with 4 representing “very good” SQ and 1 representing “very bad” SQ. Physical activity was
measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C; 9 items, scored 1-5). Multiple
linear regression analyses, with and without controlling for age, sex, and race (Caucasian or nonCaucasian) and physical activity, were used to examine associations of BF and OT with ST and SQ.
RESULTS: Mean BMI (21.3 ± 5.6) approximated the 71st percentile, with 18% of the sample
overweight and 26% obese. Mean BF was 25.9 ± 10.3%. The mean OT and mean ST were 2.6 ± 1.6
hours/day and 9.1 ± 1.7 hours/day, respectively. Mean SQ was 3.4 ± 0.8. Results from multiple linear
regression, without controlling for covariates, showed no association among BF and OT with ST (F=0.03,
p=0.97, Adjusted R2=-0.004) or with SQ (F=0.50, p=0.61, Adjusted R2=-0.002). When analyzed
controlling for age, sex, race, and physical activity, results showed that BF and OT were not associated
with ST (F=1.79, p=0.10, Adjusted R2=0.010) or with SQ (F=0.75, p=0.61, Adjusted R2=-0.003).
CONCLUSION: Results showed that percent body fat and time spent outside were not significantly
associated with sleep time or sleep quality in children from a low socioeconomic, urban city. Results from
the adjusted model controlling for age, sex, race, and physical activity were found to show a slightly
stronger relationship with ST and SQ compared to the unadjusted model. Thus, these covariates, and other
variables not included in this investigation, may be more closely related to ST and SQ than percent body
fat and time spent outside. Further research is needed to understand how body composition and time spent
outside may be related to sleep time and sleep quality in children. / / This study was funded by the Crim
Fitness Foundation. /
Keywords: outside time, children, physical activity, sleep
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-8
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON GENDER
Morgan Ryan (Indiana Wesleyan University), Jared Worthman (Indiana Wesleyan University), Melissa
Cook (Indiana Wesleyan University), Aly Williams (Indiana Wesleyan University)
High Intensity Interval Training, (HIIT), is a relatively new approach to exercise programming utilizing
short bursts of activities that are repeated after a brief period of recovery (1). Muscular strength, muscular
endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness have all shown improvement with HIIT. However, men and
women respond to training differently and previous research comparing HIIT between genders has
focused primarily on the cardiorespiratory response (1, 2, 5). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was
to determine if the changes that occur in muscular strength, muscular endurance as a result of HIIT were
significantly different in males compared to females. METHODS: Eighteen participants participated in a
6-week HIIT program which included 18 different HIIT workouts. The one-hour workouts consisted of a
half-hour cardiovascular portion, where the subject ran intervals, 1 minute at 85% of their max heart rate
and then 2 minutes of active rest and a half-hour resistance-training portion. The resistance training
included five exercises each workout and an exercise they performed until failure (3). Data was collected
via pre and post testing. The subjects performed a repetition max bench press and squat test for strength,
along with a wall sit and push-up test for endurance. RESULTS: A repeated measures ANOVA was used
to determine the statistical significance of the changes within subjects and between genders in muscular
strength and endurance. All variables showed significant improvement from pre to post testing at the p <
.05 level. Meanwhile, females showed significant increases in upper and lower body strength compared to
males. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings support previous research suggesting HIIT is an effective
form of training. Exposure to prior exercise modalities could explain the greater improvements in strength
in the female population. Participation in strength training activities is less popular among females
compared to males (4) thus exposing them to a potentially new exercise modality and higher intensities
than what are utilized in endurance activities could explain gender specific strength changes. / /
Keywords: HIRT, Resistance Training, Women, Men
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-9
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
A COMPARISON OF PERCEIVED EXERTION VERSUS ACTUAL EXERTION DURING
EXERCISE
Jacob Beerman (Indiana Wesleyan University), Melissa Cook (Indiana Wesleyan University), Aly
Williams (Indiana Wesleyan University)
A common issue among the physically active population is the incorrect evaluation of the intensity of
exercise that is being performed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a rating scale that allows
individuals to quickly gauge their intensity level without measurement of heart rate or other physiological
factors. Intensity of exercise is important for meeting recommended levels of exercise to improve and/or
maintain health. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate RPE ratings during exercise
compared to actual exertion levels, based on measured heart rate (HR). METHODS: Fifty-six
participants from Indiana Wesleyan Recreation and Wellness Center were asked to participate while
conducting their daily fitness routine. Participants were asked to perform their usual workout and after 5
minutes of sustained effort, researchers collected measured HR, via HR monitor, and participants were
asked to rate their current level of exertion using Borg’s RPE scale. An equation by Pollock, HR = 8.88 x
RPE + 38.2, allows for conversion of RPE into a predicted HR, at that RPE, for comparison to the actual
measured HR. RESULTS: A Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between these
two variables. The results of the study indicate a weak correlation overall (r = .246) between measured
and predicted HR for all subjects. Various subgroups of individuals were analyzed as well. Males and
females both exhibited a moderate correlation (r = .365; r = .388) While participants with an above
normal body mass index (BMI) (r = .450) as well as individuals who were performing resistance training
(r = .401) also displayed a moderate correlation. Meanwhile an overall weak correlation was seen in those
who were of a normal weight (r = .160) and those participating in cardiovascular exercise (r = .232).
CONCLUSION: In general, data suggests that individuals may be unable to accurately predict their
exercise intensity resulting in individuals participating in lower amounts of exercise than is recommended
to improve health and fitness.
Keywords: Heart Rate, RPE, Fitness, Obese
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-10
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
WHAT’S YOUR POWER HOUR? THE EFFECTS OF TIME OF DAY ON EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE
Emily Stearns (Indiana Wesleyan University), Melissa Cook (Indiana Wesleyan University), Aly
Williams (Indiana Wesleyan University), Chloe Anglemyer (Indiana Wesleyan University)
Determining the time of day at which various exercise components peak may not only assist individuals
in reaching optimal performance, but also help them yield more output while consequently leading to
greater long-term advances and fitness gains. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate
the change in exercise performance based on the time of day at which exercise took place. The
components of exercise performance that were evaluated at various times throughout the day included
muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility. METHODS: The sample population for
this study included nineteen college-age students who engaged in a six-week intervention. Each subject
completed three fitness-testing times: one in the morning, afternoon, and evening with each testing time
measuring strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility. An ACSM predicted maximum bench or
leg press test was used to assess strength, a 12-Minute Cooper Run evaluated cardiorespiratory endurance,
and a standard sit-and-reach test measured flexibility. RESULTS: All collected data was averaged for
each fitness testing time and found that strength was greatest in the afternoon while both cardiorespiratory
endurance and flexibility were greatest in the evening. Further statistical analyses were completed using a
repeated-measures ANOVA and pairwise comparisons, revealing that the differences between testing
times for strength were not significant. However, both trends toward significance and actual significance
were seen in cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility performances when comparing morning to
afternoon and morning to evening. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, time of day is, in fact, an important
variable in determining optimal performance for some exercise components. According to the pre-test
demographic information collected from each subject, sixteen of the nineteen participants had preferences
for afternoon or evening exercise. These preferences could have led to greater motivation or enjoyment
during later testing times compared to the morning. It should be noted that this might have been an
influential factor considering results found exercise occurring later in the day to correspond with
increased performance.
Keywords: Circadian rhythm, exercise functioning, exercise testing, physical fitness
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-11
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DYNAMIC, STATIC, AND NO STRETCHING ON PERFORMANCE
OF A GOLF SWING
Dey Alao (Indiana Wesleyan University), Katie Wilson (Indiana Wesleyan University), Aly Williams
(Indiana Wesleyan University)
Golf is a leisurely yet competitive sport in which a golfer’s performance is typically determined by the
quality of his or her swing. Stretching has been known to increase athletic performance and decrease
injury, but the majority of golfers do not stretch. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify
which type of stretching (dynamic stretching, static stretching, or no stretching) that is most beneficial to
improve golf performance. METHODS: Sixteen male participants were analyzed by a Vector Pro
Launch monitor, which measured driving distance, driving accuracy, club head speed, ball speed, and
consistent ball contact. Each participant completed an assigned stretching protocol once a week (static
stretching, dynamic stretching and no stretching protocols) for a total of three weeks. After completing
the stretching protocol, the subject completed five golf swings, with a driver, which were recorded by the
Vector Pro Launch Monitor. There was a 30 second rest period between each swing. The data for each of
the five golf swings were averaged before processing in SPSS. RESULTS: A one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) measure was used to provide mean values for static, dynamic, and control (no
stretching) variables. The alpha level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Static stretching was trending
towards being significant compared to dynamic stretching for driving distance. Static stretching was
significant compared to dynamic stretching and no stretching for club head speed. No significant results
were found for driving accuracy. Static stretching was significant over no stretching for ball speed. Static
stretching compared to dynamic stretching was trending towards significance for ball speed.
CONCLUSION: Although this study was only conducted over a period of three weeks (one day per
week with the last two consisting of static and dynamic stretching), it still yielded significant results to
show that static stretching within these four aspects of a golf swing is beneficial. Various studies show
that stretching every day for a period of four weeks proves to be beneficial in increasing range of motion
and flexibility. The results of this study showed that a singular stretching protocol cannot benefit all
variables that were analyzed. Therefore, golfers should decide which area of their golf performance they
wish to improve, and choose a stretching protocol based on their desired improvement.
Keywords: lengthed muscle, force production, accuracy, precision
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-12
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
THE EFFECT OF DROP JUMP HEIGHT ON POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION
MEASURED BY VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMAMCE
Amy L. Marszalek (St. Ambrose University), Erica G. Thomas (St. Ambrose University)
Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is an enhanced contractile response within the muscles due to prior
voluntary activation that has the potential to be used as a warm-up strategy prior to short, high intensity
activities. The optimal combination of volume, intensity, and rest that results in the greatest performance
improvement when using PAP during a warm-up has yet to be determined. Purpose: The purpose of this
study was to compare the effects of two different drop jump heights on PAP as measured by subsequent
vertical jump performance. It is hypothesized that drop jumps from a 30 inch box will be more successful
in inducing PAP, resulting in increased post-treatment vertical jump performance, than drop jumps
performed from a lower box height of 18 inches. Methods: Thirty-nine female NAIA collegiate
basketball, soccer, and softball athletes (19.6 ± 1.6 yrs) completed three different testing session
protocols. During the first session, the participants performed a pre-treatment vertical jump test and were
familiarized with drop jumps. The second testing session included five drop jumps with rebound from an
18 inch box followed by a post-treatment vertical jump test. The final testing session was the same as the
second, with the exception of the drop jumps being performed from a 30 inch box. Three t-tests were
performed in order to compare data from both treatments to the pre-treatment vertical jump data and the
two treatments to each other. Results: The mean pre-treatment vertical jump was 18.9 ± 2.7 inches while
the 18 and 30 inch treatment means were 18.2 ± 2.6 inches and 18.5 ± 2.5 inches respectively. The p
values comparing each treatment to the pre-treatment data, 0.202 for the 18 inch treatment and 0.451 for
the 30 inch treatment, were not significant. In addition, when comparing the two treatments to each other,
the p value of 0.130 was also not significant. Conclusion: Neither of the drop jump treatments were
found to significantly influence vertical jump performance when compared to the pre-treatment vertical
jump heights. Therefore, these results do not support the use of this volume of 18 inch or 30 inch drop
jumps to induce PAP in collegiate level female athletes and the hypothesis that the 30 inch drop jump
treatment would result in greater vertical jump performance is not supported.
Keywords: warm-up, muscle activation, conditioning contraction, female athletes
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-13
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
THE EFFECT OF MOVEMENT EFFICIENCY ON ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN ADULTS
Hannah E. Dohm (St. Ambrose University)
Many individuals move inefficiently; commonly, individuals will remain unaware of their inefficiency
unless they experience pain or injury. In addition, this could lead to inefficient use of energy. Individuals
may benefit by improving movement efficiency to decrease amounts of energy expended on activities of
daily living and conserve energy for other important tasks. One method of testing movement inefficiency
is the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test by determining movement patterns and compensatory
strategies present. While various methods exist to measure levels of energy expenditure. One simple and
reliable method is the utilization of armband technology. The Body Media SenseWear Pro armband has
been found to accurately measure energy expenditure at moderate levels of activity. PURPOSE: To
determine if scores on the Functional Movement Screening (FMS) test, demonstrating movement
inefficiencies, relate to amounts of energy expenditure in adults. The primary hypothesis was that a
negative correlation exists between FMS score and energy expenditure. In other words, individuals with a
higher FMS score will expend less energy, while individuals with lower FMS scores will expend more
energy. A secondary hypothesis was that individuals with lower FMS scores will perceive themselves to
have higher levels of exertion and individuals with a higher FMS score will perceive themselves to have
lower levels of exertion. METHODS: Participants included 20 subjects, 12 females and 8 males, from St.
Ambrose University (age 30 ±13 years). Each session included a FMS test while wearing a BodyMedia
SenseWear Pro armband. The FMS test is an attempt at a comprehensive display of movement pattern
quality using a grading system that demonstrates movement patterns in normal individuals. The test
consists of 7 movements (Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, In-Line Lunge, Shoulder Mobility, Active Leg Raise,
Trunk Stability Push-Up, and Rotary Stability) scored from 0-3 depending on ability of the participant to
perform the movement. Data collected included a FMS score, energy expenditure (kCal), and global RPE
value. Statistical analyses included two linear regressions in which the data points were inserted into a
scatter plot with a line of best fit to determine presence of a correlation. A p value of < .05 was used to
determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Subject demographic statistics include that the average age
was 30 years old, the average height was 170 centimeters, and the average weight was 73 kilograms. The
average FMS score was 16. The average participant expended 60 kCal during the session. Average RPE
was 2.75. In examination of the correlation between these variables, FMS total score vs. energy
expenditure was not significant: R2 = 0.04522. Total energy expenditure vs. global RPE determined no
significance: R2 = 0.00084. While results did not display significance between these values, the trend
indicates that lower FMS scores can be related to increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSION: Neither
hypothesis was supported due results lacking statistical significance. Further research should be
conducted to determine significance because various populations may benefit from such research. The
significance of this research could involve training programs that can improve movement efficiency and
therefore decrease risk amount of energy expended.
Keywords: Functional Movement Screening, compensatory movement
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-14
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SUPPORT AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS
Ashley L. Ewald (Saginaw Valley State University), Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State
University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University)
While there are many barriers to participation in regular physical activity (PA), older adults appear to
have a particularly difficult time being physically active. Previous research suggests that social support
from friends and family is a strong determinant of PA. PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between
social support from family and friends and light, moderate, and vigorous intensity PA in sedentary older
adults. METHODS: Older adults (50+ years) enrolled in a randomized controlled intervention study
completed a questionnaire prior to randomization that assessed a number of demographic factors
including age, education, marital status, and race. Social support from friends and family related to PA
habits were also assessed. Height and weight were measured objectively and were used to calculate body
mass index (BMI). Participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer for one week on their right hip.
Actigraph data were reduced to express total daily minutes and percent of each day spent in sedentary,
light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the
relationship between social support (friends and family separately) and PA behaviors. All analyses
controlled for education, gender, and marital status. RESULTS: On average, participants (n=69) were
63.8±8.7 years old and BMI values averaged 32.4±8.2 kg/m2. Most participants were Caucasian (80%),
female (73%), married (62%) and attended at least some college (84%). Total daily minutes of sedentary,
light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA averaged 372.8±107.5, 213.3±83.3 and 6.1±6.6, respectively. The
average percentages of each day spent in sedentary, light, moderate/vigorous activity were 68%, 31%, and
1%. There were no significant relationships between familial social support and time spent in sedentary
(p=.75), light (p=.67), and moderate-to-vigorous (p=.26) PA. There were also no significant relationships
between social support from friends and time spent in sedentary (p=.69), light (p=.74), and moderate-tovigorous (p=.42) PA. CONCLUSION: Contrary to available evidence, our findings indicated no
relationship between the amount of social support received from family or friends and any intensity of
PA. However, the potential importance of social support should not be dismissed. The non-significant
findings may have been influenced by the small sample size and the low level and variability in social
support and PA among participants. Future studies should include a larger, more diverse group of
participants to clearly quantify the relationship between social support and PA behaviors.
Keywords: Elderly, Sedentary, Environment, Accelerometry
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-15
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION: MORE THAN A MARKER FOR EXERCISE
INTENSITY?
Peter A. Peterson (University of Wisconsin-Platteville), Srimant Vaddadi (University of WisconsinPlatteville), Mackenzie Novak (University of Wisconsin-Platteville), Abigail E. Fischer (University of
Wisconsin-Platteville),Mariah M. Henderson (University of Wisconsin-Platteville)
Studies consistently show that as plasma lactate levels increase, whether from exogenous lactate infusion
or as a result of exercise, lactate can enter the brain through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).
However, although the brain has been shown to increase lactate production when neuronal activity is
stimulated there is controversy in regard to whether or not increased lactate concentration in the brain can
cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) through MCTs and enter systemic circulation. PURPOSE: To
determine if student blood lactate concentration is related to course exam difficulty. METHODS: Nine
university students (four male and five female) volunteered for this study. Resting blood lactate
concentration was measured in capillary blood before and after two separate course exams using a
portable lactate analyzer. Heart rate was monitored throughout each exam for all subjects using heartrate
monitors. Both exams were taken on the same day of the week and at the same time of day. Diet and
distance walked before each exam was controlled for each subject. Subjects were also asked how much
time he or she studied before each exam to ensure that study time was not causing a significant effect on
exam score. Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used to determine correlation for exam grade vs.
change in blood lactate concentration during each exam and exam grade vs. study time. A Pearson
Correlation Coefficient was also used to determine if there was a correlation between heart rate and blood
lactate concentration as heart rate has been shown to increase in the presence of catecholamines during
mental stress, and an increase in catecholamines may also cause an increase in peripheral lactate
production. Paired T-tests were used to compare means of the two exam scores and the change in blood
lactate concentration between the two exams. RESULTS: The Pearson Correlation Coefficients resulted
in R2=-0.2440, p=0.037; R2=-0.0004, p=0.958; R2=-0.0396, p=0.428 for exam grade vs. change in blood
lactate concentration during each exam, exam grade vs. study time, and heart rate vs. lactate, respectively.
The average change in blood lactate concentration was 1.28 mM and 0.64 mM for exams I and II
respectively, p=0.639. The average grade percentage was 75.5% and 74.8% for exam I and II
respectively, p=0.799. CONCLUSION: The major finding from this study was that the change in blood
lactate concentration was the greatest predictor of exam score compared to all other variables measured,
including study time. If it is assumed that students scoring lower on an exam is an indicator of exam
difficulty for that student, then the negative correlation of exam grade to blood lactate concentration
suggests that the more difficult the cognitive task the greater the blood lactate concentration. This
phenomenon parallels exercise in that increased exercise intensity (difficulty) generally results in greater
blood lactate concentration. Although the flux of lactate across the BBB was not measured in this study
the results appear to agree with past research on rats that have found neuronal stimulation to increase
brain lactate concentration which can cross the BBB and increase blood lactate concentration. A
limitation to this study is the number of subjects as the Pearson Correlation Coefficient is most effective
with a sample size of at least 30 subjects and may be the reason for the low correlations found in this
study.
Keywords: monocarboxylate transporters, blood brain barrier, exam difficulty, neuronal stimulation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-16
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE ACUTELY REDUCES CENTRAL BLOOD
PRESSURE AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
Erika Ivey (Taylor University), Emily Snyder (Taylor University), Kelsey Arvin (Taylor University),
Josiah Furrow (Taylor University), Matthew Harber (Taylor University)
While exercise is generally positively associated with cardiovascular health, exercise mode and intensity
have divergent effects on central blood pressure (cBP) and arterial stiffness. High intensity interval (HI)
exercise is increasing in popularity due to its profound effects on aerobic capacity and markers of health,
however it is unclear how this form of exercise acutely influences cBP and arterial stiffness. PURPOSE:
To examine the acute effects of moderate intensity continuous (MOD) and high intensity interval (HI)
exercise on central BP and arterial stiffness. METHODS: Ten, recreationally active, pre-menopausal
women (Age 44±1 yr; BMI 25.4±1.0 kg/m2; VO2max 29±2 ml/kg/min) performed two experimental
trials in a randomized order. Trials differed only in the exercise performed. Exercise was performed on a
treadmill and trials were matched for energy expenditure and consisted of either 40 min at 70% HRR
(MOD) or four four-minute intervals at 90% HRR separated by three-minute intervals at 70% HRR (HI).
Measurements of cBP and arterial stiffness were performed in duplicate at rest and 15 (Post15) and 30
(Post30) min post-exercise. Brachial blood pressure was obtained manually via the ausculatory method
while parameters of cBP were derived using pulse wave analysis via applanation tonometry at the radial
artery. Central (carotid to femoral artery) and peripheral (femoral to dorsalis pedis artery) arterial stiffness
were measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV) via applanation tonometry. RESULTS: Central systolic
blood pressure (cSBP), augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), central pulse pressure
(cPP), and peripheral PWV were lower (P<0.05) after exercise, independent of exercise trial. The change
in cSBP and AIx was greater (P<0.05) in HI at both Post15 and Post30 while the change in AP and
peripheral PWV was greater (P<0.05) in HI at Post15 only. No changes were observed for AIx
normalized to HR75 or central PWV in response to exercise or between trials. CONCLUSION: High
intensity interval exercise elicited more robust positive effects on central blood pressure and peripheral
arterial stiffness compared to a moderate-intensity continuous exercise session matched for energy
expenditure. These data support the use of HI as an effective modality to improve vascular health in premenopausal women.
Keywords: Pulse Wave Velocity, Augmentation Pressure, Applanation Tonometry, Augmentation Index
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-17
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIET DURING A UNIVERSITY INCENTIVEBASED WEIGHT LOSS CHALLENGE
Casandra T. Ford (Saginaw Valley State University), Melissa A. Jones (Saginaw Valley State University),
Elizabeth A. Ballien (Saginaw Valley State University), Jessica E. Kiss (Saginaw Valley State University)
Corporate wellness programs present an opportunity for employees to engage in healthy lifestyle habits
that may lead to the prevention or control of chronic conditions. Lucrative programs offer the possibility
for employees to participate in activities that will help them reach their physical activity, diet, and health
and wellness goals. PURPOSE: To determine if moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and/or total physical
activity (TPA) along with diet monitoring increased during a university incentive-based Weight Loss
Challenge (WLC). METHODS: After finalizing the 10-week WLC, 16 participants completed a survey
that assessed PA participation and diet prior to and during the WLC. MET/MIN quantified amount of PA
(MPA=4 METS, VPA=6 METS). TPA was calculated by adding MPA and VPA. The following variables
were created: MET/MIN for MPA, VPA, and TPA prior to and during the WLC. To determine change in
diet, participants were asked to report the frequency and components of their diet they monitored prior to
and during the WLC. Additionally, the difference in pre-post WLC weight was calculated. Several paired
samples t-tests were conducted to compare: the like intensity variables prior to and during the WLC, prepost WLC weight, and to determine if the number of days participants monitored their diet changed prior
to and during the WLC. Finally, the components of diet that were monitored were reported as frequencies,
along with percent change prior to and during the WLC. RESULTS: MPA MET/MIN, VPA MET/MIN,
and TPA MET/MIN did not increase significantly (ρ=0.069; ρ=0.288; and ρ=0.101, respectively),
although the number of days participants monitored their diet did increase significantly (ρ<0.001). The
leading components of diet that were monitored substantially more during the WLC included fat (300.0%
increase), alcohol (166.7% increase), salt (150.0% increase), calories from fat (100.0% increase), fast
food (100.0% increase), and high cholesterol foods (100.0% increase). Weight significantly decreased
over the WLC (-4.6±5.8 lbs.). CONCLUSION: Overall, the change in days participants monitored their
diets and the components of their diets they monitored may have provided a significant factor in weight
loss. Although there was a significant change in weight, a greater amount of weight may have been lost if
MPA and VPA increased significantly.
Keywords: Corporate, Wellness, Programs, Health
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-18
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF 4TH GRADE STUDENTS USING PEDOMETERS FOLLOWING
THE BEST FOOT FORWARD PROGRAM
Jenny K. Tith (Eastern Michigan University), Ronald L. Gibbs, Jr. (Michigan State University), Marcy
Kinzer (Playmakers Fitness Foundation), Rob Antcliff (Playmakers Fitness Foundation),Rebecca W.
Moore (Eastern Michigan University)
Pedometers are often used in school-based interventions, including before school programs, to measure
physical activity (PA). It is recommended that girls and boys 6-12 years old take 12,000 and 15,000 steps
per day, respectively, to meet PA needs (Tudor-Locke, 2003). PURPOSE: To determine if Best Foot
Forward (BFF) program participants meet pedometer recommendations for youth 6-12 years old.
METHODS: The BFF program was a 9-week intervention that met once a week before school and
consisted of PA and nutrition lessons. Participants also completed 20-minutes of PA through playing
games in a gymnasium each week. Seventy-five 4th graders (10.1±0.4 yrs; 37 girls, 38 boys) from Eaton
Rapids, Michigan were initially enrolled in the BFF program. Anthropometrics (height, weight) were
measured and BMI percentile was calculated using CDC criteria during Week 9. Pedometers were
distributed to participants during Week 8. Participants were instructed on how to wear the pedometers to
record steps at the end of each day. Participants wore the pedometers for 7 days. To be included in the
analysis, participants needed to wear the pedometer for 8 hours a day on 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day
during the week of measurement. Mean steps per day were calculated for all days that participants met
wear time criteria. One-way t-tests were used to compare mean steps per day from the BFF participants to
the recommended steps per day for girls (12,000 steps/day) and boys (15,000 steps/day). RESULTS: Of
the 75 participants enrolled, 22 were absent during Week 8 and did not receive a pedometer. Of the 53
who received a pedometer, only 19 (10 girls, 9 boys) met the wear time criteria and were included in the
analysis. Average height, weight, and BMI percentile from Week 9 for the 19 participants included in the
analyses was 140.7±5.5cm, 41.3±10.1kg, and 73.1±30.7, respectively. Boys had a mean step count of
13,755.9±2208.6 steps/day. Girls had a mean step count of 12,542.2±3636.5 steps/day. For both boys
(p=0.130) and girls (p=0.649), no significant difference was found between mean steps per day from BFF
participants and current recommendations. CONCLUSION: Following the BFF program, both boys and
girls met pedometer recommendations for youth. However, although not statistically significant, boys did
not reach 15,000 steps per day and caution should be used interpreting the results due to not having
baseline pedometer data. However, the results of this study are promising and indicate that the BFF
program can potentially make a positive impact on PA. One limitation to this study was low pedometer
compliance by participants. It is difficult to truly understand the impact of the BFF program on PA with
such a small sample size. / / MDCH 20142061-00 /
Keywords: Children, Youth, Measurement, Intervention
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-19
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDBACK ON SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR AND MOOD: AN
INTERVENTION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Austin J. Waite (Iowa State University), Laura E. Francois (Iowa State University), Laura D. Ellingson
(Iowa State University)
Prolonged sedentary behavior is associated with negative health outcomes. Many behaviors with the
potential for long-term health consequences are established during late adolescence and early adulthood
and some evidence suggests that sedentary behavior may be prevalent in this population. Publications
have called for interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors. However, the efficacy of the few
interventions conducted to date is unclear. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to explore the effect of
vibrotactile feedback on sedentary behavior under free-living conditions in college-aged men and women
and to examine the influence of this intervention on mood. METHODS: Male and female college
students (age: 18-24 years) were randomly assigned to either an intervention group involving
VibroTactile Feedback (VTF) or a minimal education control (MEC) group over a 6-week intervention
with a 4-week follow-up. Sedentary and active behaviors were assessed during waking hours at baseline,
week 6, and follow-up using ActivePAL3TMVT (VTaP) and Active Graph GT3X+ monitors. Following
baseline, all participants received education regarding the risks of sedentary behavior. The experimental
group also received three weeks (weeks 2, 4, and 6) of a small vibration (VTF) via the VTaP after
exceeding 30 minutes of sedentary time during waking hours. Participants also completed the Profile of
Mood States pre and post-intervention. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess group
differences and within group changes in sedentary behavior. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated to
examine group differences in mood change over the intervention. RESULTS: Total sedentary time did
not decrease significantly for either VTF or MEC. However, participants in the VTF group significantly
decreased the amount of sedentary time they accumulated in longer bouts (>30 mins) by -68.4 ± 102.1
mins/day, (p=0.021) and this decrease was maintained at follow-up (-80.9 ± 95.9 mins/day, p=0.006).
There were no significant changes in sedentary time for MEC or between-groups differences. For mood,
there was a moderate difference between groups (d=0.65) for change in total mood disturbance over the
intervention, with VTF showing a small decrease (d=0.17) and MEC showing a small increase (d=0.23).
CONCLUSION: Use of real-time feedback was effective for breaking up sedentary time in a small
sample of college students. Thus, incorporating forms of feedback now available from current technology
(e.g. cell phones, wearable devices) may be effective for reducing sedentary time and improving health
outcomes. Further, decreases in prolonged sedentary time appeared to positively influence mood
suggesting that more frequent breaks in sedentary behavior may have mental health-related benefits.
Research is needed concerning the impact of feedback on sedentary time as well as the impact of
sedentary interventions on mood using larger sample sizes among diverse populations and over a longer
duration. / /
Keywords: Sedentary, Feedback, Intervention, Young Adults
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-20
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
IS ELLIPTICAL BIKE TRAINING SUBJECTIVELY SIMILAR TO RUN TRAINING IN
EXPERIENCED RUNNERS?
Julia R. Filby (Ohio University)
Running is a very popular form of exercise. Impact related running injuries are common in the running
population, which can cause periods of inactivity. As a further result, detraining and depression can occur.
Cross-training is used in an attempt to maintain physical fitness and performance, but current methods
lack the specificity of the running movement, often require greater perceived effort (RPE), and are rated
as less enjoyable compared to running. An innovative elliptical bike offers a running-similar, low impact
cross-training option. PURPOSE: To subjectively compare 4-week training periods of elliptical bikeonly training (ET) and run-only training (RT) on RPE, enjoyment (ENJOY), and muscle soreness (SORE)
variables in experienced runners. METHODS: Twelve (n = 12) runners, ages 18-31, performed an initial
testing session and were classified as healthy and experienced runners via a health and running history
screening, incremental VO2max test (GXT) on a treadmill, and a 5,000 m time trial (TT) performed on a
standardized 400 m outdoor track. Each participant was then randomly assigned 4 weeks of either ET or
RT. Each week during the training periods, RPE, ENJOY, and SORE levels were assessed. The testing
procedures were repeated 24-48 hours following completion of the first training period. Each participant
then preformed a second training period matched for intensity and duration in the cross-over design. A
final testing session was conducted at the completion of the second training period. Whole, lower, and
upper body RPE were measured immediately following each GXT and TT. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests
compared the RPE, SORE, and ENJOY between training modalities following the GXT and TT. A
Friedman’s test (? < 0.05) was utilized to compare means ± S.D. for all three testing time points for RPE.
RESULTS: Lower body RPE was significantly greater (z = -2.56, p = 0.011) during the GXT following
ET (19.09 ± 0.83) compared to the initial time point (17.72 ± 1.62). There were no significant differences
for any measurement of RPE, SORE, or ENJOY, except lower body SORE levels were significantly
lower (z = -2.40, p = 0.016) for ET (0.56 ± 0.72) compared to RT (0.84 ± 0.73). CONCLUSION: This
study suggests that the new EBIKE is subjectively similar to running in this group of experienced runners
over a 4-week training period. Greater perceived effort could initially be required when returning to
running. Athletes, coaches, and fitness instructors can prescribe the elliptical bike as a subjectively similar
training method with a low risk of impact related injuries and lower body SORE. / Research was funded
in part by the ElliptiGO Inc. and the Ohio University College of Health Sciences and Professions Student
Research Grant.
Keywords: enjoyment, cross-training, injury, soreness
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-21
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
COMPARISON OF MOTIVATION SOURCES AND FUTURE SPORT PARTICIPATION
AMONG COLLEGIATE FOOTBALL ATHLETES
Alex Ritchie (University of Indianapolis), Elaina Voss (University of Indianapolis), Urska Dobersek
(University of Indianapolis), K. Lee Everett (University of Indianapolis),Mindy Hartman Mayol
(University of Indianapolis)
Internal and external factors play a vital role in one’s performance whether contributing to growth as a
competitor or acting as a physical or mental hindrance in one’s performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of
this study was to examine the levels of sport motivation and future intention to participate in their sport
either competitively or recreationally once graduated among collegiate football athletes. METHODS:
Student-athletes (between ages 18 and 23) from one NCAA Division II football team [(N = 103; freshmen
n = 45; sophomores n = 20; juniors n = 21; seniors n = 17)] volunteered to complete the paper-based and
self-reported Sport Motivation Scale II (SMSII) (Pelletier et al., 2013) and a demographic questionnaire.
This 18-item SMSII measured six psychological constructs relating to sport motivation including intrinsic
regulation (IR), integrated regulation (INTR), identified regulation (IDR), introjected regulation (ITR),
extrinsic regulation (ER) and amotivated regulation (AMR). Items were measured on a 7-point Likert
scale (1 = Does not correspond at all to 7 = Corresponds exactly) with summed construct scores ranging
from 3 to 21. Two independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data. An alpha level of 0.05 was
set for statistical significance. RESULTS: Among the athletes who answered yes to playing
competitively after graduating and those who answered no, there were statistically significant differences
on four sport motivation constructs: IR [t(103) =5.09, p<.001], INTR [t(103) =2.40, p=.018], IDR [t(103)
=2.24, p=.028] and AMR [t(103) =-2.61, p=.010] with those who answered yes scoring higher on IR
[(M=19.22, SD=2.84; M=15.41, SD=4.36))], INTR [(M=18.33, SD=3.20); M=16.11, SD=4.40)] and IDR
[(M=18.44, SD=2.50); M=16.93, SD=4.07)] and lower levels of AMR [(M=6.33, SD=4.37; M=9.04,
SD=4.68)]. Between football athletes who answered yes to playing recreationally after graduating and
those who answered no, there was a statistically significant difference on IR [t(103) =2.69, p=.008] with
those who answered yes demonstrating a higher level of IR [(M=17.63, SD=3.78; M=15.39, SD=4.58)].
No significant differences were demonstrated between those athletes who responded yes to competing
within their sport after graduation and those who responded no on ITR and ER (p > .05) and between
those athletes who responded yes to competing within their sport after graduation and those who
responded no on INTR, IDR, ITR, ER and AMR (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggested higher
levels of the more intrinsically regulated sources of motivation (IR, INTR and IDR) and lower levels of
the least favorable source of motivation (AMR or a lack of motivation) in those football players who
intended to play their sport competitively after graduating versus those who did not intend to do so. Study
results also illustrated higher levels of IR between football players who answered yes to playing their
sport recreationally after graduating versus those who answered no. A commonality was seen in IR in
both the competitive and recreational intention to participate. Intrinsic motivation, a highly selfdetermined motivation type, focuses on competing in a sport to reach internal satisfaction and enjoyment
which may lead to enhanced performance and sustainable motivation levels. This finding warrants further
investigation into how perceptions of future plans may shape one’s motivation levels within their sport. / /
(Funding: UIndy InQuery Collaborative Grant) /
Keywords: Sport Psychology, Intrinsic Regulation, Intention, Future Plans
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-22
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
STATE SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-OBJECTIFICATION BETWEEN MORE AND LESS
OBJECTIFIED SPORTS
Lindsey Bryant (University of Indianapolis), Beth Ransford (University of Indianapolis), Urska Dobersek
(University of Indianapolis), K. Lee Everett (University of Indianapolis),Mindy Hartman Mayol
(University of Indianapolis)
According to objectification theory, (sexual) objectification contributes to psychological (e.g., shame,
surveillance) and mental health related issues (e.g., depression, eating disorders; Fredrickson & Roberts,
1997). Most of the research related to objectification and self-objectification has been done with college
female population. Understanding of the underlying processes and conceptualization of selfobjectification among males is scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine how
society’s sexual objectification of male and female college athletes is related to differences in state selfesteem and self-objectification employing the objectification theoretical perspective. METHOD: One
hundred fifty one athletes (nmales = 70, nfemales = 81) with ages between 18 and 23 (M = 19.62, SD =
2.12) from five NCAA Division II teams volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed
the self-reported measures to acquire their demographic information, state self-esteem, shame, and
surveillance levels. The 20-item State Self-Esteem Scale measures social, appearance, and performance
self-esteem at a given point in time on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = not at all to 5 = extremely). The 8item Body Surveillance subscale and the 8-item Body Shame subscale of the Objectified Body
Consciousness scale were used to measure surveillance and body shame, respectively, on a 7-point Likerttype scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Previous studies indicated that athletes from
certain sports are more objectified than others (Clavio & Eagleman, 2011). Classification of the five
sports into more objectified athletes (MOAs) and less objectified athletes (LOAs) was done using prior
researchers’ findings regarding which sports are more and less objectified by the media and peers
(Varness et al., 2013). Swimming/diving, tennis, and volleyball were identified as MOAs (n = 59), and
basketball and soccer were identified as LOAs (n = 46). Males and females tend to have different
qualitative perceptions of their body and body-related concepts. As such, an independent-samples t-test
was used to examine the gender differences on the dependent variables. RESULTS: There was a
statistically significant difference on appearance self-esteem between males (M = 23.63, SD = 4.30) and
females (M = 21.70, SD = 4.74); t(149) = 2.59, p = .01. Therefore, gender was used as a control variable
in the main analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant
difference between MOAs (M = 21.22, SD = 4.97) and LOAs (M = 23.83, SD = 4.03) on appearance state
self-esteem F(1, 105) = 5.53, p = .021, after controlling for gender. There was no statistical differences
between MOA and LOA on performance state self-esteem, F(1, 105) = 0.14, p = .908, social state selfesteem, F(1, 105) = 0.84, p = .361, surveillance, F(1, 105) = 0.16, p = .69 and shame, F(1, 105) = 2.66, p
= .11. CONCLUSION: Overall, study findings suggested that athletes in MO environments had lower
appearance state self-esteem compared to athletes in LO environments after controlling for gender. These
findings add to the current literature in broadening an understanding of self-objectification experiences
among female and male collegiate athletes. Coaches and sport psychology consultants should be mindful
of the consequences that participation in MO and/or LO sports presents. / / (Funding Source: University
of Indianapolis InQuery Collaborative Grant) /
Keywords: Sport Psychology, Collegiate Athletes, Body Shame, Body Consciousness
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P2-23
Friday
10:00a-11:45a
EFFECTS OF DIFFERING LOWER BODY WARM-UP ON PLASMA VOLUME
Heather L. Senica (University of Indianapolis), Tyler R McGunegill (University of Indianapolis), Charles
L. Brauchla (University of Indianapolis), Sydney R Rusboldt (University of Indianapolis),Matthew D
Beekley (University of Indianapolis)
Changes in plasma volume are important to document, since hemoconcentration of blood constituents,
such as hormones, during or after movement, can drastically affect measurement results. Changes in
plasma volume are calculated from changes in hemoglobin and hemotacrit. Changes in plasma volume
have not been noted after differing warm-up methods. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to
examine the changes in plasma volume via changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit after four different
warm-up methodologies. METHODS: Subjects were healthy males (n=5) and females (n=5), ages 19-47,
mean height 175.2 cm, mean weight 71.3 kg, who visited the lab on four separate days. Subjects were
initially checked for dehydration by examining urine specific gravity (if > 1.02, subjects were asked to
rehydrate and return another day). Subjects then performed either of two types of lower body warm-up
(dynamic (D) or static stretching (S)) or two types of control warm-up (controlling for changes in body
position without actual stretching (DC or SC)). Static stretching included calf wall, side quadriceps,
sitting toe-touch, and supine knee flex stretches; dynamic stretching included calf raises, slow butt-kicks,
leg swing to opposite hand, and knee tuck. All warm-ups/controls lasted the same time duration.
Immediately prior to and after the warm-up, middle fingers on the dominant hand were punctured for
measurement of hemoglobin (Hgb – using Hemocue device, in quadruplicate) and hematocrit (Hct –
using Statspin centrifuge, in triplicate). Hgb and Hct measures were corrected for trapped plasma, and
plasma volume changes were then calculated by known formula. All statistical analysis was done by
repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Subject urine specific gravity did not differ amongst visits
(mean ± SD; D - 1.011± 0.006, DC - 1.010 ± 0.004, S – 1.011 ± 0.005, SC – 1.013 ± 0.004, p> 0.40).
Only D resulted in significant changes (p < 0.05) in Hgb (13.45±1.80 to 14.56±1.64 mg/dl) and Hct
(38.3±5.3 to 43.6±4.1%) from pre to post-test, respectively. This change also resulted in the calculated
percent changes in plasma volume being significant (p < 0.05) only in the D condition (% plasma volume
change for D = -14.90 ± 3.17%, DC = +0.17 ± 4.85%, S = -3.51 ± 6.66%, SC = +0.54 ± 4.21%). Changes
in Hgb and Hct and percent change in plasma volume were not significant in the DC, S, and SC
conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Lower body dynamic warm-up, commonly used amongst athletes, but not
static stretching warm-up, results in small but significant changes in plasma volume.
Keywords: Blood volume, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Dynamic warm-up
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-1
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
EFFECTS OF TIME SPENT AT ALTITUDE IN ECUADOR: A CASE STUDY.
Sydney R Rusboldt (University of Indianapolis), Heather L Senica (University of Indianapolis), K Lee
Everett (University of Indianapolis), Matthew D Beekley (University of Indianapolis)
Altitude has some purported effects on physiology, including polycythemia and anorexia for normal sealevel dwellers. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to follow a single subject (normally sea-level
dwelling) participating in a trip to the mountains of Ecuador to examine his nutritional, physical, and
physiological responses. METHODS: The subject was an otherwise healthy male, age 22 years, who
regularly exercises (> 300 mins/week). He spent 20 days in Quito, Ecuador (9350 ft), with 5 of those days
at > 10,000 ft (14,000 - 18,000 ft). Measurements were taken three days before leaving and the day after
the subject returned. RESULTS: The subject lost weight during time at altitude (pre – 97.7 kg; post –
93.6 kg); however, a seven-site skinfold measure (Jackson-Pollock equation) indicated little loss in
percent body fat (pre – 10.03%; post – 9.63%). Interestingly, although the subject spent 20 days at ~
10,000 ft and 5 days well above 10,000 ft, hemoglobin and hematocrit did not appear to change ([each
number is a mean of four measurements]: pre – Hgb 16.7 mg/dl, Hct 45.0%; post - Hgb 16.2 mg/dl, Hct
45.5%). (The subject was not dehydrated during either blood measure as noted by urine specific gravity
measures (pre – 1.008; post – 1.018)). Diet for the five days > 10,000 ft was analyzed (via
MySupertracker) and compared to diet for the other 15 days on the trip. The subject ingested substantially
less calories (4358 vs 2738 kcals), protein (141 vs 86 g), and carbohydrates (542 vs 358 g) and fell below
recommendations for calcium, vitamin C, and magnesium, while at > 10,000 ft compared to 9350 ft.
CONCLUSIONS: Time spent at altitude may not always produce polycythemia, but induces an anorexia
that can cause weight loss, including muscle loss.
Keywords: Polycythemia, Anorexia, Diet, Body composition
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-2
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
SELF-COMPASSION BETWEEN TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL ATHLETES
Beth Ransford (University of Indianapolis), Lindsey Bryant (University of Indianapolis), Urska Dobersek
(University of Indianapolis), Mindy Hartman Mayol (University of Indianapolis),K. Lee Everett
(University of Indianapolis)
Numerous studies suggested personality differences between athletes participating in different sports.
Some researchers demonstrated that team sport athletes were more dependent, extroverted, and agreeable,
and less conscientious, imaginative, emotionally stable, and open to new experiences compared to
individual sport athletes (Allen, Greenlees, & Jones, 2011; Nia & Besharat, 2010). Others found no
significant differences between team and individual sport athletes on neuroticism, extraversion, openness,
and agreeableness (Ilyasi & Salenhian, 2011; Nia & Besharat, 2010). PURPOSE: The purpose of this
study was to examine differences between collegiate athletes involved in individual and team sports on
self-compassion – a concept in its infancy compared to other psychological constructs such as selfesteem. According to Neff and colleagues (Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007; Neff, Rude, & Kirkpatrick,
2007), self-compassion is composed of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. It tends to be
positively associated with happiness, optimism, curiosity, exploration, and positive affect (Neff, 2009).
Based on the previous literature, it was hypothesized that athletes playing team sports would score higher
on self-compassion ¬compared to athletes playing individual sports. METHODS: Two hundred and one
athletes with ages between 18 and 23 (M = 19.68, SD = 1.35) from six NCAA Division II teams
volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes were asked to complete two self-reported measures in
order to obtain demographic information and self-compassion levels. The Short 12-item Self-Compassion
Scale (Neff, 2003) was used to measure self-compassion. It consists of six subscales (self-kindness,
common humanity, mindfulness, self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification) each of which are
measured on a 5-point Likert-scale (1 = almost never to 5 = almost always). Volleyball, soccer, and
basketball were considered team sports (n = 87) and swimming/diving, wrestling, and track and
field/cross country were considered individual sports (n = 114). RESULTS: An independent-samples ttest was used to test the differences between team and individual sports on self-compassion. There was no
statistically significant difference between individual (M = 3.14, SD = 0.63) and team sports (M = 3.26,
SD = 0.64) on self-compassion construct, t(199) = -1.36, p = .19. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings
of this study suggested that regardless of whether athletes were involved in team or individual sports,
their levels of compassion towards themselves were not different. There may be numerous reasons for this
finding including personality differences for which we did not control. Future research is warranted in
order to develop a broader understanding of the role self-compassion plays among athletes. / / (Funding
Source: University of Indianapolis InQuery Collaborative Grant) /
Keywords: Sport Psychology, College Population, Mindfulness, Self-Judgment
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-3
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
STATIC STRETCHING ON SQUAT PERFORMANCE IN DIVISION I FEMALE ATHLETES
Clare Heisey (Kent State University), J. Derek Kingsley (Kent State University), Curtis Fennell (Kent
State University), Hayden Gerhart (Kent State University),Yu Lun Tai (Kent State University)
Static stretching (SS) is recognized as a method of preparation for physical activity that may enhance
performance and reduce injury. Recent research combats this long-standing assumption by indicating that
SS either inhibits or has no effect on resistance exercise performance. However, research has not
controlled for gender differences or the more practical approach of utilizing multiple sets when examining
the effects of SS on the back squat exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between SS and the fatigue index (FI) of Division I female athletes during multiple sets of the
back squat. METHODS: Eighteen subjects (Age: 20±1 yrs; Ht: 1.65±.015m; Wt: 74.1±27kg) participated
in 3 testing days over the course of 3 weeks. Each subject’s one repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed
during the first day of testing and verified during the second day of testing. On the third testing day,
subjects were assigned to either a stretch condition (SC) or control condition (CC). A sit-and-reach test
was performed before and after each condition. Those in the SC underwent three different stretches
(gluteal muscles, quadriceps and hamstrings). Subjects performed each stretch bilaterally for a period of
30 seconds for each stretch, followed by a 10-second rest interval. Total time of stretching was 7 minutes
and 50 seconds. Subjects in the CC rested in a chair for the same duration. Subjects then performed a
fatiguing squat protocol consisting of 4 sets of maximum repetitions at 80% of the 1RM. Three minutes
of rest was given between sets. The load, the number of repetitions and the fatigue index were calculated
for each subject. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the two groups at baseline. A two-way
ANOVA was used to assess condition (SC, CC) across time (before, after) and interactions on the sit-andreach. If the interaction was deemed significant, paired t-tests were used for post-hoc analysis. Separate
one-way ANOVAs were used to compare the load volume, number of repetitions, and the FI between
groups. RESULTS: A significant (p=0.04) interaction was noted for flexibility. No significant interaction
(p=0.41) was observed between the FI of the CC (41.83 ± 24.10%) or the SC (27.58 ± 45.20%).
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that SS does not have a significant effect on multiple sets of the
back squat. Despite an increase in muscle flexibility, no significant difference in volume, repetitions, or
fatigue was observed between the SC and CC. Future studies should seek to investigate the effects of SS
on resistance exercise performance but should also consider addressing the effects of dynamic stretching
on back squat performance in highly trained individuals.
Keywords: physical performance, fatigue index, strength, sit-and-reach
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-4
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
THE EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT ENERGY DRINKS ON RATINGS OF PERCEIVED
EXERTION AND 1.5 MILE TREADMILL
Brooke M. Warning (Northern Kentucky University)
Background: Some energy drink manufacturers claim that their products can increase athletic
performance. However, there are no studies to assess the effect of these energy drinks on ratings of
perceived exertion (RPE) during treadmill running time trial performance. If these energy drinks, do in
fact, improve 1.5 mile treadmill performance, 1.5-mile time and/or RPE would likely be reduced. /
Methods: Eight (27.1 ± 1.06 years old) participants completed four different time trial conditions.
Participants blindly consumed one of three energy drinks or a placebo, rested in a seated position for one
hour and then completed a 1.5-mile treadmill time trial condition. For each condition, excluding the
Placebo, participants ingested one of three price-matched energy drinks (8.4 oz. ED1, 16 oz. ED2, 2 oz.
ED3). During each time trial, speed and time was blinded from the participant; however, he or she could
increase or decrease their speed as needed throughout the 1.5 miles. Final time was recorded (minutes:
seconds) once a participant completed 1.5 miles. Throughout each time trial, participant’s RPE (6-20
Borg Scale) was recorded at the .5, 1.0, and 1.5-mile markers and averaged for the entire condition. /
Results: Analysis of variance revealed there was no significant main effect of energy drinks on 1.5-mile
time trial performance (Placebo 16.9 ± 2.8 minutes; ED1 16.5 ± 2.5 minutes; ED2 13.7 ± 1.98 minutes;
ED3 14.1 ± 1.88 minutes; P ≥ .395) and RPE (Placebo 15.00 ± 1.4; ED1 14.50 ± 1.41; ED2 17.4 ± 2.9;
ED3 15.5 ± 2.69; P ≥ .296) / Conclusions: Based on the lack of significant differences, energy drinks do
not appear to improve 1.5-mile treadmill performance. Also, Compared to the placebo, the three energy
drinks did not significantly alter RPE. These results do not support the use of energy drinks to enhance
sports performance and no performance enhancing recommendations can be made at this time. / /
Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network (KBRIN) Grant Number 4001095 /
Keywords: Exercise, Running, Athletic, RPE
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-5
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
PERCIEVED IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH BEHAVIORS AMONG LOW-INCOME
PREGNANT WOMEN
Montana L. Pruett (Michigan State University), Alicja B. Stannard (Michigan State University), Lanay
M. Mudd (Michigan State University)
Regular physical activity (PA) and a healthy diet are related to improved pregnancy outcomes; however,
most pregnant women, especially those who are low-income, fail to meet guidelines for these healthy
behaviors. Thus, it is important to understand women’s perception of these behaviors to develop an
effective intervention. PURPOSE: To determine low-income pregnant women’s perceptions about the
importance of PA and a healthy diet during pregnancy, and their interest in receiving advice about these
behaviors. METHODS: Participants (n=77) were recruited from an OBGYN clinic serving a low-income
population. Women were in their 2nd or 3rd trimester, above 18 years of age and English-speaking.
Women filled out a survey including questions on sociodemographics, current PA (categorized as meeting
guidelines or not) and current dietary habits (created yes/no variables for meeting fruit, vegetable and
dairy guidelines). Women rated perceived importance of nutrition and PA on their pregnancy outcome
using 10 pt scales (not important at all to very important). They also rated their interest in having a health
care provider talk to them about nutrition and PA on 10-pt scales (not interested at all to very interested).
Responses to each of these four questions were dichotomized into LOW (answering with 1-5) or HIGH
(answering 6-10) perceived importance and interest. Spearman correlations evaluated relations among
nutrition and PA perceived importance and interest rated on 10-pt scales. Chi-square analysis were used
to determine whether sociodemographic variables and/or current PA or diet behaviors were related to
having HIGH perceived importance and interest in PA and nutrition. RESULTS: 87% of women gave
HIGH importance to nutrition during pregnancy and 83% gave HIGH importance to PA as impacting
their pregnancy outcome. However, only about half of the women were interested in receiving advice
about nutrition (57%) or PA (53%). Spearman correlations showed that ratings of perceived importance
were moderately correlated with ratings in interest of receiving advice (rs=0.29-0.43, p<0.05). White
women were significantly more likely to report HIGH PA importance ratings (90%) compared to
nonwhite women (70%, p>0.05), but ratings of importance or interest were not related to any other
sociodemographic variable. Women in the 2nd trimester reported having greater interest in advice on
healthy behaviors compared to women in their 3rd trimester (p<0.05). Current PA and diet behaviors
were not significantly related to ratings of perceived importance or interest in either behavior.
CONCLUSION: The majority of pregnant women thought PA and nutrition were important for a healthy
pregnancy outcome, but only about half of them wanted to receive additional information about either
behavior. More work is needed to understand how to deliver helpful advice about PA and nutrition to
low-income pregnant women to assist with behavioral changes.
Keywords: Beliefs, Nutrition, Exercise, Prenatal
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-6
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD WEIGHT STATUS ON RISK OF OVERWEIGHT
AND OBESITY IN ADOLESCENCE
Ashley K Ebelsheiser (Iowa State University), Karissa L. Peyer (Iowa State University), Gregory Welk
(Iowa State University)
PURPOSE: Elevated weight status increases the risk for many chronic conditions including
cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The persistence of overweight and obesity from late childhood and
adolescence into adulthood is well-established, but few studies have directly quantified the progression
and retention of obesity during the school aged years in large cohorts of children. The purpose of this
study was to determine impact of 1st grade weight status on weight status in 8th grade. / / METHODS:
Child height and weight were measured by school nurses in 1st, 2nd, and 8th grade and converted to ageand gender-specific BMI percentiles using standardized CDC SAS codes. Data were collected through a
participatory research project designed to help schools use FITNESSGRAM assessments and resources to
enhance physical education programming. Children were categorized according to their BMI% in 1st
grade in 10% increments (Group 0: 0-9.9%, Group 1: 10-19.9%, etc.) and frequencies were used to
examine the risk for overweight (BMI% > 85%) in 8th grade. Odds Ratios analyses were run to determine
relative risk for overweight in each BMI decile category compared to the group with the lowest risk for
overweight. Children were also categorized into groups based on the magnitude of change in BMI% from
1st to 2nd grade (Large Change: ± 7-20%, Small Change: ± 1-7%) or No Change: ± 0-1%) for similar
analyses. Odds Ratio analyses were run to determine relative risk for being overweight in 8th grade for
the Large and Small Change groups (both positive and negative changes) compared to the No Change
group. All analyses controlled for baseline (1st grade) BMI%. / / RESULTS: 1106 children had BMI%
data for 1st grade and 8th grade. Group 3 (30-39.9%) was found to have the lowest risk for overweight in
8th grade with only 8% of the 62 children in this group displaying a BMI% over 85% in 8th grade. In
Group 9 (90-99.9%), nearly 84% of the 302 children in this group had a BMI% in the overweight or
obese range by 8th grade. Compared to Group 3, odds for overweight in 8th grade did not increase until
Group 5 (OR = 3.0, CI 1.1-8.5) and was dramatically increased in Group 8 (OR = 13.5, CI 5.1-35.4) and
Group 9 (OR = 58.9, CI 22.4-154.3). 514 children had BMI% data for 1st, 2nd, and 8th grade. In the oneyear change analyses, children who decreased their BMI% from 1st to 2nd grade showed decreases in
odds for obesity in 8th grade compared to children in the No Change group (Small Change: OR = 0.32, CI
0.19-0.52), Large Change: OR = 0.26, CI 0.15 – 0.47); however, children who had an increase in BMI%
over the past year did not show a significantly increased risk for overweight (Small Change: OR = 0.65,
CI 0.40-1.08, Large Change: OR = 1.89, CI 0.99-3.57). / / CONCLUSION: The study found that
children in higher percentiles in 1st grade (50-90th) had increased odds of becoming or remaining obese
in 8th grade with dramatic increases for children at or above the 90th percentile in 1st grade. However,
one-year changes in weight status may not be a strong indicator of overall growth trajectories.
Keywords: BMI, Children, FITNESSGRAM, Growth Trajectories
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-7
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN GRIT AMONG NCAA DIVISION II COLLEGIATE
ATHLETES
Chelsea Wieland (University of Indianapolis), Jordan Barton (University of Indianapolis), Urska
Dobersek (University of Indianapolis), Mindy Hartman Mayol (University of Indianapolis),K. Lee Everett
(University of Indianapolis)
Grit may be defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals (Duckworth, 2007). Several studies
have examined grit as a predictor of achievement in youth and academic settings; however, a few studies
have examined grit in athletic populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine
differences in grit based on different demographic variables in a collegiate athlete population.
METHODS: A total of 263 NCAA Division II athletes from eleven teams [(mean ± SD) age, 19.6 ± 1.3
years] volunteered for this study. The following sports were represented in the study sample: football,
volleyball, soccer, basketball, swimming & diving, cross-country, and wrestling. Each participant
completed a 12-item Grit Scale (Duckworth, 2007) during their respective pre-season NCAA compliance
meeting. The Grit Scale is a Likert-type scale (1-5) with 1 = not like me at all; 5 = very much like me
used to assess an individual’s “grittiness”. The maximum score on the Grit Scale is 5 (extremely gritty)
and the lowest score on the scale is 1 (not at all gritty). Four separate independent samples t-tests were
used to analyze the differences between the following: sex (nfemales = 81, nmales = 180), nationality
(United States or international), first generation college student (1st), and head coach sex (HC; male,
female). Furthermore, three separate one-way ANOVAs were used to analyze the difference between the
following: class standing (CLST: freshman, sophomore, junior, senior), athletic scholarship level (ATSC:
full scholarship, partial scholarship, no scholarship), grade point average (GPA). An alpha level of p ?
0.05 was set for statistical significance for all analyses. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant
difference for sex [(females: 3.52 ± 0.37; males: 3.42 ± 0.34,( p = .046)]. There were no other statistically
significant differences between nationality [US: 3.50 ± 0.36; international: 3.36 ± 0.34 (p = .073)], 1st
generation [1st: 3.49 ± 0.41; non-1st: 3.48 ± 0.35 (p = .820)] and HC [male: 3.48 ± 0.36; female: 3.51 ±
0.39 (p = .550)]. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences for any of the one-way
ANOVA analyses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that females
exhibit a higher level of “grittiness” at the NCAA Division II level in comparison to males. Furthermore,
other demographic variables do not show differences in grit; therefore, future studies should investigate
other demographic characteristics as well as continue to examine a similar sample of collegiate athletes. /
/ (Funding Source: University of Indianapolis InQuery Collaborative Grant)
Keywords: goal setting, sport psychology, college, achievement
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-8
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
RELIABILITY OF PANORAMIC ULTRASOUND TO MEASURE VASTUS LATERALIS
MUSCLE SIZE
Emily Marszalek (Elmhurst College), Zachary Schneider (Elmhurst College), Eric Lester (Elmhurst
College), Raymond Kraus (Elmhurst College),Bridget Lester (Elmhurst College)
The ability to reliably measure skeletal muscle size is crucial in order to determine the effectiveness of an
exercise program to promote muscle growth. Panoramic ultrasound is a technique that is becoming more
widely used by researchers to estimate the cross sectional-area (CSA) of muscle. PURPOSE: The aim of
this study is to determine the reliability of a panoramic ultrasound protocol to measure the CSA of the
vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Reliability was measured in two different ways: 1)
inter-rater reliability (between two ultrasound technicians) and 2) test-retest reliability (between two
imaging sessions conducted on separate days). METHODS: Panoramic ultrasound images of the vastus
lateralis muscle of 12 healthy individuals (6=females, 6=males) were collected on two separate days over
a one week period. During each testing day, two ultrasound technicians each collected triplicate images
from three muscle sites (60, 70, and 80% of the length of the thigh measured from the hip to the knee).
For each testing day, a total of 18 images were collected. For both testing days for all 12 subjects, a total
of 432 images were collected. Cross-sectional areas of muscle from each image were determined using
Image-J (National Institute of Health), a computer software program. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability
was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with a random-rater effects design.
RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was measured to be high for each muscle site (ICCs: 60%=0.99,
70%=0.98, 80%=0.98). In addition, test-retest reliability was also measured to be high for each muscle
site (ICCs: 60%=0.99, 70%=0.97, 80%=0.98). CONCLUSION: This statistical assessment demonstrates
that the panoramic ultrasound protocol can reliably measure the CSA of the vastus lateralis muscle at
multiple sites along the length of the thigh.
Keywords: intraclass correlation coefficient, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, muscle crosssectional area
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-9
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
IMPACT OF FITBIT SOFTWARE ENGAGEMENT ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR
CHANGE
Stephanie N. Young (Iowa State University), Kaitlyn E. Hennings (Iowa State University), Laura D.
Ellingson (Iowa State University)
American adults have become less physically active, accumulating, on average, only half of the
recommended 10,000 steps per day. Activity trackers, such as the Fitibit, are intended to promote physical
activity. Yet, there is little consensus on their effectiveness. There are many features of the Fitbit and
associated software that may or may not impact physical activity patterns. PURPOSE: The purpose of
this project was to analyze how participants utilized the various features of software associated with the
Fitbit Charge and how feature usage impacted their physical activity patterns, measured in average steps
per day per week. METHODS: Fifty-three inactive adults (26 males, 27 females, average age 43.3 ± 9.3
years) were recruited for a three-month intervention. Throughout the study, there were three face-to-face
visits (60-90 minutes) and 2 phone calls at 1 and 2 months. Baseline physical activity (steps/day) was
assessed using the activPAL3 accelerometer. Participants were then provided a Fitbit Charge, and were
randomized into one of the two groups, Fitbit only (FBO; n=26) or Behavior Change Strategies (BCS;
n=27), which included utilization of the Fitbit in addition to meeting with a health coach in the context of
motivational interviewing. Fitbit feature usage, including ability to connect with friends, diet and exercise
logging, and weight and goal personalization was monitored and compared using t-tests and effect size
calculations between groups and over time to examine potential impacts on physical activity (steps/day).
RESULTS: This study is ongoing; therefore, we present results from the first six weeks. There were no
differences in average feature usage per person between groups (BCS: 4.3 ± 3.5 features; FBO: 4.4 ± 3.7
features). Irrespective of group, during week two, there was a suggestion that participants who utilized at
least one feature accumulated more steps per day (9440 ± 2842) than those not using features (8523 ±
1993), though this difference was relatively small (d=0.37) and non-significant (p>0.05). By week six,
physical activity did not differ based on feature usage with participants using no features averaging
10,272 ± 2880 steps/day, participants using 1-2 features averaging 8903 ± 3059 steps/day, and those using
3+ features averaging 10,113 ± 2322 steps/day. CONCLUSION: While our data suggests that early
engagement with feature usage in week two may predict higher step averages, feature usage appears to
have little effect on facilitating longer-term increases in physical activity; steps per day increased
regardless. Furthermore, utilization of the Fitbit software or mobile app did not appear to differ based on
whether participants received a Fitbit only or received additional health coaching. Further investigation is
needed to determine the longer-term impact of feature usage on maintenance of behavior change. / /
Keywords: Fitbit, Physical Activity, Adults, Inactivity
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-10
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
COMPARISON OF BLINDFOLDED VERSUS NON-BLINDFOLDED YMCA SIT-AND-REACH
TEST RESULTS
Rachel M. Salberg (University of Akron), Mary Catherine Drockton (University of Akron), Nick
Massacci (University of Akron), Ronald Otterstetter (University of Akron)
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that blindfolded testing conditions may limit
muscle power production and dynamic balance detection. Few studies, if any, have evaluated the effect of
blindfolding on flexibility test outcomes. PURPOSE: To compare YMCA sit-and-reach test results
between blindfolded (BF) and non-blindfolded (NBF) participants. METHODS: Twenty-four (24)
participants completed a total of 4 sets of YMCA sit-and-reach tests: one BF and one NBF on Day 1, and
one BF and one NBF on Day 2 (at least one week after Day 1). The order of the tests on Day 1 was
randomized, and the participants performed the tests in the opposite order on Day 2. Before each test,
participants performed a 5 minute walking or cycling warm up. Each test contained 3 trials, with 15
seconds of rest between each trial. A 10 minute rest period was given before warming up for the second
test on each day. Paired sample t-Tests were used to compare means differences between conditions.
RESULTS: Mean scores for the NBF condition (33.07 + 8.03 cm) was significantly (p<0.001) higher
than the BF condition (32.2 + 7.86 cm). CONCLUSION: As it pertains to the current study, using a nonblindfolded testing condition influenced the scores positively. These results suggest that individuals may
be willing to put forth more effort to reach higher scores when they are aware of their surroundings. Thus,
visual motivation may influence the outcome of the tests.
Keywords: flexibility, visual impairment, sit-and-reach, blindfold
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-11
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
6-MINUTE WALK TEST IS CORRELATED WITH MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN
ADULTS AGED 65-95 YEARS
Megan C. Rigot (Miami University), Rachel L. Ondrejko (Miami University), Ian D. Connors (Miami
University), Bryce Phillips (Miami University),Kyle L. Timmerman (Miami University)
There is evidence that aging is associated with increased depressive symptoms and decreased cognitive
function and well-being. Identifying factors that influence these connections may contribute to improved
diagnostic and preventive strategies focused on mental health and well-being in older adults. The
PURPOSE of this study was to identify relationships between indicators of mental health/well-being and
functional capacity in older adults. METHODS: In 63 older adults (33F, 30M, 79±7y), we assessed
depression (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), well-being (Satisfaction with Life Scale, SWLS),
cognitive function (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, ACE-R), and 6MWT distance.
Pearson product moment correlations were run between variables while controlling for age, body mass
index (BMI), and sex. Significance was set to p< 0.05. RESULTS: The mean value ± standard error for
measures of mental health and well-being were: GDS: 1.5±0.5 (?5 = suggestive of depression); SWLS:
28±0.6 out of 35 (20-24 considered average satisfaction); and ACE-R: 90.3±0.8 out of 100 (?88 = 94%
specificity for dementia). The mean value for 6MWT distance was 397±15m. Age was correlated with
GDS (r= 0.32, p<0.05) and ACE-R (r= -0.50, p< 0.01) but not SWLS. When controlling for age, sex, and
BMI, 6MWT distance was correlated with GDS (r= -0.41, p< 0.01), SWLS (r= 0.50, p< 0.001), and ACER (0.40, r< 0.01). Regression analyses revealed that: 1) 6MWT, but not age, was an important predictor of
SWLS and GDS; and 2) 6MWT and age were important predictors of ACE-R score. CONCLUSIONS:
These preliminary data are in agreement with previous literature suggesting associations among age,
functional capacity, and cognitive function. However, these data suggest that functional capacity, rather
than age, appears to play a more important role in one’s perception of well-being assessed by GDS and
SWLS.
Keywords: functional capacity, depression, satisfaction with life, cognitive function
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-12
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOWER BODY PEAK TORQUE AND MOTOR SYMPTOMS IN
PERSONS WITH PARKINSON DISEASE
Courtney Perkins (University of Indianapolis), Elaina Voss (University of Indianapolis), Stephanie
Combs-Miller (University of Indianapolis), Eric Dugan (Seattle University),K. Lee Everett (University of
Indianapolis)
Previous studies have reported relationships between isometric muscle strength and motor symptoms in
healthy populations. However, it is possible that isometric peak toque may also play a role in motor
symptoms specific to Parkinson Disease. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between lower body peak torque and motor symptoms in people with Parkinson disease (PD).
METHODS: Seventeen individuals with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3), six females and eleven males
[(mean ± SD) age, 63.6 ± 6.9 years; height, 173.5 ± 11.4 cm; weight, 82.6 ± 16.3 kg] volunteered for this
study. Each participant took their prescribed anti-PD medications one hour prior to performing all
measurements. Using a Biodex System 4, subjects performed two, five second isometric maximum
voluntary contractions (MVC) on the right leg, for both the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. The knee
was set at an angle of 60º flexion and a one minute rest period was given between each muscle
contraction. The highest measurement out of the two contractions for each muscle was used to calculate
peak torque (PT). The following dependent variables were calculated from the MVCs: Quad PT and Ham
PT, relative peak torque [PT ÷ mass (BWT)] for both muscle groups (Quad PT/BWT and Ham PT/BWT),
and a hamstring to quadriceps ratio (Ham PT ÷ Quad PT = H:Q ratio). The Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS–UPDRS) subsection III was used to measure motor
symptoms of PD. Five separate Pearson correlations were used in analyzing the relationship between
lower body peak torque (Quad PT, Quad PT/BWT, Ham PT, Ham PT/BWT, H:Q ratio) with the MDSUPDRS. An alpha level of P ≤ 0.05 was set for statistical significance. RESULTS: Quad PT/BWT [r = .495 (p = .044)], Ham PT [r = -.512 (p = .036)], and Ham PT/BWT [r = -.644 (p = .005)] had a significant
correlation with the MDS-UPDRS. There was no significant correlation between Quad PT [r = -.403 (p =
.109)] or H:Q ratio [r = -.249 (p = .336)] with the MDS-UPDRS. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest
that strength in the hamstring muscles, in particular, is associated with less motor symptoms of PD. Quad
PT did not show a significant relationship with motor symptoms of PD indicating that perhaps as PD
progresses the hamstrings may take on a larger role in lower extremity strength and function. Future
research should extend on the present findings to consider to muscle imbalances (H:Q ratio) with disease
progression. / / (Funding Source: University of Indianapolis InQuery Collaborative Grant) /
Keywords: strength, isometric, movement disorder, hamstring
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-13
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
GLUCOSE AND LIPID RESPONSES TO A MEAL: EFFECTS OF SITTING VS STANDING
Christy Finney (Miami University), Ronald Cox (Miami University), Ronald Cox ()
A growing body of literature suggests that striking differences in metabolic responses to nutritional
challenge can be demonstrated when the postural condition of the individual is changed from sitting to
standing. Previously we have shown striking differences in the response to a glucose tolerance test
between sitting and standing. PURPOSE: To compare glucose and lipid clearance, in healthy individuals
in response to a high fat commercial breakfast meal performed under standard sitting conditions or while
during a proxy for standing (0.5 mph walk on an Active Workstation). METHODS: 9 individuals, 3
females and 6 males (87.9±20.1 kg.) performed two tests (sit & 0.5 mph). After a minimum of an 8-hour
fast a baseline glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides (Trigly), HDL and LDL measurements were
obtained. Subjects then ingested a fast food breakfast containing a minimum of 20 grams of fat. In a
counterbalanced manner, subjects either spent the next two hours sitting or walking at 0.5 mph on an
Active Workstation. A blood sample (finger stick) was obtained every 30 min for the next two hours
(Cholestech®). / RESULTS: The Trigly (Mean±SD) levels (mg %) showed a significant rise across time
in the sitting condition: 109.7±34.1 to 151±47.3) vs a non-significant rise in the 0.5 mph group: 120±49.2
to 148.5±69.3. Glucose responses (mg %) across time were similar in both groups, however the sitting
group showed a significantly higher level at the 30 min sample (112.5±10.0 vs 101.5±15.5, t= 2.1, df=8,
p<.03). / CONCLUSIONS: These results provide limited support for the impact of very low levels of
physical activity on metabolic responses to a meal. Two hours may be too short an interval to detect the
maximum effect on lipid changes. The results are consistent with the potentially deleterious effects of
sitting. /
Keywords: physical activity, sedentary, Walkstation, triglycerides
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-14
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
CORRELATES AMONG PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY, DIET, AND
MEDICATION USE IN OLDER ADULTS
Rachel A. Keller (Miami University), Rachel L. Ondrejko (Miami University), John D. Kipp (Miami
University), Ian D. Connors (Miami University),Kyle L. Timmerman (Miami University)
Older adults (≥65y) make up approximately 13% of the population, yet they receive over 1/3rd of all
prescribed drugs in the United States. As they are also more likely than younger adults to be prescribed
multiple medications for long-term use, they are at increased risk for adverse drug events. Thus, the
identification of factors associated with prescription drug use is of critical importance in this population.
The PURPOSE of this study was to identify correlates among diet, physical activity, functional capacity,
and prescription medication use in older adults. METHODS: In 63 older adults (33F, 30M, 79±7y)
moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) level, functional capacity (Six-minute walk test, 6MWT),
and prescription medication (Rx) use were quantified. Additionally, all subjects completed 3-day dietary
records for determination of habitual diet (Food Processor Diet Analysis). Preliminary habitual dietary
data from 19 subjects (9F, 10M) are reported here. Pearson product moment correlations were run
between variables while controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), and sex. Significance was set to p<
0.05. RESULTS: The mean values for MVPA and 6MWT distance were 1215±151 kcal?wk-1 and
397±15m respectively. Mean Rx use was 4.3±3.0 medications. When controlling for age, body mass
index (BMI), and sex, Rx use was inversely correlated with MVPA (N= 63, r= -0.26, p<0.05) and 6MWT
(N= 63, r= -0.32, r< 0.05), meaning greater amounts of MVPA and higher functionality were associated
with fewer Rx. Rx was also inversely correlated with dietary intake of polyunsaturated fat (N= 19, r= 0.70, p< 0.01) and magnesium (N= 19, r= -0.47, p<0.05) when controlling for age, BMI, and sex.
CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that prescription medication usage in older adults is
associated with physical activity level, functional capacity, and dietary intake of polyunsaturated fat and
magnesium. As physical activity level and dietary intake of magnesium and polyunsaturated fat have all
been reported to favorably affect blood pressure and blood lipids in older adults, the results reported here
are biologically plausible.
Keywords: Prescription drug use, Six-minute walk test, Three day diet records, Aging
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-15
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
EVALUATION OF COLLEGE ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS VIA HEART RATE MONITORING
AND DIRECT OBSERVATION
Justin W. Shureb (Michigan State University)
Heart Rate (HR) monitoring (via telemetry) is used to assess sport training intensity, but its validity has
not been assessed in collegiate ice hockey. PURPOSE: We compared assessment of on-ice practice
intensity via HR monitoring to direct observation. HR monitoring was then used to compare practice and
game intensities. METHODS: On-ice practices consisted of high intensity drills, tactical discussions, and
game simulations. HR was divided into five intensity zones (50-59%, 60-69%, 70-79%, 80-89%, and 90100% of maximal HR) for analysis. Direct observation was used to classify intensity into four observation
zones (2-5). Percentage of time spent in each HR and direct observation zone was computed for weekly
practices on 12 players. Percentage of time spent in each HR zone was also computed for 3 games on
athletes playing regular shifts. RESULTS: HR telemetry showed 29.7% of practices were spent at 5059% of HR max, 23.4% at 60-69%, 22.1% at 70-79%, 22.2% at 80-89%, and 2.7% at 90-100%. Direct
observation showed 58.2% of practice time was spent at an intensity level of 2, 28.9% at 3, 12.3% at 4,
and 0.6% at 5. Players observed during competition showed 26.6% of games were spent at 50-59% of HR
max, 31.9% at 60-69%, 17.6% at 70-79%, 16.4% at 80-89%, and 7.5% at 90-100%. CONCLUSION:
Although statistical comparison between methodologies was not possible due to scale differences,
percentages of time spent at the various intensity levels indicates that there appears to be a close
agreement between HR monitoring and DO to assess hockey practice intensity. HR data indicate that
practice intensity is similar to game intensity for players playing regular shifts.
Keywords: Intensity, Game, Practice, Athletes
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-16
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
LOWER BODY STRENGTH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOXERS AND NON-EXERCISERS
WITH PARKINSON DISEASE
Elaina Voss (University of Indianapolis), Stephanie Combs-Miller (University of Indianapolis), Eric
Dugan (Seattle University), K. Lee Everett (University of Indianapolis)
Numerous studies have examined walking and aerobic training programs for individuals with Parkinson
Disease (PD). There is little evidence examining the effects of boxing training on individuals with PD.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in lower body peak torque between
individuals with PD who perform boxing training and individuals with PD who do not regularly exercise.
METHODS: Eighteen individuals with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3), ten of whom boxed regularly
[(mean ± SD) age, 61.9 ± 6.7 years; height, 173.5 ± 14.6 cm; weight, 78.5 ± 19.0 kg] and eight who did
not regularly exercise [(mean ± SD) age, 66.0 ± 6.5 years; height, 171.5 ± 7.4 cm; weight, 84.2 ± 15.1 kg]
volunteered for this study. Participants were asked to stop taking their anti-PD medications 12 hours prior
to testing. Using a Biodex System 4, participants performed two, five second isometric maximum
voluntary contractions (MVC) on the right leg, for both the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. A one
minute rest period was given between each contraction, with the knee set at a 60º angle. The highest
measure was used to calculate peak torque (PT) for each muscle group. The following dependent
variables were calculated from the MVCs: Quad PT and Ham PT, relative PT [PT ÷ mass (BWT)] for
both muscle groups (Quad PT/BWT and Ham PT/BWT), and a hamstring to quadriceps ratio [Ham PT ÷
Quad PT (H:Q ratio)]. Five separate independent t-tests were used to analyze the differences between
groups (Quad PT, Quad PT/BWT, Ham PT, Ham PT/BWT, H:Q ratio). An alpha level of p ≤ 0.05 was set
for statistical significance. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between boxers
with PD (BOX) and non-exercisers with PD (NE) for all of the following variables (mean ± SD): Quad
PT [BOX: 86.3 ± 38.9; NE: 51.1 ± 23.9 (p = .040)], Quad PT/BWT [BOX: 46.0 ± 15.3; NE: 25.6 ± 9.5 (p
= .005)], Ham PT [BOX: 68.9 ± 33.1; NE: 39.7 ± 18.3 (p = .040)], and Ham PT/BWT [BOX: 37.7 ± 11.2;
NE: 19.9 ± 8.1 (p = .002)]. There was no significant difference between groups for H:Q ratio [BOX:
0.818 ± 0.179; NE: 0.790 ± 0.204 (p = .760)]. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that individuals with
PD who regularly engage in boxing training have greater amounts of lower body strength in comparison
to individuals with PD that do not exercise regularly. Furthermore, regardless of exercise habits, H:Q ratio
seems to be similar across individuals with PD, indicating that while non-exercisers are weaker, the ratio
of strength between the muscle groups was not different. Future studies should examine other strength
measurements and potential muscle imbalances. / / (Funding Source: University of Indianapolis InQuery
Collaborative Grant)
Keywords: peak torque, hamstring, quadricep, isometric
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-17
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
POSTPRANDIAL LIPEMIA FOLLOWING 24 HOURS OF OVEREATING AND A SINGLE
TREADMILL WALK
Robert L. Hunt (Ohio University)
INTRODUCTION: After eating a meal, there is an increase in the amount of lipids in the blood known
as postprandial lipemia (PPL). While an increase of triglycerides (TG) is expected, prolonged levels can
have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Fortunately, it is well established that exercise
attenuates PPL; however, limited published literature exists on the impact of differing energy states on
acute exercise’s ability to reduce PPL. PURPOSE: To determine if the energy state established over
24hrs affects PPL and other blood lipids the morning following an exercise bout. METHODS: Eight
healthy men (24±5yrs) with average body compositions (13.2±4.5%) and above average aerobic fitness
levels (55.0±3.3ml/kg/min) were recruited and tested in three different trials. The trials composed of a
balanced energy availability (45kcal/kg/FFM), caloric restriction (25 kcal/kg/FFM), and overeating
(65kcal/kg/FFM). To determine these values, the method of energy availability (EA) was used
(EA=Dietary Energy Intake?Exercise Energy Expended). Each trial included a treadmill run to expend
10kcal/kg/FFM (600kcal) at approximately 65% of the participant’s pre­determined VO2max. The next
morning, participants returned to the lab having fasted for at least 12hrs and completed a mixed-meal
challenge (20kcal/kg/FFM comprised as 50%/39%/11% of Carb/Fat/Protein respectively). Baseline blood
was taken, and immediately following the mixed-meal challenge, blood was collected at 15, 30, 45, 60,
90, 120, 150, and 180min after the meal. All data was reported as mean±stdev; a 3X9 repeated measures
ANOVA was used with significance accepted at p≤0.05. An LSD was used for post hoc analyses where
applicable. The Incremental Area Under the Curve (AUC mg/dL in 3 hrs) was calculated for each blood
lipid negating any value below baseline for that trial. RESULTS: While there were no significant
interactions among baseline and postprandial lipids (Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C) or in AUC,
there were significant differences in TG-AUCs. Furthermore, the 65kcal/kg/FFM TG-AUC was higher
(14840.4±3612.2) compared to 45kcal/kg/FFM and 25kcal/kg/FFM (9841.3±2011.2 and 6438.4±3880.3,
respectively). CONCLUSION: These data suggests that in healthy men, overeating over 24hrs results in
exaggerated PPL the morning following a single bout of exercise, as compared to being calorically
restricted or in a balanced energy availability status. / Research supported in part by the Provost’s
Undergraduate Research Fund and the College of Health Sciences and Professions Student Research
Grant. /
Keywords: Triglycerides, Lipids, Metabolism, Energy Availability
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-18
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS LEVEL ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SUPEROXIDE
DISMUTASE IN OLDER ADULTS
Mike A. Deal (Miami University), Ian D. Connor (Miami University), Lisa C. Tagariello (Miami
University), Jenna M. Karrow (Miami University),Kyle L. Timmerman (Miami University)
The free radical theory of aging posits that aging is a result of accumulated free radical damage to cells,
tissues, and organ systems. The endogenous antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and
glutathione peroxidase (GPX) can protect cells from free radical damage. Thus, factors influencing the
expression of these antioxidants could have important health-related implications. The potential
associations among physical activity level (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and skeletal muscle
expression of endogenous antioxidants have received little attention in older adults. The PURPOSE of
this study was to determine if PA and CRF were associated with skeletal muscle SOD in older adults. We
hypothesized that PA and CRF would both be positively correlated with skeletal muscle SOD expression
in older adults. METHODS: In 26 subjects (M/F = 9/17, age=68±4y, BMI=26±3 kg·m-2) self-reported
PA (Community Healthy Activities Model for Seniors, CHAMPS) and estimated maximal oxygen
consumption (YMCA cycle ergometer test) were measured. SOD was measured in skeletal muscle
biopsies (vastus lateralis) using western blot analyses. Pearson product moment correlations were run
between variables while controlling for age and body mass index (BMI). Significance was set to p< 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean PA and VO2max values were 1633±1160 kcal·wk-1 of total physical activity and
30±6 ml·kg-1·min-1 respectively. There were significant correlations between the following: PA and
SOD (r= 0.53, p< 0.05), CRF and SOD (r= 0.45, P<0.05), and PA and CRF (r= 0.40, p< 0.05). Linear
regression analyses revealed that PA was a stronger predictor of skeletal muscle SOD expression than
CRF. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that the skeletal muscle expression of the
endogenous antioxidant SOD is associated with PA and CRF in older adults. Thus, higher PA in older
adults may be protective against free-radical oxidative stress. Exercise intervention studies in physically
inactive older adults in which other endogenous antioxidants (catalase and GPX) and markers of oxidative
stress are measured are needed to fully test this hypothesis.
Keywords: Endogenous antioxidants, Aging, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Oxidative stress
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-19
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SELF-EFFICACY AND BMI WITH PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN 4TH GRADERS
Danielle N. Kinczkowski (Eastern Michigan University), Darijon Suton (Michigan State University),
Marcy Kinzer (Playmakers Fitness Foundation), Karin A. Pfeiffer (Michigan State University),Rebecca
W. Moore (Eastern Michigan University)
Physical activity self-efficacy (PASE) and body composition are both important correlates of physical
activity (PA) behavior in youth. Previous research in 5th grade students found PASE, not body fat, to be
associated with PA (Suton, 2013). It is unknown if the same relationship exists in younger children.
PURPOSE: To determine the association of PASE and body mass index (BMI) with PA in 4th grade
students. METHODS: Seventy-five 4th graders (37 girls, 38 boys) from Eaton Rapids, MI were recruited
to participate in this study. Height and weight were measured using standardized procedures and BMI was
calculated using CDC criteria. PASE and PA were measured by questionnaire. For PASE, participants
answered 4 questions that rated their confidence to complete MVPA for 60 minutes on 1-2 days, 3-4 days,
5-6 days, and 7 days. Each of the four questions used different size circles ranging from small (“not sure”)
to large (“very sure”). A composite score for PASE was then calculated. A modified physical activity
questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) was used to determine PA. Participants answered 5 questions on
physical activity during the past 7 days related to physical education, recess, time after school, during the
weekend, and how many days they were physically active during the week (1-2 days, 3-4 days, 5-6 days,
7 days). A composite score for PAQ-C was then calculated. Multiple regression was used to assess the
association of PASE and BMI with PA. Statistical significance was set at an alpha of p<0.05. RESULTS:
Descriptive characteristics for age, height, weight, and BMI were 10.1±0.4 yrs, 140.6±6.3 cm, 40.1±11.0
kg, and 20.1±4.3 kg/m2, respectively. BMI percentile was 68.4±31.7. The composite scores for PASE and
PAQ-C were 3.4±1.3 and 3.4±0.9, respectively. PASE was associated with PA (b = 0.32; p<0.001).
However, BMI was not significant (b = -0.04; p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Similar to previous research,
PASE was associated with PA in 4th grade students. PASE and BMI explained 29% present of the
variance indicating other factors associated with PA were not included. One limitation to this study is the
use of BMI instead of a true measure of body fatness. Future research should include a more accurate
measure of body fatness and an objective measure of physical activity to better understand these
associations. / / MDCH 20142061-00 /
Keywords: Children, Youth, Correlates, Questionnaire
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-20
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
POSITIVE VERSES NEGATIVE GRADE RUNNING, COVERING THE MOST DISTANCE
WHILE MAINTAINING A CONSTANT VO2
Matthew M. Pechacek (University of Wisconsin-River Falls), Joseph A. O'Kroy (University of
Wisconsin-River Falls)
The strategy to optimize performance while running hills has been discussed by runners and coaches for
many years; many times unaware of the accuracy of their claims with the current research. Therefore, we
investigated the possibility that the distance lost running uphill (running slower) could be recovered
during a faster downhill run while at the same work rate (VO2). PURPOSE: To compare the running
speed of running at positive and negative inclines while maintaining VO2. METHODS: fourteen
collegiate cross country runners (ten males and four females, all data mean ± Standard deviation; age,
20.12 ± 1.05 yrs; height, 174.14 ± 9.21cm; weight, 68.49 ± 9.47 kg) volunteered for this study and signed
an approved IRB. VO2 was measured via Parvomedics metabolic cart while subjects ran on a treadmill at
three different inclines: 1% grade, the flat condition; 5% grade, the uphill condition; and -5% grade, the
downhill condition. Subjects ran on the flat condition during which VO2 was recorded and matched for
the uphill and downhill conditions by altering the running speed. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to
determine the differences in running speed, ventilation VE and heart rate (HR) between incline
conditions. Additionally, a Duncan Post Hoc was used to analyze significant effects found between the
incline groups. All at the P <0.05 level. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the flat,
downhill, and uphill conditions with running speeds: 7.18 ± 0.82 mph, 9.69 ± 1.00 mph, and 5.54 ± 0.76
mph, respectively; ventilation: 60.58 ±14.19; 67.95 ± 16.33; and 64.89 ± 14.85, respectively; and heart
rate, 155 ± 11 beats compared to 162 ± 12 beats and 161 ± 12 beats, respectively. CONCLUSION:
While maintaining a constant work rate, runners can run 0.87 MPH faster downhill than they slowed
down while going uphill. This allows runners to significantly recover and gain distance lost while going
uphill if they run faster while going downhill without using any additional energy to do so.
Keywords: metabolic cost, athletic population, exercise, sport physiology
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-21
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
EFFECTS OF SELF-EFFICACY ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS
Ashley E. Boggs (Saginaw Valley State University), Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State
University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University)
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's self to complete a task, and often influences behavior. There is some
evidence suggesting that individuals with higher self-efficacy engage in more physical activity (PA).
PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between self-efficacy and PA in a sample of older adults.
METHODS: A group of older, healthy adults (age 50+), currently not meeting ACSM PA
recommendations , were enrolled in a PA or dietary intervention and completed a survey assessing
demographics including, gender, age, race, education level and marital status. Self-efficacy for engaging
in PA was also assessed. Objectively measured height and weight were obtained and used to calculate
body mass index (BMI). Participants also wore an Actigraph accelerometer for seven days, during all
waking hours. Time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate to vigorous activity was calculated and
expressed as the percentage of each day spent in each intensity level. Multiple linear regression models
examined the relationship between self-efficacy for PA and sedentary, light, and moderate to vigorous
PA. All models controlled for age, gender, and education. RESULTS: On average, participants (n=63)
were 64±9 years of age and had a mean BMI of 33±7 kg/m2. A majority were women (73%), Caucasian
(82%), married (60%), and completed at least some college (86%). Participants spent an average of 62%
of their day sedentary, 37% in light PA, and .8% in moderate to vigorous activity. Results showed no
significant relationship between self-efficacy and sedentary time (r=-.22, p=.09), light PA (r=.21, p=.10),
or moderate to vigorous PA (r=.14, p=.29). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated no relationship
between levels of self-efficacy and PA habits. Results may be due, in part, to the overall low level of PA
and self-efficacy of participants. Future research is needed to fully understand the influence of selfefficacy on PA among older adults. Including more diverse samples of older adults (with respect to PA
and self-efficacy) would assist in increasing the generalizability of results.
Keywords: Accelerometer, Sedentary, Elderly, Health Behaviors
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-22
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES BETWEEN THE ROWBIKE AND THE ROWING
MACHINE
Shana D. Strunk (Cleveland State University), David J. Ryland (Cleveland State University), Alanna R.
Shamrock (Cleveland State University)
Until the invention of the rowing machine, rowing was only attainable on water. The Rowbike allows
athletes to row on land and remain mobile. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether
the Rowbike is more efficient and enjoyable than a traditional rowing machine. METHODS: 20 males’
(23.75 ± 2.613) and 20 females’ (23.05 ± 3.605) energy expenditure, heart rate, and Rating of Perceived
Exertion (Borg Scale) were analyzed by the Cosmed K4b and a Polar heart rate monitor while riding the
Rowbike and the traditional rowing machine for 20 minutes at 75 percent of their age-predicted maximal
heart rates. Post-testing, subjects completed a preference survey. A mixed-design ANOVA in SPSS
version 18.00 analyzed and compared all physiological responses and gender differences. RESULTS:
Significant differences (p<0.01) were found for energy expenditure, VE and RPE (p<0.05) on the
different machines. Significant differences were also found when comparing the physiological responses
of genders. The questionnaire showed significantly that people prefer the Rowbike. CONCLUSION: The
data collected indicated that the subjects prefer the Rowbike; however the rowing machine provides a
more quality workout.
Keywords: Heart Rate, Energy Expenditure, Efficiency, Rowers
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P3-23
Friday
2:00p-3:45p
EFFECT OF ENERGY DRINKS ON HEART RATE AND RATINGS OF PERCEIVED
EXERTION DURING TREADMILL EXERCISE
Brady J. Holmer (Northern Kentucky University)
BACKGROUND: Energy drink manufacturers claim that their products can increase athletic
performance. However, there are no studies to assess how these energy drinks effect treadmill exercise
performance or ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of effort during exercise. / / METHODS: Fifteen
(22.1 ± 2.7 years old) participants completed the study. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was
initially measured to establish each participant’s exercise for the 70% treadmill exercise protocol.
Following VO2max testing, all participants completed a total of four conditions. Each condition required
a participant to blindly ingest one of three different energy drinks (ED1, ED2, ED3) or a placebo and then
rest in a seated position for one hour. Following one hour of rest, participants exercised for a total of 15
minutes on a treadmill. The participant’s treadmill intensity was set to the same speed and incline when
he or she achieved 70% of their VO2max. Heart rate (beats.min-1) and (RPE) (6-20 Borg Scale) were
recorded each minute during the treadmill exercise and averaged for each 15-minute treadmill condition. /
/ RESULTS: Analysis revealed that there was no main effect of condition (energy drink) on heart rate
(Placebo 162.7 ± 2.9 beats.min-1; ED1 160.6 ± 3.5 beats.min-1; ED2 161.9 ± 3.2 beats.min-1; ED3 161.3
± 3.5 beats.min-1, P ? .356) during exercise. Additionally, there was no main effect of condition on
ratings of perceived exertion (Placebo 12.2 ± 0.6; ED1 12.6 ± 0.5; ED2 12.0 ± 0.5; ED3 11.7 ± 0.5, P =
.139). / / CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that energy drinks, when compared to a placebo, do not
improve participant’s psychological performance nor positively alter heart rate during 15 minutes of
treadmill exercise. Given that no improvements were found in psychological or physiological
performance of participants, these results do not support or infer that energy drinks can boost exercise
performance. At this time, no recommendations can be made as to the potential positive use of energy
drinks to boost exercise performance.
Keywords: Performance, ergogenic, Running, Caffeine
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-1
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFECTS OF ENERGY DRINKS ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND PERFORMANCE
MEASURES.
Will W. Peveler (Northern Kentucky University), Gabe Sanders (Northern Kentucky University)
The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. A recent survey found that 89% of varsity
athletes and 82% of recreational athletes use energy drinks. The number of U.S. emergency department
visits involving energy drinks doubled over the last 5 years. Underlying reasons for these visits have yet
to be fully elucidated. However, reviews of patient health complications have highlighted adverse
cardiovascular events after ingestion of energy drinks. Caffeine is known to moderately increase blood
pressure and heart rate; however, the other ingredients in these beverages other than caffeine may also be
contributing to adverse effects. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of three different energy drinks on
cardiovascular and performance measures during economy trials. METHODS: Fifteen college adults
completed five trials on five separate days with at least one day recovery between trials. The first trial
consisted of a graded treadmill protocol to determine VO2max. The four remaining trials each subject
was required to blindly ingest one of three energy drinks or a placebodrink one hour prior to their
exercise. Next, each subject completed 15 minutes of treadmill exercise at a speed consistent with 70% of
his or herVO2max. The trials were conducted in a counterbalanced order. HR, BP, VO2, and RPE were
recorded during the treadmill exercise trials. Means for dependent measureswere compared using
repeated measures ANOVA at an alpha of 0.05. RESULTS: Fifteen minute systolic blood pressure
readings were found to be significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the three
energy drink trials (163.87 ± 13.30, 166.47 ± 13.71 and 165.00 ± 15.23). There were no significant
differences in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. There were also no significant differences in VO2 or
RPE measures between placebo and the three energy drinks. CONCLUSION: Ingestion of energy drinks
prior to performance demonstrated no increase in performance measures (VO2 or RPE) during 15 minutes
of treadmill exercise trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the conditions of this study.
However, there does appear to be a significant increase in systolic blood pressure. It is unknown if the
small significant increase in systolic blood pressure (8.18 mmHg) impacts health. / Study was funded by
NIH KBRIN grant /
Keywords: Caffeine, Taurine, Blood pressure, Heart rate
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-2
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
THE EFFECT OF DISSOCIATION IN A SPIN STUDIO ENVIRONMENT
Alyne L. Williams (Indiana Wesleyan University), Melissa R. Cook (Indiana Wesleyan University),
Justin Shaffer (Indiana Wesleyan University), Matt Cuzzort (Indiana Wesleyan University)
Culture today is seemingly always seeking a new, fun, and trendy form of workout. One of these new
trendy workouts is cycling in a spin studio. Many of these studios use dissociative factors, such as music,
video, and lighting to draw an individual’s attention away from the work being done to that the work feels
less taxing and is more enjoyable. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a
spin studio environment on heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in comparison to a
non-studio environment. METHODS: Eighteen participants ranging in age from 20-26, 11 males and 7
females participated in the study. Each participant complete a staged, cardiorespiratory protocol on a spin
cycle, once in a non-studio environment and the other in a spin studio environment. Some participants
participated in the spin studio environment first while others participated in the non-studio environment
first. The protocol included 5 stages, each 3 minutes in length and included an increase in power with a
decrease in revolution per minute. HR and RPE were recorded at the end of each stage. RESULTS: Ttests were conducted to evaluate the differences in HR and RPE within each stage. The resulting data
revealed a significant difference in HR and RPE at various stages. HR at stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 was
significantly lower in the studio group while the RPE in stages 1 and 5 was significantly lower in the
studio environment with stage 3 trending towards significance. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the
studio environment led to lower perceived exertion amongst participants in addition to a reduced
physiological response.
Keywords: Heart Rate, Rate of Perceived Exertion, Cycling, Biking
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-3
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
PLYO+ THE EFFECTS OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON THE ACTIVE NON-ATHLETE
COLLEGE POPULATION
Melissa Cook (Indiana Wesleyan University), Aly Williams (Indiana Wesleyan University), Tess
Anglemyer (Indiana Wesleyan University)
Plyometric training is a regimen that has been studied and proven an effective form of exercise for
athletes. However, there were few adequate studies that demonstrate plyometric training to be beneficial
for non-athlete college students. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if plyometric
training was effective as an alternative workout regimen for the non-athletic population. METHODS:
This study had twenty participants, nine individuals were assigned to the intervention group, while the
other eleven participates were placed in the control group. Over the course of six weeks, the intervention
group completed two plyometric training sessions each week, a total of twelve sessions. Each session
consisted of a thirty-minute plyometric workout circuit, involving three sets of six specific plyometric
exercises. Each exercise lasted thirty seconds with a ten-second resting period in between. Data was
collected via pre- and post-testing. Data collected was total time completing a T-test for agility, maximum
height during a vertical jump test, and total time of a 40-meter sprint for speed. Participants performed
these tests three times each and the scores for each of the three tests were averaged for both pre- and posttest scores. RESULTS: A mixed-design ANOVA was used to find statistical significance both withinsubjects as a whole and between the two groups. The analysis determined significant results within all
subjects from pre- to post-test for agility (p = .004) and vertical jump (p = .000). There was also a
significant difference between the two groups in the vertical jump (p = .002). Speed was trending toward
significance (p = .056) between the groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, plyometric training may be
an effective exercise regimen for improving performance, such as agility, vertical jump and sprint time, in
the non-athlete college population. Some improvement may be due to the learned effect from pre- to posttesting, but there were significant increases within the intervention group in vertical jump. This
improvement may be due to the greater number of jumping exercises (4 of 6 exercises) compared to speed
or agility exercises, indicating specificity of training.
Keywords: Jump training, circuit training, high intensity training, fitness training
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-4
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
PSYCHOLOGY OF SHORT TRACK STOCK CAR RACING
William P. Ebben (Lakeland College), Timothy J. Suchomel (East Stroudsburg University)
Mental skills are useful for athletes in a variety of sports. Research shows that both physical and
psychological factors are important for stock car racing success. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study
was to examine via open ended qualitative assessment why stock car racers participate in their sport and
the psychological skills that are most important for their racing success. METHODS: Forty stock car
drivers (age = 35.9 ± 13.4 years; racing experience = 13.6 ± 11.3 years) from 27 states in the United
States of America participated in this study. Twenty subjects raced on dirt tracks and 20 subjects raced on
asphalt tracks. Subjects participated in a variety of classes of racing ranging from street stock to
NASCAR sanctioned events. Twenty of these drivers were nationally or regionally ranked by various
governing bodies. The “Stock Car Driver Survey” was created and pilot tested with an advisory group of
sport scientists and stock car drivers. Subjects participated in telephone or in-person interviews (43.9 ±
13.9 minutes). The interview consisted of open ended questions which were content analyzed. The
researchers generated higher order themes via inductive content analysis of the raw data. Deductive
analysis was used to confirm that all raw data themes were represented within the higher order themes.
RESULTS: Stock car racers have a variety of motives for racing including childhood experiences,
competition, and substantial enjoyment, which was identified as the primary motive for racing by 18/40,
16/40, and 14/40 drivers respectively. Sixteen out of 40 stock car racers indicated that they experienced
high levels of anxiety when they first raced. Thirteen out of 40 reported they were excited and 11/40
reported feeling scared when they first drove a stock car. The most important psychological factors for
racing success appear to be focus/concentration, and emotional regulation/calmness, which was indicated
by 26/40 and 21/40 drivers, respectively. The most common limitations of a good driver may be
attributed to the driver’s temper and aggressiveness, as reported by 13/40 and 11/40 drivers, respectively.
A variety of other data were acquired. CONCLUSION: Those who work with stock car racers may
consider the use of mental skill training to help develop and improve the psychological characteristics
required for stock car racing performance.
Keywords: mental skills, race car drivers, performance, anxiety
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-5
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
IMPACT OF STABILITY BALL SITTING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY PARAMETERS
DURING ARM ERGOMETRY
Charles R.C. Marks (Oakland University), Cecelia Goulette (Oakland University)
Purpose: This study determined the impact that sitting on a stability ball (SB) has on heart rate (HR),
stroke volume (SV), and oxygen content difference (CdO2) during arm ergometry. Methods: Twenty-nine
healthy young female and male adults exercised twice on separate days - one day sitting on a SB and the
other day sitting on a chair (C, randomized order). Cardiorespiratory measurements were done during rest
and two stages of submaximal arm ergometry exercise. Power output was set to elicit a 20 to 40 b/min
increase in heart rate for each stage of exercise. Open circuit-spirometry, CO2 rebreathing, and a heart
rate monitor measured VO2, VCO2, cardiac output, and HR. SV and CdO2 were calculated from results.
Repeated measures ANOVAs were done with alpha set at 0.05. Results: SB was found to be (compared to
C) significantly higher by 4 to 12% for VO2 (p < 0.001) and 2 to 4% for HR (p = 0.016). In addition,
Significant interaction with increasing differences with higher intensities were found between SB and C:
SB higher 0.5% to 2.1% for SV (p < .001) and 1 to 6% for CdO2 (p = 0.063). Conclusion: Replacing
chair sitting with a stability ball can elevate cardiorespiratory parameters during arm ergometry.
Keywords: cardiac output, aerobic arm exercise, swiss ball, oxygen uptake
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-6
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TELEVISION VIEWING DURING EXERCISE
Brian C. Rider (Hope College), David R. Bassett Jr. (University of Tennessee), Brittany S. Overstreet
(University of Tennessee), Kelley Strohacker (University of Tennessee),Eugene Fitzhugh (University of
Tennessee)
PURPOSE: To examine the effects of television (TV) viewing on psychological and physiological
variables during a moderate-intensity exercise bout. METHODS: Twenty-eight insufficiently active
adults participated in this study. Each participant performed three separate 30-minute walking bouts on a
motorized treadmill. The bouts were light-to-moderate intensity, separated by 48 hours, and the majority
of participants completed all bouts within three weeks. During each bout, participants watched a program
they selected (self-selected TV condition), a British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) nature program the
investigators selected (standardized TV condition), and one bout involved no TV viewing (no TV
condition). Variables measured during exercise were: heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), affect
(FS), and arousal (FAS). The physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES), subjective exercise experience
scale (SEES), and three visual analogue scales (VAS) were administered at the end of each bout.
Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed on all variables and additional analyses were conducted to
assess the potential mediators of exercise enjoyment (e.g., exercise motivation types). RESULTS:
Participants rated enjoyment of exercise higher during both self-selected TV and standardized TV
conditions (97.1 ± 15.2 and 92.7 ± 15.2) compared to the No TV condition (77.5 ± 13.4, p < 0.001).
Participants reported more positive affect during the self-selected TV condition compared to the no TV
control condition (3.49 ± 0.17 vs. 2.7 ± 0.3, p=0.025). They reported liking the self-selected program
more (84.3 ± 2.1 vs. 67.2 ± 4.3, p=0.001) than the standardized program. Nonetheless, the two types of
TV programs resulted in similar levels of attentional focus on TV viewing (self: 81.2 ± 19.7 and
standardized: 79.1 ± 14.2, p > 0.05) and dissociation from walking, (no TV: 72.6 ± 5.6 vs. self: 38.1 ± 6.7
and standardized: 33.2 ± 3.9, p=0.002) compared to the no TV condition. CONCLUSION: The findings
indicate that TV viewing, regardless of whether the programming is self-selected or standardized, resulted
in greater enjoyment of exercise. This may have occurred because TV viewing caused the participants to
focus their attention more on the TV program, and less on the physiological demands of the exercise bout
itself. /
Keywords: Enjoyment, Walking, Dissociation, Adherence
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-7
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
COMPARING ACUTE MINDFUL TO NON-MINDFUL EXERCISE IN REDUCING ANXIETY
AND IMPROVING MOOD
Michael F. Dahlinghaus (St. Ambrose University)
A variety of treatments have been researched and used to combat high levels of stress that can arise from
increased levels of anxiety and poor mood states. Exercise has been shown to be an effective treatment in
reducing anxiety and improving mood in the literature. Both mindful exercise and non-mindful exercise
have been found to be effective. However, is it still not clear if one may be more beneficial than the other
in reducing anxiety and improving mood. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of
mindful exercise (in the form of qigong) to non-mindful exercise (in the form of cross training
calisthenics) in reducing anxiety and improving mood. Participants (n=54) were assigned to one of three
groups consisting of a mindful exercise, non-mindful exercise, and a control group. Each group met for
one hour (45 minutes of exercise for intervention groups) for two sessions during one week. Pre and Post
tests were conducted using the full State Trait Anxiety Inventory (which assesses both state anxiety
STAI-1 and trait anxiety STAI-2), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Before the first session and at
the end of the final session, subjects took the STAI and POMS inventories for the measurement of anxiety
and mood state. Comparing the mean differences in pre and post scores of the STAI 1 (State Anxiety) and
STAI 2 (Trait Anxiety), and total mood score in POMS, only the total mood score of the POMS was
found to be statistically significant at an alpha level of .01. Both the mindful and non-mindful exercise
groups were found to have significantly improved mood when compared to the control group. The
mindful exercise group also found a statistically significant reduction in trait anxiety based on the STAI-2
results when compared to the no exercise control group. There were no statistically significant differences
when comparing mindful to non-mindful exercise. Results indicate that that all exercise methods provided
a psychological benefit. To better compare the differences between mindful versus non-mindful exercise a
larger population is recommended.
Keywords: Exercise Psychology, Mindfullness, Cross Training, Qigong
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-8
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF RIGHT LEG PAIN: A CASE STUDY OF ACUTE DEMYELINATION
OF THE SPINAL CORD
Laura Fink (Memorial Family Medicine Residency), Linda Mansfield (Memorial Family Medicine
Residency)
OBJECTIVE: Acute transverse myelitis is a rare, but well recognized demyelinating disorder that is
infrequently seen in children and adolescents. Particular attention must be focused on the pediatric
population when presenting with uncharacteristic symptoms such as acute onset of leg pain with
subsequent development of extremity weakness. Although a common diagnosis for leg pain will be a selflimiting musculoskeletal issue, more serious disorders should be within the differential diagnosis. If a
thorough physical exam is not performed, the initial subtle findings of a more severe disorder may be
overlooked and result in delayed treatment and long term sequelae. / HISTORY: A 13 year old female
presented to clinic with a complaint of a two day history of right lower extremity pain. Prior to onset of
symptoms, the patient was jumping on a trampoline and subsequently developed sharp, shooting right leg
pain. By the second day of symptoms, she developed right lower extremity weakness. She was initially
evaluated by her PCP and had x-rays of the tibia, fibula, and femur, which were normal. After the clinic
visit, the patient developed right foot drop and inability to urinate. / PHYSICAL EXAM: Patient was
alert and oriented. Cranial nerves were grossly intact. Upper extremity strength and left lower extremity
strength were 5/5. Right lower extremity strength was diminished to 3/5 strength with dorsiflexion,
plantar flexion, hip flexion and extension. She had a prominent right foot drop and was unable to
ambulate. Sensation to light touch, pain, and proprioception were absent in a distribution that spanned
distally to the proximal aspect of the tibia. Deep tendon reflexes were grossly intact and symmetrical. /
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: The differential diagnosis includes cauda equina syndrome, spinal cord
compression, transverse myelitis, metabolic derangement, B12 deficiency, Infectious etiology (tabes
dorsalis, viral), Guillain-Barre syndrome. / TESTS AND RESULTS: Baseline labs with CBC, CMP,
Vitamin B12, TSH, CSF cell count, cytology, viral panel, and culture were negative. Initial tibia, fibula,
and femur x-ray series were normal. A head CT and brain MRI were also negative. MRI of the spine
demonstrated demyelinating lesions of the cord at T6-T7. / FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Acute
Asymmetric Transverse Myelitis / TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: The patient was treated with a
five day course of high dose IV steroids followed by an oral tapering dose of prednisone. Physical therapy
was also initiated. She had complete resolution of sensory deficits and significant improvement in right
lower extremity weakness by day four of treatment. / DISCUSSION: Acute transverse myelitis is a rare
diagnosis in children that is often related to a systemic inflammatory autoimmune condition. Presenting
symptoms include motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction that can often rapidly progress. Diagnostic
criteria requires MRI of the spine, which will demonstrate signal abnormalities of the spinal cord.
Additional testing including baseline labs, CSF studies, and infectious work up are likely indicated.
Mainstay treatment includes high dose IV glucocorticosteroids with possible IVIG administration.
Recovery can take years, but the majority of patients will have at least partial recovery.
Keywords: transverse myelitis, motor dysfunction, autoimmune, IV steroids
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-9
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
THIRD TIMES DEFINITELY NOT THE CHARM: AN EVALUATION OF KNEE PAIN
Anthony R. Okamura (Cincinnati Children's Hospital), Paul J. Gubanich (Cincinnati Children's Hospital)
History: A 15 yo high school track athlete presented to the sports outpatient clinic with complaints of
approximately 4 weeks of progressive left medial knee pain. Symptoms began during a track running
event where he felt a pop but was able to finish the race. He was initially seen 2 days after his initial
injury and again 3 days prior to his current presentation in the ER. He was seen for this pain and was
given crutches at his last visit. He describes the pain as sharp and throbbing, worse with moving and often
uses crutches to ambulate. He noted associated night pain, swelling and instability. He was unable to run
in the state meet due to his pain which did not improve with 4 weeks of rest. On ROS, the patient also
noted associated fevers, sore throat, cough and red eyes. / / Physical Exam: Gait was antalgic with
painful heel and toe walking. Normal pulses without leg edema, swelling, erythema or ecchymosis.
Tenderness to palpation over the medial joint line, medial femoral condyle, distal medial femur and
adductor tubercle. Patellar compression test was positive. Full knee range of motion with negative patellar
grind or patellar apprehension. Knee ligaments were intact. Hip exam was normal with full range of
motion without pain and normal strength. / / Differential Diagnosis: Medial condyle stress fracture, tibial
stress fracture, pes bursitis/medial hamstring tendonitis/avulsion, chondromalacia patella, synovitis, bony
tumor. / / Tests and Results: Xrays were performed in clinic at the time of his visit. These revealed a
3cm lytic lesion at the medial aspect of the distal femur over the medial femoral condyle with irregular
borders and periosteal reaction concerning for a primary tumor. An MRI w/wo contrast performed the
next day showed an aggressive 4x4x5 cm lesion with extension into the epiphysis consistent with
pathologic fracture. The lesion was believed to be an osteosarcoma. / / Final Working Diagnosis: Biopsy
of the lesion confirmed a telangectatic osteosarcoma / Treatment and Outcomes: Bone, PET, and CT
scans did not reveal any metastases. The patient was admitted for induction chemotherapy which has
recently been completed. Additional treatment and outcomes are pending at this time. /
Keywords: Osteosarcoma, Pediatric, Adolescent, Cancer
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-10
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
MISMATCH OF SYMPTOMS & PATHOLOGY: AN ADOLESCENT FOOTBALL
HAMSTRING STRAIN
Timothy J Partridge (Henry Ford Health System)
HISTORY: 14yo M football and track athlete initially injured in Sep '14 when tackled during football
game from behind, felt tightness in posterior left leg near buttock, limped off field. Diagnosed with
hamstring pull by team ATC, rehabbed for 2 weeks with rest, iontophoresis, progressive strengthening.
Returned after missing 2 games and completed the remainder of his football season without further
missed time, only soreness as a symptom. Played basketball season uneventfully, no continued symptoms.
Short-distance track athlete, in May '15 pushed off during event with left foot and felt similar pain to that
which he experienced the prior September, missed remainder of track season, rehabbed as he did the prior
fall but unable to return in time for final meet. Rested for the remainder of spring and early summer,
started to do 7v7 football drills this summer and had some nagging soreness in left hamstring, sought
formal evaluation to prepare him for successful upcoming football season. / PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION: Normal gait, mild to moderately tender over left ischial tuberosity at hamstring origin,
grossly unremarkable without ecchymosis or deformity. No palpable defect, 5-/5 knee flexion strength
when supine in left leg with very mild associated "tightness" but no pain, 5/5 knee flexion strength in
right leg. Knee extension 0 degrees bilaterally, knee flexion 140 degrees bilaterally. Remainder of
musculoskeletal examination unremarkable. / DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Incompletely
rehabilitated hamstring strain, ischial tuberosity avulsion fracture, ischial tuberosity apophysitis, ischial
tuberosity apophyseal avulsion, sciatic nerve irritation. / TEST AND RESULTS: Radiograph of pelvis
demonstrated large hemipelvis avulsion fracture of left ischial tuberosity, displacement 2.4 cm / FINAL
WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Large left ischial tuberosity avulsion fracture / TREATMENT: Patient
scheduled for surgery at time of submission. / OUTCOME: Follow-up to be completed after surgery.
Keywords: Avulsion fracture, Surgical, Displacement, Delayed presentation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-11
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
THE EFFECT OF YOGA ON GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN YOUNG MEN AND
WOMEN
Aaron H. Eastham (Northern Michigan University), Lanae Joubert (Northern Michigan University)
In adults, growth hormone (GH) plays an important role in tissue growth and repair that leads to stronger
muscles, bones, and ligaments. Growth hormone also promotes stored fat to be used as fuel by signaling
for the increase in fat metabolism, which can help reduce adipose tissue and maintain a healthy body
composition. Resistance exercise and aerobic training have been shown to be powerful stimulants of GH
release, but to date yoga's relationship to GH release has not been studied. Yoga has been shown to elicit
increases in muscular strength and reductions in body fat, but the physiological mechanisms behind these
improvements are not fully understood. HYPOTHESIS: Yoga will significantly increase GH secretion in
young men and women, which will present a partial explanation for the fitness improvements seen in
yoga. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute bout of yoga exercise
on the secretion of GH in healthy, young males and females. METHODS: Ten women and seven men
(total n = 17, mean age 23.9 ± 3.9) volunteered and completed the university IRB approved study.
Participants completed a 60-min, certified instructor led vinyasa-flow yoga session. Blood (5ml) was
collected at rest, 10-min prior (PRE), at the 35-min point during (MID), and immediately post (POST) the
yoga session via venipuncture of the antecubital vein while the subjects were in a seated position. Serum
GH was measured using immunochemiluminometric assay. Resting GH levels were statistically
compared to mid- and post- yoga GH levels using a repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: Significant
increases (P <0.05) in GH were seen when comparing the PRE (1.15 ± 2.1) to the MID (8.45 ± 6.3) and
POST (5.0 ± 5.5) yoga time points. CONCLUSION: The release of GH into the blood during yoga may
partially explain the physiological mechanisms underlying the health benefits of this low impact activity.
Keywords: Low intensity, Exercise, Vinyasa, Physiology
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-12
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
COMPARISON OF A DERIVED ECG FROM A CARDIOWARE HARNESS TO A STANDARD
12-LEAD ECG AT REST AND EXERCISE
Nickole Lay (Cleveland State University), Kenneth Sparks (Cleveland State University), David
Dashevsky (Orbital Research Inc.)
The number one leading cause of death in both men and women is heart disease, with more than 600,000
deaths per year. ECGs are a fundamental tool of clinical practice and are one of the most common
diagnostic cardiovascular tests conducted to detect cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE: To determine
whether a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) using five dry electrodes in the modified EASI electrode
position in the CardioWare harness can be derived from a standard 12-lead ECG during rest, ambulatory
walking, and strenuous walking on a treadmill. METHODS: Thirty healthy men (n=15) and women
(n=15), ages 20-54 years, from Cleveland State University and the surrounding community participated in
this study. Subjects served as their own controls, as they were connected to both types of ECG
simultaneously (Modified EASI CardioWare and Standard Mason-Likar). Data were collected from both
ECG placements for five minutes of rest (Trial A) and during Trial B for two intensities of exercise. The
first half of Trial B included rest and ambulatory walking (Stage 1: standing rest and Stage 2: walking
1.7mph, 0% incline). The second half of Trial B consisted of strenuous walking and recovery (Stage 3:
walking 1.7pmh, 10% incline, Stage 4: walking 2.5mph, 12% incline, and Stage 5: standing recovery).
All stages were three minutes in length. Paired samples t-tests were used to compare the two electrode
placements. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the root mean square error (RMSE)
of the two different types of electrode placements during either the first half or the second half of Trial B
(p ? .05). All correlations of RMSE between the first half and second half of Trial B were robust (r range=
0.658 - 0.942) and significant (p =0.0001). The subjective goodness of fit measure based on the overlay of
both types of ECGs was similar. CONCLUSION. It can be concluded that the modified EASI derived
12-lead ECG is an acceptable alternative to the standard 12-lead ML system at rest, ambulatory, and
strenuous walking.
Keywords: Cardiovascular, Electrocardiogram, Dry Electrode, Treadmill
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-13
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFECTS OF LOCAL MUSCLE FATIGUE ON PROPRIOCEPTION AND MOTOR
LEARNING.
Gowtami Datla (Wayne State University), Dr. Qin Lai (Wayne State University)
Background: Muscle fatigue is an exercise induced decline in the ability of muscles to produce force or
power. Recent studies showed that decline in proprioception due to fatigue lead to an increasing risk of
falls and injury. However, it’s unknown whether fatigue-induced proprioception decrease affects skill
acquisition and memory consolidation. Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of local
muscle fatigue on perceptual motor learning in arm positioning task. Methods: 24 healthy young adults
(Age: 20-40) were randomly and equally assigned into either control or experiment group. An informed
consent was signed prior to the study. Both the groups performed the same task but the experiment group
underwent a fatigue protocol (biceps curls with weight of 80% voluntary contraction until fatigue) during
the acquisition phase. The task was to place the left forearm on a kinestheiometer and moved a handle to
30, 45, 60 degrees by flexion. All the participants performed 1 block of pre-test, 5 blocks of acquisition
phase, 1 block of post-immediate test during the first visit. A delayed retention and bilateral transfer tests
were administered 48 hrs after the first visit. Each block had 12 trials. Throughout the task participants
were blind folded and were given verbal feedback during the acquisition only. Results: A 2 X 5 (Group
vs. Block) ANOVA with repeated measure on Block for acquisition demonstrated both groups decreased
total movement error (E) with practice, F(4, 88) = 10.46, p<.01. A main effect of group was detected, F(1,
22) = 4.91, p<.05. Duncan’s MRT indicated fatigue group (M=5.73) produced more E relative to the
controlled (M=4.93). A separated ANOVA for the post-immediate, retention, and transfer tests revealed
the same tendency as acquisition, F(1, 22) = 10.19, p<.01. Conclusion: Both the control and experiment
group exhibited perceptual motor learning with practice. The fatigue group showed a greater error than
the control group in acquisition, retention and transfer. Therefore it appears that fatigue has negative
effects on perceptual motor acquisition and long-term memory consolidation by degrading proprioception
on the arm.
Keywords: perceptual motor skill, Kinesthesiometer, acquisition, elbow flexion
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-14
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE BODY WEIGHT ON THE WINGATE TEST PERFORMANCE
Matthew R. Lunde (University of Wisconsin-River Falls), Joseph O’Kroy (University of Wisconsin-River
Falls)
Resistance loading is important to correct power determinations using the Wingate power output test. In
football linemen who have very heavy body weights, much of which can be fat mass, the standard loading
of 7.5% may result in a resistance too heavy for them to complete the test adequately. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study was to determine if excessive body weight will result in peak power output (PPO)
not accurately assessed at the standard resistance of 7.5% on the Wingate test. METHODS: Eleven
division three collegiate football athletes (mean + SD: age, 19.09 ± 0.54 yrs; height, 188.19 ± 3.51 cm;
weight, 131.50 ± 14.33 kg; percent fat, 31.58 ± 4.29 %) participated in the current study. All subjects
performed three, 30 second Wingate tests at the following resistances, 5.5%, 6.5%, and 7.5% in a
randomized order to assess PPO. Each Wingate test was performed on different days with at least four
days’ rest. The BOD-POD was also used to measure body composition. RESULTS: PPO was
significantly different between the three resistance groups (p < 0.05). The 5.5% resistance setting
produced the lowest PPO, mean watts, anaerobic capacity, fatigue index and total work. The 7.5%
resistance setting had the highest PPO, mean watts, anaerobic capacity, fatigue index and total work. At
the 6.5% resistance setting, variable results were between the two other groups. CONCLUSION: In
conclusion, excessive body weight individuals should perform the standard resistance of 7.5% on the
Wingate test instead of lower resistances to obtain a true peak power output.
Keywords: Resistance settings, Peak power output, Percent fat, Anaerobic
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-15
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFECTS OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON AGILITY
Karim Kheniser (Cleveland State University), Emily Kullman (Cleveland State University), Kenneth
Sparks (Cleveland State University), Kathleen Little (Cleveland State University)
It has long been speculated that the menstrual cycle affects athletic performance. Whether athletic
performance is impacted by menstrual cycle phase is dependent upon an array of factors. Namely, these
include: the type of activity (i.e., aerobic or anaerobic); oral contraceptive (OC) use; and, possibly, mental
processing required during the execution of the task. As it pertains to the latter, prior research has
indicated that alteration in estradiol (E2) affects cognitive processing. Little is known about whether E2
modulates the speed of cognitive processing in a sports setting, which may cause alterations in sport
performance throughout the menstrual cycle. Additionally, variations in E2 levels throughout the
menstrual cycle are associated with changes in joint laxity, which may translate into changes in quick and
powerful movements, such as multidirectional running patterns required in many sports. PURPOSE: The
present study aimed to deduce if fluctuations in E2 influence agility performance in the reactive agility
test (RAT), which requires mental processing during its execution, as well as the T-Test, which does not
require mental processing, but does entail a high degree of agility. METHODS: Subjects (n=7, 59.3 ± 4.0
kg) were tested on the RAT and T-Test, during mid-cycle ([MC], high E2) and the early follicular phase
([EF], low E2) of the menstrual cycle. Subjects monitored urine levels of luteinizing hormone (LH),
which corresponds with elevated E2, to determine the MC test timing. RESULTS: With respect to the TTest, the results indicated that the subjects were significantly faster during EF (12.7 ± 0.94 seconds vs.
12.4 ± 0.98 seconds; p=0.002), relative to MC. However, there were no significant differences in RAT
agility times between EF and MC. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, cognitive function (i.e., mental
processing) relative to sport performance is not affected, but the neuromuscular system may be negatively
influenced by increases in E2, given that the subjects were slower in the T-Test during MC.
Keywords: Estrogen, sport performance, female, injury prevention
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-16
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFECT OF HAND DOMINANCE ON ACCURACY OF WRIST-WORN PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY MONITORS
Elizabeth P. Kelley (Ball State University), M. Benjamin Nelson (Ball State University), Josh M. Bock
(Ball State University), Mary Tuttle (Ball State University), Dr. Jeremy Steeves (Maryville College), Dr.
Leonard Kaminsky (Ball State University), Dr. Alexander Montoye (Ball State University)
Many commercial physical activity (PA) monitors are designed to be worn on the wrist, but it is unclear if
there is a difference in accuracy for PA tracking when a monitor is worn on the dominant vs. nondominant wrist. Given that most individuals favor their dominant side when performing activities,
placement on one’s dominant vs. non-dominant wrist may make a difference in accuracy for PA tracking.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of wrist placement (dominant vs.
non-dominant) on estimates of energy expenditure (EE), active minutes (ActMin), and steps between two
commercially available PA monitors in a simulated free-living environment. METHODS: Thirty adults
(15 males, 15 females) wore two types of PA monitors (FB and JB) simultaneously while completing an
80-min PA protocol, which included activities in sedentary, household, and exercise/ambulatory
categories. During the protocol, participants wore each type of monitor on the dominant and nondominant wrists (four monitors total) while completing at least four activities from each activity category
for 2-15 min in the order of their choosing. Participants were required to spend half of the 80-min
protocol in sedentary activities. Estimates of EE (kcals) and ActMin (METS>3.0) from the PA monitors
were compared to measurements by a portable metabolic analyzer, the criterion measure for EE and
ActMin. Steps estimated by the monitors were compared to steps manually counted by trained research
staff. Repeated measures analysis of variance and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the accuracy of
monitors compared to criterion measures and the differences between non-dominant and dominant wrist
placement. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between PA estimates in dominant and
non-dominant wrists within monitors of the same manufacturer. EE, ActMin, and step estimates between
the dominant and non-dominant wrists in the FB were within 7%, 9%, and 1% of each other, respectively.
EE, ActMin, and step estimates between the dominant and non-dominant wrists in the JB were within 5%,
2%, and 2% of each other, respectively. However, commercial PA monitors tended to underestimate EE,
ActMin, and step counts compared to the criterion measures, regardless of the wrist on which they were
worn. Relative to the criterion measures, the FB monitor underestimated EE by 13% on the non-dominant
wrist (p<0.001) and non-significantly trended toward underestimation when worn on the dominant wrist
(7%, p=0.26); ActMin was underestimated by 51-55% (p<0.001) and steps by 24-25% (p<0.001). The JB
monitor underestimated EE by 26-28% (p<0.001), ActMin by 30-31% (p<0.001), and steps by 27-29%
(p<0.001) for both wrists. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that choice of wrist for PA monitor
placement has minimal effect on monitor accuracy for tracking PA during a simulated free-living
protocol, indicating that individuals may be able to wear monitors on either wrist for tracking of daily PA.
However, estimates from these wrist-worn PA monitors should be interpreted with caution due to their
underestimation of PA. Further research should examine whether activities mainly utilizing one side of
the body may be tracked differently between monitors worn on the dominant vs. non-dominant wrists. /
This study was supported by the Ball State University ASPiRE Junior Faculty Research Grant, ASPiRE
Student Research Grant, and CAST Internal Grant. /
Keywords: activity tracker, pedometer, accelerometer, measuring device
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-17
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
DIFFERENCES IN GENDER, FIRST GENERATION STUDENTS AND WELLNESS LEVELS
AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Jill Cain (University of Indianapolis), Alex Ritchie (University of Indianapolis), Urska Dobersek
(University of Indianapolis), K. Lee Everett (University of Indianapolis),Mindy Hartman Mayol
(University of Indianapolis)
Wellness has been defined as a self-driven process involving several well-being facets impacting one’s
health, values, balance and personal lifestyle with the intent to minimize unhealthy perceptions and
behaviors. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare multi-dimensional wellness outcomes
between male versus female athletes as well as first generation (FG) versus non-first generation (NFG)
student-athletes. METHODS: Athletes (n = 218 males and n = 97 females; n = 49 FG students and n =
266 NFG students) ages 18 to 23 from 11 NCAA Division II sports teams (volleyball, football, soccer,
swimming & diving, basketball, cross country and wrestling) voluntarily completed the MultiDimensional Wellness Inventory (MDWI) (Scott, Mayol & Schreiber, 2014) and a demographic
questionnaire, all paper-based and self-reported. The 45-item MDWI measures one’s perceived behavior
with respect to personal wellness orientation within nine dimensions: physical wellness exercise (PWE),
physical wellness nutrition (PWN), mental (MW), social (SW), spiritual (SPW), intellectual (IW),
environmental (EW), occupational (OW) and financial (FW). Each item is measured on a 4-point Likert
scale (1 = Does not describe me at all to 4 = Absolutely describes me); summed construct scores could
range between 5 and 20. Two independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data. An alpha level of
0.05 was set for statistical significance. RESULTS: Between male and female athletes, there were
statistically significant differences on PWN [t(315) =-3.43, p=.001], SW [t(315) =-5.08, p<.001], SPW
[t(315) =-2.27, p=.024], EW [t(315) =-3.94, p<.001] and OW [t(315) =-2.48, p=.014] with no significant
differences seen on PWE, MW, IW and FW (p > .05). Females demonstrated higher scores on PWN
(M=14.76, SD=3.59; M=13.25, SD=3.45), SW (M= 14.01, SD=1.67; M= 12.87, SD=12.05), SPW
(M=15.52, SD=1.76; M=14.94, SD=2.09) and OW (M=16.98, SD=2.11; M=16.24, SD=2.45) and males
showed higher scores on EW (M=9.23, SD=2.13; M= 9.02, SD=1.78). Between FG and NFG studentathletes, there were statistically significant differences on PWE [t(315) =-2.58, p=.011], MW [t(315) =2.48, p=.014], SW [t(315) =-3.11, p=.002], IW [t(315) =-2.36, p=.019], EW [t(315) =-2.22, p=.027] and
FW [t(315) =-2.19, p=.032] with no significant differences demonstrated on PWN, SPW and OW (p >
.05). NFG student-athletes showed higher scores on PWE (M=15.89, SD=2.12; M=14.93, SD=2.76), MW
(M=15.64, SD=2.43; M=14.59, SD=2.75), SW (M=13.36, SD=1.96; M=12.27, SD=2.33), IW (M=15.85,
SD=2.48; M=14.88, SD=2.08), EW (M=14.73, SD=2.82); M=13.67, SD=2.60) and FW (M=14.20,
SD=2.64; M=13.43, SD=1.99). CONCLUSIONS: Analyses revealed favorable results for female athletes
in PWN, SW, SPW and OW, yet males scored higher in EW than their female counterparts. NFG studentathletes showed higher scores on six of nine wellness dimensions than did FG student-athletes indicating
deficits and possible future setbacks in their overall well-being. It was not expected that a significant
difference on PWE would be seen among this target population because of the consistency that their
strength/conditioning programs provide for sustained exercise regularity. Based on these findings, future
studies and holistic wellness programming for all student-athletes alike while targeting and providing
additional support for certain groups of athletes are recommended and are further needed in the literature.
/ / (Funding: UIndy InQuery Collaborative Grant) /
Keywords: Sport Psychology, Multi-Dimensional, Perceptions, Comparisons
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-18
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
SKELETAL MUSCLE ENZYME PROTEIN RESPONSES TO ACUTE AEROBIC AND
AEROBIC + RESISTANCE EXERCISE
Jessica A. Weiss (Purdue University), Ron T. Garner (Purdue University)
The spreading of the obesity epidemic and associated risk of type 2 diabetes necessitates exploration of
avenues for effective treatment. A well-known method to prevent and offset the adverse effects of T2D is
exercise. Both aerobic (AEx) and resistance (REx) exercise training increase metabolism and concurrent
(AEx+REx) exercise training improves glycemic control in T2D further than either exercise modality
alone. Exercise training is known to promote increases in the content of several metabolic enzymes
including phosphofructokinase (PFK), 3-L-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD), and citrate
synthase (CS). However, little is known about the effects of acute exercise on skeletal muscle metabolic
enzyme content. PURPOSE: To investigate skeletal muscle PFK, β -HAD, and CS content in response to
acute exercise. METHODS: Twelve sedentary, young men underwent maximal aerobic (VO2max) and
resistance (1-RM) testing. At least 2 weeks later, subjects performed 45 min of cycle ergometer aerobic
exercise followed by 3 sets of single leg resistance exercise. A single resting and 2 post exercise (1 hr post
AEx and AEx+REx) biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis. Protein content for PFK, β-HAD, and
CS was analyzed by Western Blot. RESULTS: Overall, exercise had no effect on protein content for
PFK, β-HAD, or CS. However, with subjects grouped post-hoc into LOW (range 24.6-37.2 ml/kg/min;
N=7) and NORM (43.4-54.8 ml/kg/min; N=5) VO2max, increases in CS (~ 300%) and β-HAD (~45%)
occurred following both AEx and AEx+REx in NORM but not LOW. CONCLUSIONS: Acute exercise
can increase muscle aerobic (CS and β-HAD) metabolic enzyme content in individual’s with normal, but
not low VO2max. It is attractive to speculate that poorer morbidity and mortality rates associated with
low VO2max may be due in part to poorer skeletal muscle metabolic enzyme responses to acute exercise.
Keywords: metabolism, sedentary, VO2 Max, muscle biopsy
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-19
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EFFICACY OF IN-PERSON VS ONLINE MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING-BASED
HEALTH COACHING
Kathryrn Bus (Iowa State University), Karissa L. Peyer (Iowa State University), Laura D. Ellingson (Iowa
State University), Gregory J. Welk (Iowa State University)
PURPOSE: Utilization of health coaching is growing in the health care field. Research has shown that
there are different methods of health coach delivery. This study evaluated the effectiveness of in-person
vs online health coaching in delivering motivational interviewing and promoting behavior change. /
METHODS: Eighty-seven participants (23 males and 64 females) completed an 8-week intervention
study. A unique aspect of the study design was that participants selected how they wanted to receive
health coaching (in-person or online) and a goal they wanted to work on (diet, physical activity, and
weight management). Fifty-one participants (15 males and 36 females) chose in-person coaching and
thirty-six (8 males and 28 females) elected to receive online health coaching. In terms of the goals, 15
participants chose diet, 24 chose physical activity, 48 chose weight management. A battery of surveys
was given to each participant pre- and post-intervention to assess their use of strategies related to
performing healthy behaviors (nutrition, physical activity, weight management, and meals). Weight,
physical activity, and diet were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Physical activity was measured for a
week using a personal activity monitor (SenseWear® armband) and participants recorded their diet for
three days using the accompanying software (BodyMedia FIT 3.0). Depending on the self-selected health
coaching method (in-person or online), participants then either met with or corresponded via email with
their health coach weekly. Regardless of coaching method, motivational interviewing techniques were
used to guide participants in setting weekly goals to promote behavior change. Primary outcomes
included weight, physical activity (average minutes per day of moderate/vigorous physical activity;
MVPA), and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index; HEI). A series of 2 way (group by goal) ANOVAs were
run to determine within and between group changes in behavioral strategies and health outcomes over the
intervention. / RESULTS: In terms of the behavioral strategies, there was no significant difference
between groups in improvement in the four behavior strategies scales (p>0.05). To examine changes in
primary outcomes, percent change values were calculated for each of the primary outcome measures
(HEI, MVPA, and weight). For HEI, the group by goal interaction effect was significant [F(5,41)=2.7,
p=0.03] indicating that the in-person participants improved more than the online participants. The
interaction was not significant for MVPA [F(5,66)=1.22, p=0.31] or percent weight change
[F(5,80)=0.18, p=0.97]. / CONCLUSION: There were few observable differences in outcomes between
in-person or online health coaching supporting the benefits of providing participants with choice in
coaching format and targeted goals. Changes in diet favored groups receiving in-person coaching so there
may be some benefits of in-person health coaching over online coaching when discussing diet and
nutrition behavior change. Clinicians and researchers should consider providing participants with more
autonomy when designing nutrition interventions. /
Keywords: health promotion, weight management, healthy eating, health coach
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-20
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
EVALUATION OF KNEE KNIMATICS PARAMETERS BEFORE AND AFTER
MECHANICAL LOADING OF THE KNEE JOINT
Yang Hu (Southern Illinois University-Carbondale), Michael W. Olson (Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale)
Prolonged loading of the knee joint capsule modifies agonist muscle activity during static knee flexionextension efforts. The resulting kinematics responses of the knee joint during dynamic activities after
knee joint loading are yet to be determined. / PURPOSE: To observe kinematics of the knee joint during
the gait cycle before and after static loading of the knee joint capsule. / METHODS: Five healthy
individuals (20.8 ± 1 yrs, 1.75 ± 0.09 m, 73.1 ± 9.4 kg) participated. Participants were seated while the
left knee was flexed to 90° and secured to prevent movement. Maximal voluntary isometric contractions
were performed in knee flexion and extension. A padded cuff was then fitted around the proximal lower
leg, and a cable was fixed around the pad. The cable ran though a pulley system and loaded the leg for 10
min with a 200 N load. Gait was initiated with the left leg 5 times immediately before and after static
loading. Marker clusters were placed on the thigh and shank of the left leg, with other markers placed at
anatomical landmarks to represent the pelvis and foot. One way ANOVA tests were used to identify
changes in sagittal (SK) and transverse (TK) knee angle motions (Max, Min, and ROM) between pre- and
post-loading steps during the gait cycle. Alpha was set at < 0.05. / RESULTS: No significant changes in
pre/post parameters were present for SKMax (59.0 ± 5.7° vs 56.1 ± 7.4°), TKMax (7.4 ± 9.6° vs 7.7 ±
10.5°), SKMin (-1.9 ± 5.3° vs -2.7 ± 8.8°), TKMin (-19.6 ± 11.0° vs -18.6 ± 11.8°), SKROM (60.7 ± 4.1°
vs 58.9 ± 7.5°), or TKROM (26.9 ± 12.2° vs 26.3 ± 13.1°). / CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the knee joint
kinematics during the entire gait cycle were not significantly influenced by the loading procedures.
Further evaluation of the kinematics may need to be performed during the stance phase alone to explore
possible compensations used by the body when mechanical loads are presented to the knee joint. /
Keywords: Gait cyle, biomechanics, injury mechanism, movement analysis
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-21
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MAXIMAL FAT
OXIDATION AND FATMAX
Jennifer M. Erichsen (Ball State University), Brandon J. Dykstra (Ball State University), Justin P.
Guilkey (Ball State University), Anthony D. Mahon (Ball State University)
Carbohydrate and fat are the two primary sources of fuel used by the body during aerobic exercise. In
general, the rate of carbohydrate oxidation increases with increasing exercise intensity, while the absolute
rate of fat oxidation increases from low to moderate intensity, then decreases with further increases in
intensity. The maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO) can be determined using gas exchange measurements,
and the exercise intensity at which it occurs is termed Fatmax. MFO and Fatmax can be identified using a
few different data analysis methods. It is unknown if MFO and Fatmax differs between approaches.
PURPOSE: To compare two different methods of identifying MFO and Fatmax. METHODS: Thirtyone healthy children (11.4 ± 2.5 yrs) volunteered for this study. During the experimental visit, the
participants completed an incremental Fatmax protocol on a cycle ergometer. This was followed by a test
to volitional exhaustion, meant to assess peak exercise responses. For each participant, oxygen
consumption and carbon dioxide production were determined at each stage of the incremental Fatmax test
using indirect calorimetry. These values were used to calculate rates of fat oxidation, which were then
plotted against exercise intensity. MFO was identified using two different methods: the highest measured
value (H) and the interpolated (I) value using a best fit polynomial curve. A paired samples t-test was
used to compare absolute MFO, MFO relative to body mass (MFOkg), MFO relative to fat free mass
(MFOffm), and Fatmax values resulting from the two methods. Intra-class correlation coefficients were
also determined. Significance was established if p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Four children did not meet the
established criteria for maximal effort during the test to exhaustion. Because Fatmax was expressed as a
percentage of VO2max, Fatmax data for only the 27 subjects who attained a maximal effort was included
in the analysis (data from all 31 subjects were used for the analysis of absolute and relative MFO). MFO
was 0.188 ±0.078 g/min and 0.166 ± 0.059 g/min when determined by H and I, respectively. MFOkg was
5.1 ± 2.9 mg/kg/min and 4.5 ± 2.1 mg/kg/min when determined by H and I, respectively. MFOffm was
6.9 ± 4.1 mg/kgFFM/min and 6.0 ± 2.8 mg/kgFFM/min when determined by H and I, respectively.
Fatmax occurred at 40.9 ± 9.2% of peak VO2 and 41.5 ± 8.9% of peak VO2, when determined by H and
I, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.57 for MFO to r = 0.70 for Fatmax (p
≤ 0.05 for all r-values). CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the values of MFO and
Fatmax identified using the two data analysis methods. This is an indication that either data analysis
method may be used when identifying absolute and relative MFO and Fatmax. However, the differences
in MFO, MFOkg, and MFOffm identified with the different methods approached statistical significance,
suggesting that differences may appear with a larger sample size. / / Funding provided by a student grant
from the Midwest Regional Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine awarded to Brandon J.
Dykstra /
Keywords: metabolism, pediatric, obesity, lipids
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
Poster
P4-22
Saturday
8:00a-9:45a
12 DAY ADVENTURE RUN TRAINING AT ALTITUDE IMPROVES SEA LEVEL 5KM
PERFORMANCE – A CASE STUDY
Andrew M. Jones (Northern Michigan University), Paul Mann (Northern Michigan University), Scott S.
Drum (Northern Michigan University)
High-altitude (HA) training has been an integral part of many elite endurance training programs for the
past few decades. Potential performance enhancing blood chemistry changes occur after 3-6 weeks;
however, less is known about blood changes after only 12 days and what this might mean for sea level
performance. PURPOSE: Therefore, we measured the effect of a 12-day adventure running camp at
altitude on 5 km time trial (TT) performance. METHODS: A group of 5 individuals (22-32 years old; 3
male, 2 female) volunteered for the study. All runners began the study with at least 2-months of consistent
training equal to approximately 3-4 days of running per week and a range of 10-30 miles per week. TT,
maximal volume of oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy (RE), and a complete blood chemistry
(CBC) assessment were measured at sea-level prior to and immediately after the 12 day training bout at
altitude. TT was measured on the same track and at the same time of day pre and post altitude training.
VO2max and RE were tested simultaneously with an incremental treadmill protocol to volitional fatigue.
Blood was drawn in the anticubital vein of individual's preferred arm. All blood was drawn by certified
phlebotomists. Runners traveled to Colorado and altitude exposure to engage in prescribed, low-moderate
intensity (e.g., approximately 50-60% heart rate max) exercise for 12 days. Overall, participants easily
hiked and ran 2-7 hours per day at elevations ranging from 7,000 – 14,000 feet. Overnight (i.e., sleeping)
elevation was constantly around 7,770 feet. After 12 days, runners traveled to sea-level and post-testing
within 2-days of leaving altitude. Paired t-tests were utilized to describe differences between pre- and
post-tests with a p-value of < 0.05 set for significance. RESULTS: In relation to select CBC parameters,
significant changes occurred (p < .05) and are as follows from pre- to post-test, respectively: hemoglobin
concentration (HC; 13.8 ± 2.2 and 15.04 ± 2.1 g/dl), red blood cell count (RBC; 4.83 ± 0.47 and 5.09 ±
0.43 x 106/ul), and hematocrit (Hct; 41.9 ± 5.6 and 44.8 ± 5.7 %). Mean TT performance also changed
significantly from pre to post, respectively (21.49 ± 2.7 and 20.85 min ± 2.7). There was no significant (p
> 0.05) difference observed for VO2max or RE. CONCUSION: Because no significant change occurred
with respect to maximal oxygen uptake and RE, positive blood changes, such as increased HC, RBC, and
Hct, may have contributed to improved TT performance. From a practical viewpoint, 12-days of altitude
exposure and easy running/hiking seemed to enhance sea level 5 km outcomes. Thus, sea level dwelling,
sub-elite athletes with limited vacation time may benefit from this type of training when planning sea
level races. / / Supported by: Northern Michigan University Graduate Student Grant /
Keywords: Altitude, Endurance, Performance, Running
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-1
FC
Friday
8:00a-8:15a
MEASURED VERSUS PREDICTED PHYSIOLOGIC VARIABLES IN DIVISION I MALE
SOCCER ATHLETES.
Gabriel J. Sanders (Northern Kentucky University), Brian Boos (Northern Kentucky University), Willard
Peveler (Northern Kentucky University), Corey A. Peacock (Nova Southeastern University)
PURPOSE: Predicting maximum heart rates may not result in optimal training intensities for elite level
athletes. Using an age-predicted maximum heart rate calculation to estimate exercise training intensities
can adversely alter predicted aerobic and anaerobic threshold levels, further reducing the effectiveness of
a strength and conditioning program. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess measured maximal
heart rates, aerobic, and anaerobic thresholds and compare these numbers to predicted maximum heart
rates, aerobic and anaerobic thresholds in Division I male soccer athletes. / METHODS: Male (19.8 ± 1.3
years) Division I soccer athlete’s (N = 11) were measured for height (178.0 ± 5.1 cm) and weight (79.9 ±
5.9 kg) prior to completing a graded maximal treadmill exercise test. Throughout the treadmill test, heart
rate and VO2 were measured with a heart rate monitor and metabolic cart (ParvoMedics, True 2400),
respectively. Predicted heart rate variables were extrapolated based on the athlete’s age-predicted
maximum heart rate and their actual resting heart rate. Estimated aerobic and anaerobic thresholds
intensities were calculated at 70% and 85%, respectively using the Karvonen Target Heart Rate method. /
RESULTS: Paired samples t-test revealed there was no significant (P ≥ 0.132) differences between
measured versus predicted aerobic (155.3 ± 8.9 measured BPM, 158.2 ± 2.0 predicted BPM), and
anaerobic (175.3 ± 8.3 measured BPM, 179.2 ± 1.3 predicted BPM) thresholds. However, there was a
significant (P = 0.012) difference between measured (191.9 ± 8.3 BPM) and age predicted maximum
(200.2 ± 1.3 BPM) heart rates. / CONCLUSION: Measured maximum heart rate was significantly lower
than age predicted maximum heart rates in Division I male soccer athletes. Additionally, based on the
larger standard deviation in measured, relative to predicted aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, Division I
male soccer athlete’s should undergo a maximal treadmill exercise test to improve target heart rate
training intensities and maximize aerobic and anaerobic performance. /
Keywords: Aerobic Threshold, Anaerobic Threshold, Maximum Heart Rate, Graded Exercise Test
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-1
FC
Friday
8:15a-8:30a
HEART RATE RECOVERY AND VARIABILITY FOLLOWING MAXIMAL EXERCISE IN
OVERWEIGHT AND LEAN CHILDREN
Justin P. Guilkey (Miami University), Brandon Dykstra (Ball State University), Jennifer Erichsen (Ball
State University), Anthony D. Mahon (Ball State University)
Excess weight in children has been associated with changes in autonomic regulation at rest, but the
clinical implications of these changes are unclear. Furthermore, the clinical implications of blunted
parasympathetic nervous system reactivation and sympathetic nervous system withdrawal during recovery
from maximal exercise have much stronger associations. Heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate
variability (HRV) are two methods that non-invasively quantify autonomic regulation during recovery
from exercise. Little is known about changes in HRR and HRV during recovery from exercise in
overweight children. PURPOSE: This study examined HRR and HRV following maximal exercise in
lean (n=11; 10.1±0.7 years) and overweight (n=11; 10.5±1.2 years) children. METHODS: Twenty-two
participants from previous studies were placed into groups based on age- and sex-BMI percentile
(overweight group ≥ 85th percentile and lean < 85th percentile). In addition, six overweight participants
were also recruited. Participants completed 10-minutes of supine rest followed by a graded exercise test to
maximal effort. Immediately following exercise, HRR was assessed. HRR was quantified as the Δ HR
over the first minute (one-minute HRR) and time constant of a monoexponetial line of best fit (HRRt).
HRV, in the time and frequency domain, was assessed during the final five minutes of rest and recovery
under controlled breathing. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in one-minute HRR and
HRRt between the lean (56±7 beats∙min-1 and 160.4±80.1 seconds, respectively) and overweight (51±16
beats∙min-1 and 141.1±58.1 seconds, respectively). There also were no significant interactions between
groups from rest to recovery for any HRV variables. Root mean square of successive differences
(RMSSD) and high frequency power (HF) during recovery were 2.05±0.49 ms and 3.30±1.02 ms2 in
lean, respectively. In the overweight, RMSSD and HF were 1.88±0.65 ms and 2.94±1.27 ms2,
respectively. CONCLUSION: The HRR and HRV findings suggest there are no differences in
autonomic function during recovery from maximal exercise in lean and obese 9-12-year olds. This could
provide an intervention point to prevent the deleterious effects of obesity prior to manifestation of
autonomic dysfunction associated with obesity.
Keywords: pediatric, heart rate variability, autonomic nervous system, obesity
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-1
FC
Friday
8:30a-8:45a
THE ROLE OF PREFERENCE AND HOW IT AFFECTS PERFORMANCE DURING
MAXIMAL EXERCISE TESTING
Noah Neuenfeldt (Western Michigan University), Taylor Lee (Western Michigan University), Cory
Scheadler (Northern Kentucky University), Nicholas Hanson (Western Michigan University)
It is advantageous for athletes and normal populations to know what their aerobic capacity is. Aerobic
capacity is a strong variable in predicting mortality as well as performance in most sporting events. This
is measured by a VO2max test, in which there are different modalities that can be used. It is a maximal
exercise test, which usually results in some, if not a lot of discomfort. It is important for a person to be
tested using a test in which they prefer. This may result in a more accurate value. PURPOSE: To
compare the preference of participants during three different VO2max tests and their performance on each
test. METHODS: There were a total of 13 participants, 8 men and 5 women, that underwent three
maximal tests; a perceptually regulated exercise test on both a cycle ergometer (CE PRET) and a
treadmill (TM PRET), and a Bruce protocol test on a treadmill. The participants had a mean age of 24±3
years and all were in good health. The PRET tests were ten minutes in total with the intensity increasing
every two-minute stages based on the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion 6-20 scale (RPE). The first stage
was regulated at an 11 (light), the second at a 13 (somewhat hard), the third at a 15 (hard), the fourth at a
17(very hard) and a fifth at a 20 (maximal exertion). With the PRETs, the participants controlled the
speed so they could maintain the prescribed RPE; however, the grade was set at 8%. Both PRETs ended
at 10 minutes while the Bruce protocol test kept going until the participant chose to stop. The participants
were not told their VO2max values for the tests until they stated which test was preferred and all tests
were completed. After the last test was completed, the participants were immediately asked which test
they preferred of the three. The participants were not explained how to pick their preference. Once their
preference was given they were told their values for all three tests. RESULTS: Of the thirteen
participants, five preferred the TM PRET (38%), six preferred the CE PRET (46%), and two preferred the
Bruce (16%). Of those participants, seven preferred the test (54%) they performed their best on while five
did not (38%). All five of the participants that preferred the TM PRET scored their highest on that test. Of
the six participants that preferred the CE PRET, only one of them scored their highest on it. The two
participants who preferred the Bruce scored their highest on that test. CONCLUSION: In this study,
“preference” is not defined. Some people may have chosen their preferred test based on difficulty;
perhaps others chose based on which test they thought they would perform their best. Some may have
chosen based on what they were most comfortable with. These tests are maximal, and can be painful.
Some participants could have chosen their preferred test based solely on pain level. Future studies should
seek to define more clearly how participants define “preference”. The results suggest that the participant’s
highest value does not always come from the test they prefer. Once preference is more clearly defined, the
chances of recording a more accurate VO2 max value may increase. /
Keywords: Perceptually regulated exercise test, Aerobic capacity, Rate of perceived exertion,
Performance
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-1
FC
Friday
8:45a-9:00a
PERCEPTUALLY REGULATED EXERCISE TESTING ON A TREADMILL VS CYCLE
ERGOMETER
Taylor L. Lee (Western Michigan University), Noah Neuenfeldt (Western Michigan University), Cory
Scheadler (Northern Kentucky University), Nicholas Hanson (Western Michigan University)
Many studies use cycle ergometer tests to measure VO2max for their participants. There is controversy as
to whether using a cycle ergometer as a modality gives an accurate assessment of VO2max. In addition,
perceptually regulated exercise tests (PRETs) may be a beneficial way of assessing VO2max because they
are closed loop, short in duration compared to some protocols, and allow the participant to have an active
role in the test. PURPOSE: To compare the metabolic differences, including respiratory exchange ratio
(RER), oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart rate (HR), between two maximal PRETs. METHODS:
The volunteers for the study were 13 healthy students (mean±SD age 23±4 years; 8 men, 5 women). Each
participant took part in two 10 minute PRETs: one on a treadmill (TM) and one on a cycle ergometer
(CE) in a randomized order. For the 10-minute PRETs, the participants controlled their own speed on the
TM and pedaling resistance on the CE. Intensity increments were based off of the Borg RPE 6-20 scale
and the participants either altered speed or resistance in order to meet intensity requirements asked of
them. The participants started the PRETs at an RPE of 11 and every two minutes the intensity increased.
The RPE stages were 11, 13, 15, 17 and concluded with the last stage, which was set at an RPE of 20, or
maximal workload. The variables (RER, VO2 and HR) were recorded in the middle of every two-minute
stage. Paired samples t-tests were used to assess whether there were significant differences between the
variables. VO2 and RER were analyzed breath-by-breath using 15-breath moving averages. RESULTS:
Mean HR for the TM (185±12 bpm) was significantly higher (p<.001) than the CE (175±12 bpm). Mean
VO2 for the TM (55.6±4.9 ml/kg/min) was also significantly higher (p<.001) than the CE (48.3±7.6
ml/kg/min). Conversely, the mean RER was found to be significantly higher (p<.01) during the CE test
(1.20±.11) than the treadmill (1.10±.11). CONCLUSION: The ultimate goal of a maximal oxygen
consumption test is to elicit the highest value possible for the participant. It can be concluded from the
results of this study that during a perceptually regulated maximal exercise test, the treadmill provides a
more accurate maximal VO2 value than a CE PRET. / / / / /
Keywords: VO2max, PRET, RPE, GXT
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-2
FC
Friday
9:00a-9:15a
ACUTE ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE TO THERMOTHERAPY APPLICATION IN HUMANS
Alisha Kuhlenhoelter (Purdue University), Dustin Neff (Purdue University), Yaohui Nie (Purdue
University), Bruno Roseguini (Purdue University), Tim Gavin (Purdue University)
Treatment with thermotherapy (TT) reduces the clinical symptoms and improves exercise tolerance in
patients with several chronic disease conditions, but the molecular mechanisms by which this therapy
exerts its benefits remain poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that a single session of TT increases
systemic and skeletal muscle levels of angiogenic mediators in healthy young individuals. Application of
TT for 90 min in 18 participants had no effect on circulating levels of angiogenic cytokines and the
percentage of bone marrow-derived pro-angiogenic cells (CD34+CD133+), but the levels of endothelin-1
were lower 30 min after TT when compared to the control intervention (p<0.05). The effect of TT on
skeletal muscle gene expression was studied in 23 participants, which were randomly allocated to a TTtreated group (n=11) or to a control group (n=12). When compared to the control group, the change in
mRNA expression from baseline of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, chemokines CCL2
and CX3CL1, the ratio of angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 and the angiostatic factor platelet factor-4 was
higher (p<0.05) 30 min after the intervention in the TT-treated group. Likewise, the expression of
members of the heat shock protein family was up-regulated 30 min after TT compared to control
(p<0.05). Conversely, the expression of the angiostatic transcription factor FoxO1 was lower in the TT
group at 120 min following the end of intervention period (p=0.03). These findings suggest that TT
temporarily increases the expression of factors associated with capillary growth in human skeletal muscle.
Keywords: angiogenesis, skeletal muscle, thermotherapy, blood flow
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-2
FC
Friday
9:15a-9:30a
ACUTE EFFECTS OF THERMOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE
Dustin D. Neff (Purdue University), Alisha M. Kuhlenhoelter (Purdue University), Chen Lin (Indiana
University), Raghu Motaganahalli (Indiana University), Bruno T. Roseguini (Purdue University)
Debilitating leg pain due to insufficient blood flow to the lower extremities is a common manifestation of
peripheral artery disease (PAD). Few therapies have shown to improve leg blood flow in patients with
this condition. We tested the hypothesis that application of leg thermotherapy (TT) using a watercirculating garment system would increase leg blood flow and reduce blood pressure in patients with
symptomatic PAD. Eleven patients (age: 63±9 yrs) were randomly exposed to 90 minutes of TT (48
degrees Celsius) or a control intervention (33 degrees Celsius) and blood pressure was measured every 5
minutes during and for 2 hrs following the intervention. A subset of 5 patients also underwent a protocol
for the measurement of blood flow in the popliteal artery during TT using phase contrast magnetic
resonance imaging. Compared to the control intervention, TT promoted a sustained reduction in systolic
(~12 mmHg) and diastolic (~6 mmHg) blood pressure (p<0.05). In addition, TT application induce a
marked increase in peak blood flow velocity (~90%), average velocity (~77%), and average blood flow
per min (~87%) in the popliteal artery (p<0.01). These findings indicate that TT is a simple and effective
strategy to reduce blood pressure and enhance leg blood flow in patients with symptomatic PAD. / / This
project was supported, in part, with support from the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute
funded, in part by the project development team grant. /
Keywords: Heat stress, blood pressure, intermittent claudication, blood flow
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-2
FC
Friday
9:30a-9:45a
HEMOSTATIC ADAPTATIONS A HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING
INTERVENTION IN HEALTHY MEN
Ashton A. Freeman (Ball State University), James R. Sackett (Ball State University), Dan P. Farrel (Ball
State University), Paul R. Nagelkirk (Ball State University)
Blood clots cause the majority of adverse cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, and
coagulation potential is recognized as an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a novel exercise training strategy that has been shown to
improve several components of health in various populations, but the effect of a HIIT regimen on
coagulation potential is unknown. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine hemostatic
adaptations in healthy men following four and eight weeks of HIIT. Methods: Twenty-one healthy,
sedentary men (ages 25± 5 yrs, BMI: 26.7± 6.2 kg/m2) participated in a HIIT program three days/week
for eight weeks. Training bouts were modeled after the traditional Wingate test, consisting of repeated,
30-second bouts of maximal intensity cycling separated by 4.5 minute rest intervals. Training began with
three bouts per day. Every two weeks, an additional bout/day was added to the regimen, progressing up to
six bouts per day in the final two weeks. Blood coagulation activity was assessed at baseline, after four
weeks, then after eight weeks. Specific tests included activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT),
prothrombin time (PT), and plasma concentration of fibrinogen. A repeated measures ANOVA was used
to compare the overall coagulation potential across the three time points. Significance was set to p<0.05.
Results: No significant differences were observed for APTT (baseline: 43.0 ± 5.4; 4w: 42.7 ± 5.1; 8w:
44.2 ± 6.2), or PT (baseline: 13.0 ± 0.9; 4w: 12.9 ± 0.6; 8w: 13.1 ± 0.8). Fibrinogen concentrations
(baseline: 282.1 ± 71.85; 4w: 246.4 ± 58.49; 8w: 291.3 ± 83.86) significantly decreased from baseline to
four weeks (p < 0.05) and significantly increased from four weeks to eight weeks (p < 0.05). Conclusion:
Beneficial fibrinogen changes were seen with four weeks of HIIT. However, this adaptation was reversed
in the final four weeks of training. These observations suggest that HIIT may elicit improvements in
coagulation potential after four weeks, but continued training may lead to elevated coagulation and/or
inflammation via fibrinogen, which is recognized as a key regulator of inflammation and disease.
Keywords: Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Coagulation, HIIT
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-2
FC
Friday
9:45a-10:00a
ENERGY EXPENDITURE & SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION DURING TREADMILL WALKING
WITH BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION
Ge Chen (Ohio University), Lucas M. Harrison (Ohio University), Robert L. Hunt (Ohio University),
Samuel M. Robison (Ohio University), Ethan J. Donahue (Ohio University)
Energy demand and substrate utilization are altered during the stress of a single bout of low-to-moderate
intensity exercise. A novel application to “traditional” exercise, blood flow restriction (BFR) has been
explored as a means to increase physiological stress at lower mechanical exercise workloads. / Purpose:
to compare energy expenditure and substrate utilization of BFR to “traditional” (CON) treadmill walking.
Methods: 5 healthy men (20±1yrs old) with average body composition (17.65±6.43%) and aerobic
capacity (4.05±0.16 L/min) performed two bouts of treadmill walking (BFR & CON) to expend 200 kcal
in each trial in a random order separated by at least 5 days. During exercise, ventilatory variables (VO2 &
VCO2) were monitored to determine energy expenditure and absolute (g/min) and relative (%) CHO/fat
utilization. For each variable of interest, the data per trial was averaged into quarters. All data was
reported as mean±stdev and 2×4 RM-ANOVAs were performed to determine significance between trials
(BFR & CON) and across quarters. Significance was accepted at 0.05, and Post hoc analyses were
performed by the LSD test as needed. / Results: according to this pilot data (n=5), no significant
interaction was found in all variables between trials (VO2-1.99±0.12 vs 1.93±0.15 in L/min, or RER0.91±0.04 vs 0.88±0.06, or g/min or % of CHO/fat, BFR vs CON), or across quarters (for each quarter,
VO2- 1.72±0.48/ 2.24±0.21/ 1.88±0.09/ 2.11±0.31 vs 1.51±0.48/ 2.15±0.16/ 1.95±0.05/ 2.11±0.27 in
L/min, or RER – 0.84±0.03/ 0.95±0.06/ 0.92±0.03/ 0.93±0.05 vs 0.80±0.07/ 0.91±0.10/ 0.88±0.05/
0.90±0.06, or g/min or % of CHO/fat, BFR vs CON). / Conclusion: according to this pilot data, there was
no significant interaction in energy expenditure or substrate utilization between BFR and CON trials. /
Keywords: Metabolism, Substrate utilization, Oxygen consumption, Submaximal exercise
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-3
FC
Friday
TRAUMATIC KNEE EFFUSION?
Keri L. Denay, MD (University of Michigan)
11:00a-11:15a
HISTORY: 35 year-old male recreational basketball player with right knee pain. Playing basketball a
few weeks ago and knee was "tight" after landing on it but was able to finish the game. Pain was bearable
and no swelling, erythema, ecchymosis, change in motion or function was noted at the time. Morning
prior to presentation he awoke with very swollen, tight knee and presented to sports medicine clinic for
further evaluation. No localized pain other than diffuse “tightness” in the knee. No fever, chills, erythema,
warmth, ecchymosis, catching, locking, giving way. No history of right knee injuries or surgeries but he
did report a history of left knee arthroscopy for a torn lateral meniscus. No other history of medical or
surgical issues. No medications or allergies. Family history notable for a sister with lupus. No alcohol,
tobacco, drug use. Works in an administrative position. Review of systems otherwise negative. / /
PHYSICAL EXAM: BP 118/68 | Pulse 85 | Ht 1.727 m (5' 8") | Wt 97.523 kg (215 lb) | BMI 32.7 kg/m2
| Afebrile / GENERAL: well-appearing, nontoxic / RIGHT KNEE EXAM (abbr:Able to bear weight
with obvious effusion. Restricted active range of motion with knee flexion and extension without much
pain. Laking about 10 degrees of full flexion and extension. 5/5 resisted knee flexion and extension.
Neurovascularly intact. No ecchymosis, erythema, warmth noted. Large effusion. Forced flexion painful
but cannot localize. Positive bounce test for "tightness" in posterior pit of knee. Equivocal McMurray's
testing for pain but cannot localize. No palpable click. + tenderness of medial joint space. No appreciated
ligamentous laxity. / / DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (after history and physical exam): Medical
meniscal tear, Inflammatory/autoimmune arthropathy, ACL and/or PCL pathology, Osteochondral defect,
Degenerative arthropathy, Fracture, Primary or metastatic process / / TEST AND RESULTS: /
Arthrocentesis and corticosteroid injection: 50 mL of cloudy, yellow fluid with cell counts of 10,280
cells/cmm leukocytes (86% neutrophils, 1% histiocytes, and 13% lymphocytes). Crystal analysis
negative. Fluid culture negative. / X-ray: Moderate-sized right knee joint effusion. No fracture.
Exaggeration of the lateral femoral sulcus which may relate to pivot shift mechanism and possible ACL
injury. Minimal patellofemoral osteoarthrosis. Bone island within the medial femoral condyle. / MRI: No
meniscal tear as questioned. Lobulated soft tissue mass within the posterior joint recess abutting the PCL
and the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Findings are most compatible with localized villonodular
synovitis. Consider contrast-enhanced MRI for evaluation for multifocality. Moderate-sized knee joint
effusion. No Baker's cyst. / MRI WITH CONTRAST: Heterogeneous mass in the posterior
intercondylar notch has imaging findings most consistent with focal pigmented villonodular synovitis. No
additional similar lesions within the remainder of the joint. / / FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS:
Pigmented villonodular synovitis / / TREATMENT: Patient underwent arthroscopic synovectomy and
posteromedial mass excision without complication. / / OUTCOME: Patient had nearly full range of
motion and was pain-free at 2 weeks post-op with home physical therapy exercises started at that time. At
4 weeks, he was allowed to gradually progress activities as tolerated. Follow-up in 1 year with repeat
MRI. He continues to do well.
Keywords: Pigmented villonodular synovitis, mass, artrhroscopy, joint
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-3
FC
Friday
11:15a-11:30a
FOOT AND ANKLE PAIN IN A RECREATIONAL RUNNER
Charlotte M.H. Moriarty (Western Michigan University), Robert J. Baker (Western Michigan University),
Robert Gorman (Western Michigan University)
HISTORY: A 37-year-old female recreational runner presented with a six-week history of progressively
worsening left foot and ankle pain localizing to the medial arch. One day prior to her initial visit she felt a
“pop” in her left ankle while walking. She noted a history of bilateral pes planus requiring bracing as a
child, as well as left Achilles tendinosis, which had completely resolved prior to the current injury. She
reported exacerbation of pain with weight-bearing. No pain present at rest. Prior treatment included some
physical therapy with failure to improve. / / PHYSICAL EXAM: Well-appearing female in no apparent
distress. Vital signs: BP 136/95, P 80, Height 5’6”, Weight 160 lbs, BMI 25 Left ankle/foot: planovalgus
deformity with mild swelling located from posterior to the medial malleolus to the medial arch. Tender to
palpation posterior to medial malleolus, along course of posterior tibialis to its insertion on the navicular.
ROM decreased in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. Normal ROM in inversion and eversion. Strength 5/5
in dorsiflexion, 3/5 in plantar flexion and inversion. Exacerbation of pain with resisted inversion. Unable
to perform single leg toe raise on the left lower extremity. Negative anterior/posterior drawer at the ankle,
negative talar tilt. Positive for too many toes sign. Right ankle/foot: planovalgus deformity and too many
toes sign, otherwise unremarkable. Reflexes 2+ and symmetrical at the patella and Achilles. Sensation
intact to light touch. Strong dorsalis pedis pulses. / / DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: / / Posterior tibial
tendonitis / / Posterior tibial tendon strain/rupture / / Rupture of the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
complex / / Medial ankle sprain / / Plantar fasciitis / / TEST AND RESULTS: / / X-ray of the left ankle:
/ / - No fracture or dislocation / / - Bony alignment anatomical, joint spaces intact / / MRI: / / - Complete
tear of the posterior tibialis tendon with > 5 cm of gap and a partial tear of the distal segment near the
navicular attachment. / / - Tear of the superomedial band of the spring ligament with loss of support of the
talar head. / / - Pes planus / / - Subtalar effusion / / - Degenerative changes of the talonavicular and
calcaneocuboid articulations / / WORKING DIAGNOSIS: / / Insufficiency rupture of the posterior tibial
tendon with foot dysfunction and chronic planovalgus deformity / / TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES:
/ / 1. Immobilization in a fracture boot / / 2. Referral to Orthopedic Foot and Ankle surgeon / / 3. Posterior
tibial tenolysis with medializing osteotomy of the calcaneus, flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer, and
percutaneous Achilles tendon tenotomy / / 4. Doing well at 6 weeks post-op, non-weight-bearing in
fracture boot
Keywords: posterior tibialis, planovalgus, tenotomy, insufficiency rupture
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-3
FC
Friday
11:30a-11:45a
COMPARISON OF STRENGTH AND AEROBIC CAPACITY IMBALANCES IN THE LOWER
LIMBS
Sara A. Harper (Kent State University), Morgan Cooper Bagley (Kent State University), Scott Habowski
(Kent State University), Lisa Chinn (Kent State University), John McDaniel (Kent State University)
Limb imbalance is historically described as the difference in muscular strength between limbs. However,
whether this imbalance in strength is associated with an imbalance in aerobic capacity is currently
unknown. PURPOSE: To determine if differences in muscular strength between the lower limbs are
associated with differences in aerobic capacity. METHODS: Healthy recreational athletes (N=8, 3 males,
5 females; 23.6±3.5 years old, 72.3±17.3 kg) participated in the investigation. Maximal knee extensions
were performed on a Biodex System 3 at 300 deg/s and peak torque was recorded. Single leg cycling
VO2 Max tests were also performed for each limb. Paired T-tests were used to determine if there were
peak torque, VO2 max, and time to fatigue differences between the limbs. Correlations were then used to
compare the relative imbalances in peak torque to the relative imbalances of VO2 max and time to
fatigue. RESULTS: Peak torque at 300 deg/s were different between the dominant (DL) and nondominant limb (NDL) (DL = 63.1±20.6 Nm, NDL = 53.3±15.4 Nm, P=0.03). VO2 Max (DLVO2 Max =
30.8±9.0 ml/kg/min, NDL VO2 Max = 32.4±5.8 ml/kg/min, P=0.54) was not different however time to
fatigue (DL =13:33±2:28 minutes, NDL = 14:51±1:34 minutes, P=0.02) was different between dominant
and non-dominant limbs. Correlations between peak torque and VO2 Max (R=-0.41, P=0.31) and time to
fatigue (R=-0.38, P=0.35) were not significant. CONCLUSION: Our subjects displayed significant
imbalances in peak torque at 300 deg/s and time to fatigue between the dominant and non-dominant
limbs. However, these data suggest that variances in muscular strength are not associated with variances
in aerobic capacity. / / (Funding provided by Kent State University’s School of Health Sciences) /
Keywords: Peak, Torque, Fatigue, Variances
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-3
FC
Friday
11:45-12:00p
COMPARING CONSUMER-BASED ACTIVITY MONITOR VALIDITY IN STRUCTURED
AND SIMULATED FREE-LIVING PROTOCOLS
Josh M. Bock (Ball State University), M. Benjamin Nelson (Wake Forest Baptist Health), Jeremy A.
Steeves (Maryville College), Leonard A. Kaminsky (Ball State University), Alexander H.K. Montoye
(Ball State University)
Consumer-based physical activity monitors (CPAMs) are commonly used to quantify physical activity
(PA) variables such as kilocalories (kcals) and steps. Structured laboratory protocols and simulated freeliving protocols are used to assess the validity of these devices; however, little data exists specifically
comparing whether the validity of CPAMs are impacted by the protocol in which they are validated.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of CPAMs to estimate kcals and
steps with comparisons between structured laboratory protocols and simulated free-living protocols.
METHODS: Participants (n=27) aged 19-79 completed two protocols while wearing four CPAMs (FF
and JU [left wrist]; FO and FZ [left hip]). During Protocol One (P1, structured laboratory protocol),
participants performed 11 activities for 5 minutes each (selected by researchers) from a list of 21
sedentary, household, and ambulatory/exercise activities. During Protocol Two (P2, simulated free-living
protocol), participants were provided the same list of 21 activities and were asked to perform at least 12
activities, a minimum of four in each category. Participants were instructed to spend half of P2 in
sedentary activities, but they self-selected the duration of each activity (2-15 minutes each) and the order
in which activities were performed. Kcals and steps were recorded from all CPAMs at the beginning and
end of each protocol. Criterion measurements for kcals were assessed via portable metabolic analyzer;
and for steps by a trained researcher with a handheld tally counter. Percent (%) differences were
calculated between estimated kcals and steps from each CPAM and criterion-measured kcals and steps.
Dependent samples t-tests were used to assess % differences for each CPAM (against criterion) in P1 vs.
P2. RESULTS: Estimates of kcals and steps were significantly underestimated by all CPAMs in both P1
and P2, compared to criterion measures. However, underestimations of kcals were significantly lower in
P1 compared to P2 for the FO (13% vs. 28% p<0.01), FZ (7% vs. 16% p=0.03), FF (7% vs. 13% p=0.02),
and JU (23% vs. 29% p=0.04). Underestimations of steps were not statistically different in P1 compared
to P2 for any of the CPAMs [FO (23% vs. 28% p=0.16), FZ (24% vs. 27% p=0.33), FF (22% vs. 28%
p=0.14), and JU (23% vs. 30% p=0.07)]. CONCLUSIONS: CPAMs underestimated kcals and steps in
both P1 and P2 with CPAM performance being notably worse in the simulated free-living protocol for
kcal predictions. Underestimations of steps appeared less severe in the structured laboratory protocol;
however these findings did not reach statistical significance. These findings highlight the importance of
validating CPAMs using free-living protocols and suggest that caution be exercised when interpreting
findings from previous validation studies that only used a structured laboratory protocol. Future research
should investigate the validity CPAMs’ PA estimations in free-living protocols and compare the findings
to structured laboratory and simulated free-living protocols. / This study was supported by the Ball State
University ASPiRE Junior Faculty Research Grant, ASPiRE Student Research Grant, and CAST Internal
Grant. /
Keywords: accelerometer, physical, activity, accuracy
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-4
FC
Friday
4:00p-4:15p
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL-COGNITIVE DETERMINANTS AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Jeni E. Lansing (Iowa State University), Colleen M. Riley (Iowa State University), Laura D. Ellingson
(Iowa State University)
US adults are increasingly inactive, with less than 20% achieving recommended physical activity levels.
Consumer activity monitors, such as the Fitbit, have been marketed to augment physical activity levels;
however, differences in determinants of behavioral change, including self-efficacy, self-regulation, selfmotivation, and social support may affect the efficacy of the Fitbit for promoting behavior change.
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to evaluate relationships between baseline levels of self-efficacy, selfregulation, self-motivation, and social support, and their ability to predict changes in physical activity
over the course of an intervention in men and women. METHODS: Fifty-four inactive adults (26 male,
28 female, age 43.3±9.3) were recruited for this 3-month intervention, involving three in-person visits and
two following-up phone calls. At baseline, prior to the intervention participants completed the Self
Efficacy for Exercise Survey, the Social Support and Exercise Survey, the Self-Regulation
Questionnaires, and the Self-Motivation Inventory, and wore an activPAL monitor for a period of 7 days
to assess baseline physical activity (steps/day). All participants then received a Fitbit Charge to wear for
the duration of the study and were given instructions about its use as well as an introduction to the
computer software and mobile application. Physical activity was monitored throughout the intervention
using Fitabase software to access data from the Fitbit regarding steps/day. Steps/day were averaged for
each week and compared to baseline values to examine changes in physical activity. Correlation
coefficients were calculated separately for men and women to determine relationships between baseline
social-cognitive determinants and changes in steps/day from baseline. RESULTS: This study is ongoing.
Therefore, we present results from the first 5 weeks of data collection. Results demonstrated that for
women, self efficacy was significantly and positively correlated with increases in steps per week from
baseline to week 5, (r=0.39, p=0.041). Males, on the other hand, demonstrated that higher levels of selfmotivation were significantly related to behavior change at week 5 (r=0.39, p=0.048) and that selfregulation was also positively, though not significantly, correlated with changes in activity over this time
period (r=0.38, p=0.053). CONCLUSION: Our results show that during the early stages of physical
activity behavior change, social-cognitive determinants were predictive of increases in physical activity
and that these determinants differed for men and women. Previous studies have demonstrated the
significance of self efficacy and self motivation on behavior change, but few controlled for gender and/or
examined differences. Behavior change interventions may be more successful by tailoring them for
gender, promoting growth in self efficacy for women and self motivation for men.
Keywords: physical activity, behavior change, self-efficacy, self-motivation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-4
FC
Friday
4:15p-4:30p
INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ON TIME SPENT BEING ACTIVE WITH
THEIR CHILDREN
Melissa A. Jones (Saginaw Valley State University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University),
Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State University), Joshua J. Ode (Saginaw Valley State University),
David M. Callejo (Saginaw Valley State University)
Evidence suggests that the amount of physical activity children partake in may be influenced by their
parents’ demographic characteristics and lifestyle. It is important to understand the relationship among
these variables, as they may serve as potential targets for interventions. PURPOSE: To examine the
influence of parental factors (demographic and lifestyle) on the amount of time spent being active with
their children. METHODS: Midland county residents completed an online or paper survey assessing
demographic (income, age, education, number of children <18 years), lifestyle (physical activity, time
spent active with children), health (self-rated, height, weight), and community perception (satisfaction
with neighborhood safety, availability of recreational activities) variables. Pearson correlation coefficients
examined the relationship between time spent active with their children and a number of demographic and
parent-related lifestyle, health, and perception factors. A regression model examined the relationship
between parental physical activity and time spent active with their children. RESULTS: Participants with
children (n=167) averaged 38±10 years of age, and had 2±1 children under the age of 18 living in their
household. Most were women (67%), white (92%), had some college education (85%), and were
overweight or obese (67%) according to their body mass index (BMI). Half of participants (50%) met
physical activity recommendations and 71% of participants reported playing with their children at least 30
minutes a day. There was no significant relationship between amount of time spent playing and parent
BMI (r=-.04,p=.65), self-rated health (r=.14,p=.08), and satisfaction with available recreational activities
(r=-.08, p=.29). There was a significant negative relationship between amount of time spent playing and
income (r=-.32, p<.001), age (r=-.464, p<.001), and satisfaction with neighborhood safety (r=-.17, p=.03).
There was no significant relationship between parental achievement of physical activity recommendations
and time spent playing with their children (p=.65) CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that younger
parents and those with lower income and lower perceptions of neighborhood safety spent more time
active with their children. BMI and physical activity were not associated with active time with children.
Additional research is needed to better understand factors influencing active time with children. Such
factors could be targets for future interventions aiming to increase physical activity among families.
Keywords: Epidemiology, Pediatrics, Physical Activity, Survey
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-4
FC
Friday
4:30p-4:45p
WHAT INSPIRES YOU TO MOVE? EXAMINING MOTIVATION TO ENROLL IN A
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION.
Ciara L McCarty (Iowa State University), Laura D. Ellingson (Iowa State University)
Previous research has found that participants with exercise goals stemming from an extrinsic source of
motivation (e.g. appearance) are less successful in maintaining an exercise regimen as compared to those
with an intrinsic goal such as enjoyment of exercise. Thus, determining the underlying motivation of
participants enrolled in a physical activity intervention is important because it may predict the likelihood
of sustaining regular physical activity. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to characterize and examine gender
differences in motivation of participants enrolled in an intervention involving use of the Fitbit to promote
increases in physical activity. METHODS: Twenty-eight participants, (15 females, 13 males, age 42.6 ±
8.8 years) met with research assistants trained in Motivational Interviewing to discuss their underlying
motivation(s) for enrolling in a 3-month physical activity intervention. The data presented herein were
collected from the baseline interviews and then analyzed qualitatively to look for common themes and
gender differences. RESULTS: Five primary categories of motivation emerged from the qualitative
analysis of participants’ data: Family (e.g. role model, active family lifestyle), Health Scare (either self or
close family/friend), General Health Benefits, Curiosity about the Fitbit, Appearance, and Intrinsic (e.g.
enjoyment). The majority of participants expressed more than one primary motivator. A total of 122
specific motivations were categorized, with 31.9% related to General Health Benefits, 22.1% related to
Appearance, 16.4% related to Health Scare, 14.8% related to Family, and 7.4% each related to Curiosity
about the Fitbit and Intrinsic motivators. Overall, 82.1% of participants reported General Health Benefits
as motivation, 78.6% Appearance, 50% Health Scare, 46.4% Family, 32.1% Curiosity, and 28.6%
reported being motivated by Intrinsic factors. With respect to gender, men were more likely to report
being motivated by General Health Benefits (M: 92.3% vs. W: 73.3%) a Health Scare (M: 53.8% vs.
46.7%), and curiosity about the Fitbit (M: 38.4% vs. W: 26.7%). Women were more likely to report being
motivated by appearance (W: 86.7% vs M: 69.2%), family (W: 53.8% vs. M: 46.2%) and for intrinsic
reasons (W: 33.3% vs. M: 15.4%). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the most common
motivators for behavior change in our participants were General Health Benefits, followed by
Appearance. Notably, although evidence demonstrates their importance for promoting successful
behavior change, intrinsic motivators such as enjoyment of exercise and increased energy were the least
commonly reported motivators in our study and were more frequently reported by women than men. It
remains to be seen whether the underlying motivators of our participants were predictive of behavior
change. However, our results suggest that future interventions may want to emphasize the importance of
intrinsic motivation while downplaying the importance of more extrinsic like appearance in order to
promote successful long-term behavior change.
Keywords: Fitbit, instrinsic motivation, intervention, gender
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-4
FC
Friday
4:45p-5:00p
EFFECT OF SHORT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY BREAKS ON TOTAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN
OHIO ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL
Elizabeth A. Nachbor (Miami University), Randal Claytor (Miami University), Justin Guilkey (Miami
University)
Twenty-one percent of America’s adolescents are considered obese and it is generally agreed that one of
the major causes is a lack of physical activity (PA). Children should accumulate at least 12,000 steps a
day and at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in order to maintain good health. It has
been suggested that at least half of this PA should come during school hours. One way to increase PA
during the school day has been through short PA breaks in the classroom. PA patterns in students in a
traditional school setting have been widely studied, but students in alternative schools have largely been
ignored. Due to differences in structure and objectives, it is important to study PA patterns in students of
alternative schools. PURPOSE: This study investigated PA at baseline and in response to the
implementation of short PA breaks in students attending an alternative school (grades 5-12) in Ohio.
METHODS: Five students (10-18 yrs.) have been included in a pilot trial. Additional subjects have been
recruited and data collection will commence shortly and is expected to be finished by the end of
September. A pedometer monitored PA during school hours for seven days at baseline and the first seven
days of the PA break intervention. Students were instructed to wear pedometers on their right hip .
Compliance was monitored and reported by the teachers. Students were included if they were present for
school and wore their pedometers for at least three days at baseline and during the intervention. Steps,
total PA time (mins.) and MVPA time (mins.) per day were collected each day and averaged over the
days the pedometer was properly worn. Paired t-tests were done to analyze the effect of the short PA
breaks on steps, PA, and MVPA. Data is shown as mean +/- SD and significance was established if P<
0.05. RESULTS: At baseline, the students accumulated 2,149 +/- 1044 steps per day. The PA and MVPA
time were 21.7 +/- 11.1 and 4.5 +/- 5.0 minutes, respectively. During the short-physical activity break
intervention, the students accumulated step count was 4,918 +/- 1,559 steps. The PA time and MVPA
were 42.8 +/- 22.4 and 15.1 +/- 16.7 minutes, respectively. The steps did not differ between baseline and
during intervention (P= 0.16). However, PA time and MVPA during the intervention was significantly
greater compared to baseline. CONCLUSION: At baseline, the alternative school students did not
accumulate as many steps PA minutes, or MVPA minutes as recommended for their age. It appears that
even though these recommendations have been set, schools and students need to do more to get PA in
throughout the day. The short PA break intervention throughout the day increased the total PA time and
MVPA minutes, but did not have an effect on the amount of steps taken per day. Although only five
subjects have been completed so far, it appears that the short PA breaks had a positive effect on in-school
PA time and MVPA minutes. Once more subjects have been completed, it is anticipated that the PA
minutes and MVPA minutes will continue to be greater than compared to baseline and the amount of
steps will also be greater during the intervention. Even with short PA breaks, students did not reach PA
recommendations. Further research needs to address additional strategies for increasing PA in schools. / /
/////
Keywords: physical activity, schools, adolescents, pedometer
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-5
FC
Saturday
8:00a-8:15a
RELATIONS BETWEEN SMOKING AND SERUM LIPID LEVELS IN MID-TO- LATE
PREGNANCY
Cameron A. Meyer (Michigan State University), Alicia B. Stannard (Michigan State University), Karin
A. Pfeiffer (Michigan State University), Lanay M. Mudd (Michigan State University)
While serum lipid levels increase during pregnancy, excessively high lipids in mid-pregnancy are
associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking has been associated with adverse lipid profiles in
non-pregnant adults, but this association has not been adequately explored during pregnancy. / /
PURPOSE: To examine relations between smoking and lipids among women in their second (T2) and
third trimesters (T3). / / METHODS: Seventy-eight gravidas were recruited form a Midwest OBGYN
clinic. Women completed a questionnaire on health behaviors, which included current smoking
(any/none) and pre-pregnancy smoking (any/none). Non-fasting finger stick blood draws measured total
cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in mg/dl. Data were
analyzed separately for women in the T2 and T3. Independent t-tests were used to determine whether
mean lipid levels differed by current or pre-pregnancy smoking. / / RESULTS: Among 2nd trimester
women, 9 (19%) reported current smoking while 21 (45%) reported pre-pregnancy smoking. Five (18%)
of 3rd trimester women were current smokers, while 11 (41%) smoked pre-pregnancy. There were no
significant differences in lipid levels by pre-pregnancy or current smoking for 2nd or 3rd trimester
women. However, TC, LDL and TG levels tended to be higher among current smokers in both trimesters,
and these differences approached statistical significance when comparing TG levels for smokers in the
3rd trimester (mean: 254 mg/dl) to non-smokers (mean: 203 mg/dl, p-value = 0.08). / / / CONCLUSION:
While our results were not significant, current smokers tended to have higher lipids, particularly in the 3rd
trimester. This pilot study is limited by a small sample size, thus larger studies are warranted to see if the
relationship between smoking and serum lipid levels during pregnancy shows significance. If smoking is
shown to impact lipid levels during pregnancy, these changes may be part of the biological mechanism
linking smoking to poor birth outcomes, such as risk of preterm delivery. /
Keywords: Prenatal, Fats, Low-Income, Health Behaviors
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-5
FC
Saturday
8:15a-8:30a
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY BEHAVIORS AND DURATION OF VARIOUS
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITIES
Graceson C. Kerr (Saginaw Valley State University), Meghan Baruth (Saginaw Valley State University),
Rebecca A. Schlaff (Saginaw Valley State University)
Despite the known health benefits of healthy diets and physical activity, there is a significant amount of
people in the U.S. who do not meet dietary or physical activity guidelines. Some evidence suggests that
health behaviors, such as physical activity and diet, may cluster, such that those engaging in one healthy
behavior engage in the other. PURPOSE: To examine the association between dietary behaviors and the
duration of various physical activity intensities. METHODS: Inactive older adults (50+ years) were
recruited to take part in a 12-week physical activity or dietary intervention. As a part of the study,
participants completed a baseline questionnaire assessing demographic variables, fruit and vegetable
consumption, and fat- and fiber-related behaviors. Objectively measured height and weight were also
obtained. Participants also wore an ActiGraph for seven days, during all waking hours. Time spent in
sedentary, light, and moderate to vigorous activity was calculated. Multiple linear regressions examined
whether dietary behaviors were related to physical activity. All analyses controlled for gender, age, and
education. RESULTS: Participants (n=63) averaged 64.1+8.8 years of age and had a BMI of 33.0+ 6.8.
Most were women (73.0%), married (60.3%), white (80.6%), and had at least some college education
(85.7%).On average, participants spent 62.5% of the day sedentary, 37.1% in light activity, and .8% in
moderate to vigorous physical activity. Percent time in sedentary activity was not significantly related to
fruit and vegetable consumption (r=.04, p=.73), fat- (r=.12, p=.35) or fiber-related (r=.07, p=.57)
behaviors. Percent time in light physical activity was not significantly related to fruit and vegetable
consumption (r=-.04, p=.76), fat- (r=-.13, p=.32) or fiber-related (r=-.08, p=.55) behaviors. Percent time
in moderate to vigorous physical activity was not significantly related to fruit and vegetable consumption
(r=-.07, p=.58), fat- (r=.05, p=.72) or fiber-related (r=.03, p=.80) behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
found that engaging in one health behavior was not related to engaging in another health behavior.
Although some literature suggests that health behaviors may cluster, further research is needed to better
understand these possible relationships. A better understanding would help to inform interventions aimed
at changing health behaviors. If dietary and physical activity behaviors do cluster, interventions may want
to consider targeting both simultaneously.
Keywords: Older Adults, Sedentary, Health Behaviors, Nutrition
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-5
FC
Saturday
8:30a-8:45a
THE ABILITY OF THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN TO PREDICT INJURIES IN
FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Laura K. Moorman (St. Ambrose University)
The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a tool used to evaluate inefficient movement patterns. Gray
Cook developed this screen in 2010, which consists of seven basic movement tests, in order to classify
and quantify fundamental movement patterns. Inefficient fundamental movement patterns often are due to
compensatory strategies, which have previously been linked to higher injury rates. However, few studies
have formally investigated the use of the FMS and its ability to predict injury, especially in female
athletes at the high school and NAIA collegiate levels. PURPOSE: To test high school and college
female basketball players using FMS and then track injuries during the competitive season in order to
determine if low FMS scores correlate with higher injury rates. METHODS: Pre-season FMS testing
sessions were conducted with 41 basketball players (n=19 college; n=22 high school). The seven
movements (Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, Inline Lunge, Shoulder Mobility, Active Straight-Leg Raise, Trunk
Stability Pushup, and Rotary Stability) were performed and then scored from 0-3 for a total score out of
21. Injuries throughout the respective basketball seasons were reported by coaches/athletic trainers, and
frequency of occurrence and severity (scored from 1-3 based on the length of time the athlete was
removed from the sport) were recorded. RESULTS: Ten injuries were recorded; of these, all were of the
lower extremity, 50% were knee injuries, and 40% were ankle injuries. Both injury frequency and
severity were plotted against FMS scores. Contrary to hypotheses, no significant relationship was found
between low FMS scores and higher injury rates (r2=.0365) or low FMS scores and higher injury severity
(r2=.0034). However, the study did show college athletes sustained significantly more injuries than high
school athletes (p<0.05) while having lower FMS scores than the high school group (p<0.10).
CONCLUSION: There was no correlation supporting the hypothesis that low FMS scores would results
in more injuries or more severe injuries. However, the sample population had very few FMS scores under
14, which previous research has noted to be a critical score regarding injury rate. It was noted that there
were significantly more injuries at the collegiate level, and the college basketball players also had
significantly lower FMS scores, which future research should look into.
Keywords: FMS, compensatory strategies, fundamental movements, injury rates
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-5
FC
Saturday
8:45a-9:00a
AN ASSESSMENT OF PARTICIPATION IN AN ESTABLISHED CORPORATE WELLNESS
PROGRAM
Elizabeth Ballien (Saginaw Valley State University), Jessica Kiss (Saginaw Valley State University),
Jeremy Knous (Saginaw Valley State University)
Corporate wellness programs are popular and effective mechanisms in providing support and
opportunities for employees to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors that decrease health risks, enhance
quality of life, boost personal efficacy, and potentially increase work productivity. To maintain an
effective corporate wellness program it is essential to continually assess employee participation and
barriers. PURPOSE: To assess employee participation in a currently established wellness program,
reasons for nonparticipation, and interest in wellness program initiatives. METHODS: An anonymous
electronic survey was distributed to 831 eligible employees. Participants were asked about their current
participation, reasons for nonparticipation, and interest in proposed initiatives. Data were analyzed using a
mixed methods approach based on the option to elaborate on specific questions. Participation data were
dichotomized and interest was measured using a modified Likert scale. RESULTS: 141 (17%) of the
benefit eligible employees responded to the survey. 108 (77%) respondents reported current participation
while 33 (23%) reported being nonparticipants in the wellness program. The three most commonly
reported reasons for nonparticipation were other (56%), with the elaborated general theme related to lack
of time and program convenience, perception of the wellness program not having value (17%), and
specific program offerings not being of interest (17%). Among all respondents, the specific programs
currently offered that were most favored included the wellness fair (21%), lunch & learns (13%), and the
pedometer challenge (11%). Of current participants the wellness fair (83%), lunch & learns (55%), and
just move it (44%) were most favored, while nonparticipants reported the wellness fair (50%), free
personal trainers (44%), and fitness assessments (41%) as the programs of most interest. Of the proposed
initiatives, current wellness program participants were most interested in a wellness newsletter (73%),
hands-on instructional seminars (64%), and nutrition counseling (55%). Nonparticipating respondents
were most interested in the same proposed initiatives: a wellness newsletter (42%), hands-on instructional
seminars (36%), and nutrition counseling (36%). CONCLUSION: Considering that the most popular
barriers to participation in the wellness program are attributed to a perceived lack of time, program
convenience, and program value, it is speculated that initiatives requiring less commitment or that can be
completed at the participants' leisure to be most appealing. Based on the survey data and initiative
interest, program initiatives should focus on educational resources such as a wellness newsletter, handson seminars, and nutrition counseling.
Keywords: WORKSITE, HEALTH, EMPLOYEE, BARRIERS
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-6
FC
Saturday
9:00a-9:15a
RELATIONSHIP OF CHILDREN’S MINDFULNESS WITH HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY
OF LIFE, ACTIVITY, AND DIET
Kimberly A. Clevenger (Michigan State University), Karin A. Pfeiffer (Michigan State University),
Kimbo E. Yee (Grand Valley State University), Ashley N. Triplett (Michigan State University), James M.
Pivarnik (Michigan State University)
Mindfulness is paying attention on purpose, being aware of the moment, and accepting one’s present
feelings and thoughts. Mindfulness may be related to favorable health behaviors, but this has not been
studied thoroughly in children (Greco, 2011; Roberts, 2010). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was
to examine the relationship of mindfulness with weight status, health-related quality of life, physical
activity, screen time, and diet in children living in an urban, low-socioeconomic status community.
METHODS: Children (N=754; 8-13 y, 47% girls; 56.2% black, 13.7% white, 30.1% multi-racial/other;
56.0% healthy weight) completed surveys, including the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (10
items, max 40), Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C; 9 items, max 5), KidsScreen-27
(27 items across 5 quality of life dimensions), and School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (SPAN;
25 items, max 3 per item) in Fall 2014 as part of the CrimFit Youth program. From the SPAN, single
items were used to describe vegetable and fruit intake and multiple items were combined to calculate a
junk food index (6 items, max 18; Montoye, 2013), dairy (3 items, max 9) and whole-wheat grain intake
(3 items, max 9). Body Mass Index was calculated from measured height and weight. One-way ANOVA
(Tukey post-hoc) was used to determine differences in mindfulness by grade, sex, weight status, and
ethnicity. Correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) was used to evaluate the relationship of mindfulness with
weight status, health-related quality of life, physical activity, screen time, or diet, with significance at
p<0.05. RESULTS: Average mindfulness score was 16.4±9.4 and was significantly higher in multiracial/other (17.9±9.5) vs. black children (15.5±9.1), girls (17.2±9.6) vs. boys (15.7±9.1), and lower in
6th (14.8±9.3) vs. 4th (17.7±9.6) or 5th (16.8±9.1) graders. Average PAQ-C score was 3.1±0.7 and screen
time was 7.0±4.2 hours/day. Reported fruit intake was 1.4±1.1 times/day and vegetable intake was
1.0±1.0 times/day. Mindfulness correlated with physical activity (r=0.08; p=0.04) and the psychological
(r=0.27; p<0.001), school (r=-0.09; p=0.02) and parent/autonomy (r=-0.08; p=0.03) quality of life
subscales. Mindfulness also correlated with junk food index (5.7±3.9 times/day; r=0.14; p<0.001), wholewheat (1.8±1.7 times/day; r=0.09; p=0.02), and dairy (3.1±2.0 times/day; r=0.08; p=0.03) intake.
CONCLUSION: In these children, mindfulness positively correlated with physical activity,
psychological quality of life, junk food index, whole-wheat grain and dairy intake, but negatively
correlated with school-related and parent-related quality of life. However, all relationships were weak (all
r’s≤ 0.27). Differences in mindfulness by grade, sex, and ethnicity warrant further investigation and
mindfulness may have benefits (e.g., psychosocial variables) that were not captured in this study. More
research is needed on the relationship of mindfulness with health-related variables, such as activity levels,
diet, and quality of life.
Keywords: Youth, Adolescent, Physical Activity, Nutrition
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-6
FC
Saturday
9:15a-9:30a
PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG 5TH–8TH GRADE URBAN
GIRLS.
Eman Z. Bajamal (Michigan State University), Jiying Ling (PhD, MS, RN), Lorraine B. Robbins (PhD,
RN, FAAN, FNP-BC)
Despite health benefits of physical activity(PA), only 17.7% of U.S. adolescent girls meet USDHHS PA
recommendations(60 minutes of PA daily). Understanding girls’ perceptions of the benefits of PA, along
with sociocultural (ethnic/racial and socioeconomic status [SES]) and biological (pubertal stage)
differences in these perceptions, is essential to inform interventions. PURPOSE: To identify
racial/ethnic, SES, and pubertal stage differences in perceived benefits of PA; and to examine
relationships among perceived benefits of PA and sedentary activity, light PA (LPA) and moderate-tovigorous PA (MVPA). METHODS: Girls in 5th-8thgrade(N=1,012) in underserved urban areas in the
Midwestern U.S. participated. Demographic data were collected via surveys. The Perceived Benefits
Scale, including response choices ranging from 0(not at all true) to 3(very true), was used. The Pubertal
Development Scale was employed to determine pubertal stage. PA was assessed in minutes per hour via
ActiGraph. RESULTS: Mean age of the girls was 12.20years(SD=.96, min-max:10-15). The majority of
the girls were Black(n=529,52.3%) and non-Hispanic(n=849,83.9%). Most were in 6th(n=414,40.9%) and
7thgrade(n=412,40.7%) and enrolled in the free or reduced-price lunch program at school(n=804,79.4%).
Over half(n=520,51.4%) were in late/post-puberty. Compared to Black(M=2.35,SD=.43) and White
girls(M=2.30,SD=.45), mixed/other race girls reported greater benefits of PA(M=2.38,SD=.40).
Mixed/other race girls reported more sedentary activity(M=40.17,SD=4.27) than
Black(M=39.10,SD=4.29)and White girls(M=39.10,SD=4.26). White girls reported more
LPA(M=18.05,SD=3.43) than Black(M=17.96,SD=3.49) and other/mixed race girls(M=17.16,SD=3.41).
Black girls reported more MVPA(M=2.93,SD=1.29), compared to White (M=2.83,SD=1.26) and
other/mixed race girls(M=2.66,SD=1.22). Girls of low and those of high SES did not differ in benefits of
PA(M=2.35,SD=.43;M=2.34,SD=.44,respectively), sedentary
activity(M=39.27,SD=4.38;M=39.77,SD=4.38,respectively), LPA(M=17.85,SD=3.55;
M=17.56,SD=3.52,respectively), and MVPA(M=2.86,SD=1.29; M=2.66,SD=1.25,respectively). Girls in
pre/early and middle puberty reported higher benefits of PA (M=2.37,SD=.43) than those in late/post
puberty(M=2.33,SD=.44). Girls in pre-/early and middle puberty reported more
MVPA(M=3.13,SD=1.29)and LPA(M=18.77,SD=3.23) than those in late/post puberty
(M=2.54,SD=1.19;M=16.89,SD=3.48, respectively). Girls in late/post puberty had more sedentary
activity(M=40.56,SD=4.23)than those in pre/early and middle puberty(M=38.09,SD=4.03). Perceived
benefits of PA were positively correlated with LPA(r=.070,p<.05) and MVPA(r=.032). The top benefit
identified by Black girls as being “very true” was “put me in a better mood”58.1%, whereas White girls
identified “look better”26.2%. For girls of low SES, “put me in a better mood”87.5% emerged as their top
benefit of PA; and for those of high SES,“be the weight that I want to be”15.4% and “get better at sports
or other activities”15.4% was identified. For girls in pre-/early and middle puberty, the top benefit of PA
was “put me in a better mood”53.3%, but for those in late/post puberty was “spend time with friends or
others my age”52.8% emerged as the top benefits. CONCLUSION: The significant correlation between
perceived benefits and PA indicates that helping girls, particularly those who are Black and White or in
late/post puberty, to recognize benefits of PA may increase their engagement in behavior
Keywords: Female, Exercise, Determinant, Adolescent
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-6
FC
Saturday
9:30a-9:45a
COMPARISON BETWEEN CHILD AND PARENT REPORTING OF CHILDREN’S
OBESOGENIC BEHAVIORS.
Joey A. Lee (Iowa State University), Yang Bai (Iowa State University), Gregory J. Welk (Iowa State
University), Kelly R. Laurson (Illinois State University)
There is vast interest in identifying relationships and associations between child obesogenic behaviors and
health risks. Due to high feasibility, child self-report and parent proxy-report are commonly utilized
methods for quantifying children's obesogenic behaviors. While parents normally report this information
for younger children (aged < 8 years) and older youth (aged ≥ 12 years) are asked to self-report, there is a
lack of consistency on whether child or parent reports when children are aged 8-11 years. PURPOSE:
The study examines whether differences exist between child and parent-reports of children’s obesogenic
behaviors and whether demographic and environmental factors are associated with any disconnect that
may exist utilizing a sample of children aged 8-11 years. METHODS: Survey data were collected from
child/parent-dyads on fruit and vegetable consumption (FV), pop/sugary drink consumption (PSD), daily
screen time (ST) and nightly sleep duration (SLP) along with parent’s perception of their child’s physical
activity (PA) and children’s objectively measured PA. The percentage of parents under, similar and overreporting each behavior compared to child-reports were calculated. Linear and logistic regression were
used to examine if demographic and environmental variables were predictive of parent’s under/overreporting child behaviors compared to child-reports. RESULTS: Limited agreement was observed
between child and parent-reports. The percentage of child/parent-dyads reporting similar values was low
for all behaviors; FV (44.5%), PSD (50.5%), SLP (55.6%), ST (19.3%), and PA (39.3%). A large percent
of parents reported child behaviors more favorably than the child reported (i.e. greater FV [22.9%], lower
PSD [40.0%], higher SLP [29.4%], lower ST [49.5%], and higher PA [39.9%]). The logistic regression
identified that key demographic variables (income and gender) were predictive of dissimilar-reporting
between children and parents for dietary behaviors. Linear regression identified that children having
bedroom televisions resulted in parent’s reporting lower ST and higher SLP compared to child-reports.
CONCLUSION: Limited agreement exist between child and parent-reports of children’s obesogenic
behaviors. Future research is warranted to elucidate the discrepancies and reasons for the discrepancies
between child and parent-reports of children’s obesogenic behaviors. In addition, research examining
whether children or parents are the more accurate reporters for 8-11 year olds is necessary to provide
direction for future survey research about which reporter should be utilized.
Keywords: Media, Nutrition, Self-report, Agreement
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-6
FC
Saturday
9:45a-10:00a
COLLEGE STUDENT ACADEMIC SUCCESS FOLLOWING FIRST YEAR NEIGHBORHOOD
GROUP FITNESS PARTICIPATION
Kerri L. Vasold (Michigan State University), Samantha J. Deere (Saginaw Valley State University),
Richard McNeil (Michigan State University), James M. Pivarnik (Michigan State University)
In an effort to increase college student success, Michigan State University recently developed
neighborhood style residential housing. The neighborhood concept provides students with a small
community experience at a large major research institution. Various resources, such as academic advising,
onsite nurses, and recreational sports and fitness services (in the form of group fitness classes) are
available in each neighborhood. Previous research indicates a relationship between campus wide
recreational sports participation and college student academic success. However, the relationship between
recreational sports use in a neighborhood setting and college student academic success has not been
explored thoroughly. PURPOSE: To identify differences in two-year cumulative grade point average
(GPA) and cumulative credit difference (CD) between first semester neighborhood specific group fitness
users (GFusers) and non-users (GFnonusers). METHODS: The population included 7,394 first time
degree seeking freshmen in the Fall 2013. Neighborhood specific group fitness user status was
determined via ID swipe system (550 GFusers, 6,844 GFnonusers). All other variables were obtained
from the university registrar. GFusers were matched to GFnonusers on age, race, gender, Pell grant
eligibility, first generation status, and high school GPA (±0.25), resulting in 519 matched pairs. Means ±
SD and percentages were calculated for all variables of interest. Paired sample t-tests were used to assess
differences in Spring 2015 cumulative GPA and cumulative CD (credits attempted-credits completed)
between GFusers and GFnon-users. RESULTS: In Fall 2013, the analytic sample (n=1,038) had an age
of 18.1±0.33 years, was 78.2% Caucasian, 94.0% female, 25.4% Pell grant eligible, 20.4% first
generation college students, and had a mean high school GPA of 3.72±0.28. There were no significant
differences between GFusers and GFnon-users in Spring 2015 cumulative GPA (t(519) = 0.560, p=0.58),
3.24±0.62 and 3.22±0.61 respectively, or cumulative CD (t(519)=-0.676, p=0.50), 8.86±7.97 and
9.21±8.56 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of first time degree seeking freshmen matched for
age, race, gender, pell grant eligibility, first generation status, and high school GPA, no differences were
found between students who participated in neighborhood group fitness classes their first semester at the
university and students who did not. Future research should investigate the relationship between usage
beyond the first semester of college and academic success indicators, and assess level of use throughout
each semester rather than dichotomizing the sample into GFusers and GFnonusers.
Keywords: Academic success, Recreational sports participation, Group fitness classes, Student success
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-7
FC
Saturday
10:00a-10:15a
HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES FOLLOWING HYPOVOLEMIC PRESSURE CHANGES IN
INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN SYNDROME
Sang Ouk Wee (University of Illinois at Chicago), Alexander J. Rosenberg (University of Illinois at
Chicago), Kanokwan Bunsawat (University of Illinois at Chicago), Garett Griffith (University of Illinois
at Chicago), Bo Fernhall (University of Illinois at Chicago)
Impaired hemodynamic responses to sympathoexcitation have been associated with autonomic
dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction, which contributes to chronotropic incompetence and reduced peak
aerobic capacity (VO2peak), is common condition in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Lower level
of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been used to study autonomic function as a controlled
stimulus without changing pressures. Purpose: To examine hemodynamic responses to
sympathoexcitation using hypovolemic lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in individuals with and
without DS. Methods: Twenty four volunteers (DS=12, 24 yrs; Control=12, 23 yrs) participated in this
study. VO2peak was obtained by indirect calorimetry by an individualized maximal exercise. Changes in
hemodynamics (HR, BP, brachial diameter, blood flow and vascular conductance) were measured before,
during and after LBNP (-20 mmHg). Results: Compared with controls, individuals with DS have lower
VO2peak (25.0 ± 1.7 vs. 42.5 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min) and higher BMI (23.1± 1.7 vs. 31.9 ± 1.8. kg/m2)
(p<0.05). There were no group differences in hemodynamics at baseline. No changes in hemodynamics
were observed during and after LBNP stimulation in both groups compared to the baseline values.
However, there was a trend for an interaction in brachial vascular conductance (p = 0.056) with decreased
vascular conductance in control group, whereas group with DS did not exhibit changes with LBNP.
Conclusions: Our results indicated that there is an absence of impaired hemodynamic responses to
sympathoexcitation in individuals with DS, which indicates that there is a mismatch between autonomic
and vascular interactions in individuals with DS. This suggest that impaired vascular reactivity may not
explain the reduced work capacity in individuals with DS.
Keywords: Down syndrome, Hemodynamic, Lower body negative pressure, Autonomic
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-7
FC
Saturday
10:15a-10:30a
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DETERMINANTS OF BMI CHANGE FROM 1ST GRADE TO
8TH GRADE
Karissa L. Peyer (Iowa State University), Gregory J. Welk (Iowa State University)
Studies have documented that overweight and obesity tend to track from childhood into adulthood but the
specific and home environmental factors are believed to play a role. For example, the impact of home
income on weight status has been noted more consistently in females than in males, but relationships have
not been studied during early childhood or with detailed longitudinal analyses. / / PURPOSE: The
purpose of the study is to examine gender differences in the influence of family income and education
during childhood (1st grade) on risk for overweight and obesity during adolescence (8th grade). / /
METHODS: First grade students were recruited from 37 elementary schools in a large Midwestern
school district. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1kg and height was measured to the nearest
0.25cm by trained nurses using a standardized protocol. Nurses provided height, body mass and student
ID numbers (without names) to the research team. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire
capturing mother and father’s height and weight, educational attainment and household income. Mother
and father BMI levels were each categorized into one of three levels (1: BMI <25, 2: BMI between 25
and 29.9 and 3: BMI >30) and then multiplied to create an overall ParentRisk score. Using student ID,
demographic questionnaires were matched to student age-and-gender specific BMI% calculated from
height and mass provided by nurses using standard CDC SAS codes. Child BMI was also measured
during 8th grade. General linear models (Proc GLM) were used to examine the influence of household
and parental factors on BMI% in 8th grade, controlling for 1st grade BMI%. / / RESULTS: Complete
BMI and demographic data was available for 426 students. BMI% in 1st grade was a strong predictor of
BMI% in 8th grade (r2= 0.49, p < 0.001) in both genders, and therefore was controlled for in all
subsequent analyses. However, the influence of other factors differed by gender. For males, family
income (F = 3.69, p = 0.01) and father’s education level (F = 2.72, p = 0.03) were significant predictors of
BMI% in 8th grade but ParentRisk was not. Boys from families in the highest income bracket (>$75,000
per year) had, on average, a BMI% 5.7 points lower than boys from families in the lowest income bracket
(<$25,000 per year). Boys with fathers who had a college degree had, on average, a BMI% 11.9 points
lower than boys with fathers who had not finished high school. For females, ParentRisk (F = 3.63, p <
0.01) and mother’s education level (F = 3.15, p = 0.01) were significant predictors of BMI% but family
income was not. Girls with two obese parents had, on average, a BMI% 14.6 higher than girls with two
normal-weight parents. Girls with mothers who had a college degree had, on average, a BMI% 4.3 points
lower than girls with mothers who had not finished high school while girls with mothers who had a postgraduate degree had a BMI% 19.6 points lower. / / CONCLUSION: Parent and home environmental
factors appears to have differential effects on boys and girls. There appears to be a stronger influence of
the same-gendered parent’s education level on risk for overweight by 8th grade. Income may more
strongly influence growth trajectories in boys than in girls while parent weight status may be more
influential in girls. Future research should examine these longitudinal gender differences over longer time
spans. / /
Keywords: Child BMI trajectory, Family Income, Parent BMI, Parent Education
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-7
FC
Saturday
10:30a-10:45a
MAXIMAL FAT OXIDATION RATE AND FATMAX IN BOYS AND GIRLS AT TWO
DIFFERENT MATURITY LEVELS
Brandon Dykstra (Ball State University), Justin P. Guilkey (Ball State University), Jennifer Erichsen
(Ball State University), Anthony D. Mahon (Ball State University)
Fat oxidation is an important component of energy balance, and low levels of fat oxidation may be linked
to obesity. Therefore, improving fat oxidation rate (FOR) may have positive implications for weight
management. One measure of substrate use that has gained popularity recently is the maximal rate of fat
oxidation (MFO). It has been suggested that exercise training at the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax)
can improve FOR in obese adults and adolescents. Fatmax has been investigated in adults, and studies
continue to show the benefits of determining MFO and Fatmax in adult populations. There have been far
fewer Fatmax studies of children, and the effect of sex and maturation is still not well-established.
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of sex and pubertal maturation on MFO and Fatmax in children. For
each of four metrics (absolute MFO, MFO relative to body mass and relative to fat-free mass [FFM], and
Fatmax), comparisons were made between maturational groups (pre-pubertal, pubertal) and between
sexes. METHODS: Boys (n=13) and girls (n=18) volunteered for this study. Boys were pubertal stage 12 (n=9) and ≥3 (n=4) according to Tanner. Girls were premenarcheal (n=12) and menarcheal (n=6).
Subjects reported to the laboratory for two visits. On the first visit, anthropometric data was obtained and
the child was familiarized with the experimental procedures. On the second visit, subjects performed a
Fatmax test on a cycle ergometer followed by a maximal exercise test. Fat oxidation rates were calculated
for each stage of the Fatmax¬ test and were graphed against exercise intensity. A best-fit polynomial
curve was applied to the data. MFO was interpolated as the peak of the curve, and the corresponding
exercise intensity was deemed Fatmax. A two-way (group by sex) ANOVA was used to evaluate effects
of maturation and sex on Fatmax and MFO. A Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to isolate specific group
differences. Statistical significance was established if P≤0.05. RESULTS: Absolute MFO was 0.18±0.08
g/min, 0.15±0.04 g/min, 0.14±0.06 g/min, and 0.18±0.06 g/min in the young boy (YB), young girl (YG),
old boy (OB), and old girl (OG) groups, respectively. MFO relative to body mass was 5.6±2.7 mg/kg/min,
4.8±1.7 mg/kg/min, 2.7±1.0 mg/kg/min, and 3.3±1.1 mg/kg/min in the YB, YG, OB, and OG groups,
respectively. MFO relative to fat-free mass was 7.2±3.6 mg/kgFFM/min, 6.7±2.2 mg/kgFFM/min,
3.2±1.2 mg/kgFFM/min, and 4.9±1.6 mg/kgFFM/min in the YB, YG, OB, and OG groups, respectively.
Fatmax was 45±11%, 43±10%, 36±6%, and 38±5% of VO2max in the YB, YG, OB, and OG groups,
respectively. There was no sex effect for any of the four metrics. There was no maturation effect for
absolute MFO. There was a significant maturation effect on MFO relative to body mass and on MFO
relative to fat-free mass, and a maturation effect approached significance for Fatmax. The less-mature
groups had significantly higher MFO relative to body mass and fat-free mass than had the more-mature
groups, with a trend toward a higher Fatmax. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that sex may not have
an effect on MFO or Fatmax in children, but that there is likely a maturation influence. The OB and OG
groups had smaller sample sizes than the YB and YG groups, and further subject recruitment is intended
to remedy this discrepancy. / / Funded by the Graduate Research Award from the Midwest Chapter of the
American College of Sports Medicine. /
Keywords: Pediatric, Metabolism, Obesity, Maturation
2015 MWACSM Abstracts
FC-7
FC
Saturday
10:45-11:00a
MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR INTEGRIN-MEDIATED SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH: A
MICROARRAY ANALYSIS
Mahmassani (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Yair Pincu (University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign), Michael Munroe (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Marni D. Boppart
(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
The alpha7beta1 integrin is a focal adhesion protein found at the costameres of skeletal muscle that
provides a critical link between the actin cytoskeleton and laminin in the basement membrane. We have
previously demonstrated that transgenic overexpression of the alpha7 integrin in skeletal muscle
(MCK:a7Tg) prevents sarcolemmal damage and enhances myofiber cross sectional area following single
and multiple bouts of eccentric exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conduct gene
expression profiling to better understand the potential mechanisms by which alpha7beta1 integrin
contributes to improvements in skeletal muscle growth post-exercise. METHODS: RNA was extracted
from skeletal muscle of wild type or MCK:a7Tg mice, under sedentary conditions and 3 hrs following an
acute bout of downhill running. A microarray analysis was performed which allows for global gene
profiling. qPCR analyses confirmed expression of candidate genes. RESULTS: MT1, MT2, MuSK, and
Ppargc1a gene transcription was increased as a result of exercise (P<0.05; exercise main effect). Stressresponsive genes HSP40 and NOSIP were increased as result of α7 integrin overexpression (P<0.05;
transgene main effect). Genes responsible for substrate utilization and regulation of protein translation,
such as Gys1, SCL7a5, and ANG, (P<0.05) were responsive to both exercise and integrin expression.
CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that the alpha7beta1 integrin initiates transcription
of genes that allow for protection from stress and regulation of substrate utilization, and both of these
events may contribute to enhanced growth post-exercise. Supported by NIH NIAMS 1 R21 AR065578A.
Keywords: skeletal muscle, hypertrophy, integrin, stress
2015 MWACSM Abstracts