Putting Things in Order
Put the following events in correct order by numbering them
from 1 to 5.
1.__________A former president opposes his handpicked
successor for the Republican presidential nomination.
2.__________Sensational journalistic accounts of corruption
and abuse of power in politics and business spur the
progressive movement.
3.__________A progressive forestry official feuds with Taft’s
secretary of the interior, deepening the division within the
Republican party.
4.__________A novelistic account of Chicago’s meat-packing
industry sparks new federal laws to protect consumers.
5.__________A brief but sharp financial crisis leads to
conservative criticism of Roosevelt’s progressive policies.
Teddy Roosevelt
Progressive Reformer
•
•
•
President from 1901 to 1909
Once Assistant Secretary of Navy
Served in Spanish American War
– The Rough Riders
– Battle of San Juan Hill
•
•
Believed “every citizen in the US
deserves fair treatment” resulting
in “the government giving them a
SQUARE DEAL”
The President should set the
legislative agenda for the
government and for Congress
1902 -THE COAL MINERS STRIKE
•
UMWA WENT ON STRIKE WANTING:
•
•
To be recognized by ownership
Have some control over the industry
•
May 1902 - 150,000 miners went on strike
•
The owners refused to negotiate with the
miners
• Oversupply had diminished coal prices
Since most cost was related to payroll, higher
prices meant greater profits
•
•
There was no reason to negotiate as the
owners kept getting richer!
•
But, it was illegal for the coal mines to
be shut down by owners
•
Roosevelt forced the owners back to the
table to negotiate by threatening to
take over their mines using the army
•
To mediate, he creates the
Anthracite Coal Commission
Result:
*10% wage increase
*A nine hour work day
*Create a labor control board to
arbitrate disputes
Significance:
The federal government stepped in
to help the people!!!!
Identification
Supply the correct identification for each numbered
description.
1.__________A largely middle-class movement that aimed to
use the power of government to correct the economic and
social problems of industrialism
2.__________Popular journalists who used publicity to
expose corruption and attack abuses of power in business
and government
3.__________Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass
state legislatures and propose legislation themselves
4.__________Progressive device that would enable voters to
remove corrupt or ineffective officials from office
5.__________Roosevelt’s policy of having the federal
government promote the public interest by dealing
evenhandedly with both labor and business
•
Elected in 1904. Roosevelt became the
Trust Buster!
“Trusts that harm and stifle competition are bad and
should be broken up, but trusts that run efficiently
and have low prices are good”
He busted over 40 trusts during his administration
including:
National Securities (RR’s),
Standard Oil and
Duke’s Tobacco trust
Roosevelt also focused
on protecting the people
through the power of the
government.
Consumer protection laws:
• Elkins Act
- prevented railroad rebates to favored customers
• Hepburn Act
- government could set just and reasonable rates
- access to financial records for taxation
• The Meat Inspection Act
- Federal inspectors were allowed to inspect meat
processing facilities at any time
• Pure Food And Drug Act
- manufacture and sale of impure drugs is forbidden
- products must be tested to prove a “cure” occurs
- items labeled with ingredients
Roosevelt the Conservationist
Before becoming President, Roosevelt watched how industrialization and
mechanical progress was decimating America’s wildlife and natural resources
He believed in government intervention to
protect our nation for future generations
He established :
- 51 Bird Reserves,
- 4 Game Preserves
- 150 National Forests.
- signed into law the creation of 5 National Parks
- proclaimed 18 national monuments
- placed under public protection approximately
230,000,000 acres
Legislation:
Forest Reserve Act set aside land as natural reserves
not to be sold
Newlands Reclamation Act Money from sale of public lands was
used for irrigation projects in the west
Antiquities Act Allowed President to create national
monuments by proclamation,
without congressional approval
Tired of the presidency, Roosevelt endorsed…
William Howard Taft
He won by a landslide!!!!
The only president to get stuck in a bathtub!
During his administration (1909 - 1913) he busted 99 trusts!
and one bathtub
Legislation:
• Mans - Elkins Act :
ICC can suspend RR rates and oversee
communications companies
• 16th Amendment :
Authorizes the government to collect
an income tax (on the very rich
only)
But his desire to protect America will cause
his downfall
The Payne Adlrich Act!
The Payne - Aldrich Act
Payne’s bill called for a reduction in tariffs and
was passed in the congress.
Aldrich’s bill called for the opposite and raised
tariffs
A compromised bill was reached, but it raised
tariffs on all imports to a prohibitive amount.
Taft immediately signed the bill
betraying the ideals of the Progressive party
“This is the best bill put forth by the Republicans in many years”
Taft then fired Gifford Pinchot -Chief of the Forestry Service
(and was appointed by Roosevelt personally)
For speaking out against Richard Ballinger’s leasing of protected
Alaskan woodlands
These and other acts split the Republican Party and led to the return
of……
Teddy Roosevelt
And the establishment of
The Bull Moose Party
The Progressives in disguise
6.__________Effective railroad-regulation law of 1906
that greatly strengthened the Interstate Commerce
Commission
7.__________Disastrous industrial fire of 1911 that
spurred workmen’s compensation laws and some
state regulation of wages and hours in New York
8.__________Upton Sinclair’s novel that inspired proconsumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and
drugs
9.__________Powerful women’s reform organization
led by Frances Willard
10.__________Brief but sharp economic
downturn of 1907, blamed by
conservatives on the supposedly
dangerous president
11.__________Generally unsuccessful
Taft foreign policy in which government
attempted to encourage overseas
business ventures
12.__________Powerful corporation
broken up by a Taft-initiated antitrust suit
in 1911
Often a broad historical movement, such as progressivism, can best be understood by
breaking it down into various component parts. Among the varieties of progressive
reform discussed in this chapter are
(A) political progressivism
(B) economic or industrial progressivism
(C) consumer progressivism
(D) environmental progressivism
1.
__________
The Newlands Act of 1902
2.
__________
The ten-hour law for bakers
3.
__________
The movement for women’s suffrage
4.
__________
The anthracite coal strike of 1902
5.
__________
Direct election of senators
6.
__________
The Meat Inspection Act of 1906
7.
__________
The Pure Food and Drug Act
8.
__________
Initiative, referendum, and recall
9.
__________
Muller v. Oregon
10.
__________
The Hepburn Act of 1906
11.
__________
Yosemite and Grand Canyon National Parks
12.
__________
Workmen’s compensation laws
1. What caused the Taft-Roosevelt split, and how
did it reflect the growing division between Old
Guard and progressive Republicans?
2. The two key goals of progressivism, according
to the text, were to use the government to curb
monopolistic corporations and to enhance the
ordinary citizen’s welfare. How successful was
it in attaining these two goals?
• Put Chapter 29 Put the following events in correct order
by numbering them from 1 to 5.
1.__________Wilson extracts a dangerously conditional
German agreement to halt submarine warfare.
2.__________Wilson’s superb leadership pushes major
reforms of the tariff and monetary system through Congress.
3.__________The bull moose and the elephant are both
electorally defeated by a donkey bearing the banner of “New
Freedom.”
4.__________The heavy loss of American lives to German
submarines nearly leads the United States into war with
Germany.
5.__________Despite efforts to avoid involvement in the
Mexican revolution, Wilson’s occupation of a Mexican port
raises the threat of war.
Cause
1. ___ Old-time Populists, muckraking
journalists, social-gospel ministers, and
European socialist immigrants
2. ___Progressive concern about political
corruption
Effect
a.
Ended the era of uncontrolled exploitation of
nature and involved the federal government in
preserving natural resources
b. Led to reforms like the initiative, referendum,
and direct election of senators
3. ___ Governors like Robert La Follette
c. Forced a compromise settlement of a strike that
threatened the national well-being
4. ___Roosevelt’s threat to seize the anthracite
coal mines
d. Outraged consumers and led to the Meat
Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act
5. ___Settlement houses and women’s clubs
e. Laid the basis for a third-party crusade in the
election of 1912
6. ___Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
7. ___Roosevelt’s personal interest in
conservation
f.
Incensed pro-Roosevelt progressives and
increased their attacks on the Republican Old
Guard
8. ___Taft’s political mishandling of tariff and
conservation policies
g. Led the way in using universities and regulatory
agencies to pursue progressive goals
9. ___Russia’s and Japan’s hostility to an
American role in China
h. Made Taft’s dollar-diplomacy policy a failure
10.___Roosevelt’s feeling that he was cheated
out of the Republican nomination by the
Taft machine
i.
Provided the pioneering forces who laid the
foundations for the Progressive movement.
j.
Served as the launching pads for widespread
female involvement in progressive reforms
Roosevelt headed a third party
Progressive Republican Party
- more business regulation
- women’s suffrage
- more social welfare programs
Taft was re-elected to the Republican ballot
The Democrats nominated NJ governor
Woodrow Wilson
He also stood on progressive ideas
and his unified party sailed him
to a victory in
the Presidential election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson is the first democratic president since the Civil War!
He believed:
- The President should lead the nation
-
He promised to break the
Triple Wall of Privilege:
-tariffs
-banking
-trusts
When necessary, appeal to the people to
make things happen
President Wilson’s reforms:
Underwood Tariff Act
- lowered tariffs for the first time in 50 years
(He did raise the income tax to 6% to compensate)
Clayton Antitrust Act
- exempted unions from being
prosecuted as trusts
Federal Farm Loan Act
- 12 farming banks were created to give
farmers loans with low interest rates
Warehouse Act
Loans based on growth of staple crops
- basic crops (corn, wheat)
Child Labor Act
-stopped shipment of products made by
children under 14 over state lines
-Hammer v. Dagenhart
New Freedom!
The consolidation of Wilson’s reform
ideas became known as New Freedom
Louis Brandeis – Other People’s Money
- large banks were colluding with
businessmen to create trusts
- trusts stifle competition
- became so large that they became unable
to operate efficiently.
The Federal Reserve Act
-
Create a new centralized bank
for the US
-
-
owned and operated by
the government
out of control of the "money trust",
ending Wall Street's control of
American currency supply
• both private and public entities can be members
• 12 private regional Federal reserve banks each with its own branches,
board of directors and district boundaries
• headed by a seven member Federal Reserve Board
( public officials appointed by the President)
• a single new United States currency, the Federal Reserve note
• nationally chartered banks must become members of the Federal Reserve System.
• required to purchase non-transferable stock in their regional reserve bank
• must set aside a stipulated amount of non-interest bearing reserves
• member banks have access to discounted loans
• Federal reserve banks act as fiscal agents for the United States government
(loan it money).
But Wilson’s greatest foe was just around the corner….
By the end of 1914
World War I
would plunge the world
into a global conflict.
And President Wilson
will try his best to keep us
out of the war.
But can he……..
1.__________Four-footed symbol of Roosevelt’s Progressive
third party in 1912
2.__________A fourth political party, led by a former railroad
labor union leader, that garnered nearly a million votes in
1912
3.__________Wilson’s political philosophy of restoring
democracy through trust-busting and economic competition
4.__________A twelve-member agency appointed by the
president to oversee the banking system under a new federal
law of 1913
5.__________New presidentially appointed regulatory
commission designed to prohibit unfair business competition,
unethical advertising, and labeling practices
6.__________Wilsonian trust-busting law that prohibited
interlocking directorates and other monopolistic business
practices, while legalizing labor and agricultural organizations
7.__________Wilson-backed law that promised the Philippines
eventual independence from the United States, but only when a
stable and secure government was attained
8.__________Troubled Caribbean island nation where a
president’s murder led Wilson to send in the marines and
assume American control of the police and finances
9.__________Term for the three Latin American nations whose
mediation prevented war between the United States and
Mexico in 1914
10.__________World War I alliance headed by Germany and
Austria-Hungary
Constructing a Historical Argument
Prompt: Compare and contrast the progressivism of Roosevelt
with that of Wilson; identify which politician had the best answer to
solving the major issues during the Progressive era.
Roosevelt
Write a Thesis for the above
Prompt
Wilson
1. What were the results of Wilson’s great reform
assault on the “triple wall of privilege”—the tariff,
the banks, and the trusts?
2. In what ways was Wilson the most pro-labor
president up to that point in American history?
Which specific laws, policies, and appointments
reflect his support for ordinary workers?
3. How was Wilson’s foreign policy an attempt to
expand idealistic progressive principles from the
domestic to the international arena? Why did
Wilson’s progressive democratic idealism lead to
the very kind of U.S. interventions in other
countries that he professed to dislike?