E. Bergibaev, A.Tulembayev
Global trends of transport logistics’ development in terms of social
modernization
The theoretical basis of the formation of trend in the global transportation
logistics has become a paradigm of the systematic approach, based on the virtual
simulation of all processes through information and computer support. In this case,
automation of the whole process of goods movement did not become an objective
within that paradigm. It only became a foundation to create several concepts of
logistics and in particular MRP/DRP (Manufacturing Requirements/Resource
Planning), using in corporate planning of state of stock and organization of
transportation considering available technology. However, the experience of using
these systems on the principles of technological paradigm has shown that they are
not sufficiently flexible and dynamic relatively competitive economy. This gave
rise to the marketing paradigm, depending on the purpose of development of the
transport market and its technical maintenance. Transport and logistics companies
have moved to market research in the transport market to determine their position
in the market and to demand forecasting.
An example of using marketing paradigm abroad is LRP - system (Logistics
Requirement Planning) as a system of control over the input, internal and output
material flows at the level of the firm, clusters and within macrologistic structures.
This system is also known being called «Supply Chain Management System».[1]
Today, many overseas business organizations are using the complex of three
paradigms mentioned above. However, since the XXI century new paradigm has
been widely distributed in international logistics system. It is called integral and
based on:
• Marketing understanding of the market environment;
• Perception of logistics as a strategic element in the competition;
• Development of new organizational relationships on integration basis,
including in the form of joint stock companies;
• Usage of information technology for planning the process of goods
movement and control methods for its implementation;
• Formation of the integration processes in the system of the goods
movement control.
The result of integration is a logistics system JIT (Just - in - time - just in
time), which first emerged in Japan (70-80-ies of 20 century), TQM (Total Quality
Management), integrated distribution systems, creation of large transport and
logistics terminals for integration of the companies, etc. Based on the integral
paradigm the ISCIS (Integrated Supply Chain Information System) has been
emerged. It is an integrated information system serving logistics channel using
online processing of messaging in communication networks.
As a result there are several logistics concepts formed in transport and
logistics system that are on constant account of consumers’ demand and a possible
changes in the future:
• The concept of “reorder point” (ROP);
• The concept of “quick response” (QR);
• The concept of “continuous replenishment” (CR);
• The concept of “automatic replenishment” (AR).
In general, each of the concepts has its own specific of application as well as
the general principles of their implementation in practice of the operation of
transport and logistics systems. General principles are based on a set of
requirements of DRP-need of the fast response to meet the customers' orders and
the creation of "lean production", which means:
• High standards of quality products and services;
• Low cost, not only for the logistics company, but also for consumers;
• Minimum period of service;
• Rapid response to changes in consumer demand.
At the same time micrologistics’ concept like kanban, CAD, KSOTO
became the most popular in foreign countries, based on "just in time" control of
supply and in a certain rhythm when managing multirange material flow. But all
of these systems can operate only within the computer technology and special
registration cards, where planned and actual delivery time and control over its
divergence is put. Kanban system is considered as the foundation of all
micrologistic systems. It was originated in the late 50-ies in Japanese company
«Toyota Motors» and later in other Japanese car companies with complex
manufacturing. The name of the system came from the Americans, who have also
tried to implement it in 70-ies in their car manufacturing. Initially, "kanban"
system corresponded to stock management only and then spread to the system of
goods movement. In this case stocks have to "pull up" the supply chain with the
following principles of operation of this system [2]:
• demand determines the further movement of material flows;
• concentration of suppliers of material resources around the main consumer;
• reliability of suppliers to avoid disruptions in the rhythm of supply and the
timing of their implementation;
• quality of products should always be very high and quality management
system must be well done;
• need accurate information and forecasting, so all work must be carried out
only by reliable telecommunications and informational - computer systems;
• high professional staff training and work responsibilities;
• organizational order of work discipline must be clear and a strict system of
control over it must be created [2].
The Americans noted that the KANBAN system can be implemented only if
the operating system resource requirements planning (RP) is based on reliable and
well-organized system of coordinating activities (MRPII / DRP ).
These systems and logistics coordination functions generated specific forms
of traffic planning and organizing the in foreign countries. One of the basic
concepts in transport logistics are logistics system and logistics chain. The logistic
system is understood as connection in one complex of procurement, transport,
storage, production and distribution functions, which can act both independently
and consistently linking together on the principle of "direct" and "reverse"
communication through the logistic chain. In this instance, the logistic chain is
understood as the connection between a computer, information and other
communications of all participants of the logistics process in the mode of fast
access and response. An example of a simple supply chain is the connection of all
forms of rapid communication in the organization of the type "supplier warehouse - a transport broker-transport organization - the consumer." All
participants in this chain are connected by computers with Internet connections,
telephones, fax machines, and sometimes satellite communications. The
information in this chain comes instantly and decisions are made quickly. As the
decision that option is taken which brings the greatest benefit to all participants in
the logistic chain. At the same time actions in such a chain and speed of decision
makeing necessity required to deal with the enormous amount of information
which, in turn, has created a system of ciphers and codes that has become common
for all European and now international space. These ciphers and codes have been
created by EAN international organization in order to encrypt more information on
sections of small area and became mandatory for any goods and documents
accompanying it. The codes EAN-13 (for consumer goods) and "2 of 5-striped" for
any information became the most widespread cods in the world. The necessity
quick encrypting and decrypting of information became a source of a scanner as a
technology which is designed to work with such information. In general, the speed
of dealing with information and its transformation became one of the
distinguishing characteristics of modern transport logistics and base of scientific
and technical progress in information technology (bar coding, radio terminals,
supply chain management using modern communication tools and finding
solutions based on a mathematical Computer mode etc.). Such technologies have
made it possible to create in Japan a JIT system of material and information flows
management (Just-In-Time). In Germany they created a system of «Fifo» (the
same meaning as in Japanese system). Most often the Japanese system JIT system
in the world is called "kanban", although they have the same meaning. Kanban
system is called this way because stock control card Japan is called kanban, which
notes all movement of material resources (receipt, issue, red "reversal" that
generates the required minimum margin, graphs showing the deviation in terms of
supply or in their volumes to the bigger side from the normal stock, etc.). Kanban
is a card, label[3].
Due to such card, participants of the logistics process can monitor movement
of a specific material flow (cards are got on each unit-moving product) and
commitment terms of all the participants of the logistics process.
Thus, the "kanban" has become an information system through which you
can monitor the movement of material flows, to produce penalties, sever relations,
etc., i.e. provide operational control of the creation and movement of material
flows. Born in Japan this system is already used in many countries. The feature of
Japanese is in their long discussion of any contracts.
At the same time, if they feel that the contract is real then they transmit
corresponding information to their subcontractors involved in the logistic chain [4].
During the preparation of contracts, the Japanese very precisely determine
the date of delivery of the product. For them the accuracy and reliability of supply
is one of the most important aspects of quality of all types of services, and the
terms of the contract transferred to the card inventory (Kanban) become the main
characteristic of achievement such quality. Taking into account such psychological
features of Japanese as a discipline and commitment, monitoring of information
about the movement of material flows throughout the supply chain logistics system
allows them to identify any deviations in terms of delivery and very quick to take
action. Thus, the system (Just-In-Time) made it possible for Japanese firms and
corporations to create present themselves as very reliable and responsible partner,
creating a special system of logistics management and solving of entire set of
logistical problems[4].
Japanese companies work on orders, creating a very small stocks of raw
materials, semi-finished products and components. Card stock control can be kept
by the managers. Responsible for the following chain makes it an appropriate note
or sends information to the computer that receives information from it prints it in
the form of a card and brings in their information.
Integrated delivery systems of goods from the supplier to the consumer are
the best of client logistic services. It was implemented by electronics firms. In such
systems, there are innovative types of computer systems connected to a central
electronic database distribution. This provides data on stocks, including in areas of
consolidation of shipments and all along its route, under the "just-in-time" (on long
distance transport of goods)[5].
Despite the fact that some elements of the logistics system (transport,
handling items, communications, etc.) might belong to suppliers and / or
manufacturers, either individually or jointly, in fact, in the early years of the birth
of modern services for the majority of the elements is preserved previous
ownership. Their activity was coordinated by electro industry, which is a basis of
common ownership.
Later the United States began to show a tendency to contemporary (joint)
providers’ ownership with some elements of logistics "just-in-time" system. This
became especially implemented in vertically integrated corporations with
subsidiaries. Direct communication through electronic means between providers
and producers diverse. Practice has shown that direct link between two sides not
only speeds up the process of passing the order. Also it facilitates management of
inventories, reducing the cost of order fulfillment, transportation stocks and direct
delivery to customers[6].
Automation of information stream that accompanied cargo stream - is one
of the most significant technical components in logistic. Modern trends of
information stream management consist in replacing paper transportation
documents to digital.
New undocumented technologies demonstrate us those traditional methods
for performing industrial and commercial operations at the stations of departure,
arrival and en route became anachronistic. They stood a barrier on the way of
creation radically new cargo technology.
Many companies attempt to simplify the transportation documents freight
tariffs, a system of mutual settlements for traffic between senders, recipients and
transport organizations. But, in fact, the outdated technologies of commercial work
impose on modern technical facilities of automation.
Naturally, the development of new technologies must focus not only on the
existing technical automation tools but also to consider the future prospects of the
business processes. The technical basis in creating new technologies and building
transport logistics system is:
 multiprocessor computers, mini and macro fifth generation server;
 modern communication channels (satellite, fiber, 4G, and others);
 equipping mobile gadgets officials cargo stations (pic 1).[7]
The main principle of undocumented technology cargo and commercial work
in the implementation of the transport process is that from the moment of receipt
goods on the way to the date of issue the necessary information is located in
Internet.
Also Modern Informational communication allows the supplier to obtain
large amounts of information. But even more importantly, new information system
provides urgent communication with consumers. The result can quickly assess the
trends in the market and establish better control over the direction of the change in
particular product demand.
In conclusion, the experience of the abroad development logistics systems
gives reasons to the following conclusions:
1. One of the hallmarks of the development modern logistics systems is the
accuracy of the origin of traffic through all the items and respect the time
of delivery in accordance with the principle of "just-in-time". Creating a
system of "just in time" requires a single form of clear and understandable
information transmitted over the network in the logistics «online».
2. All participants in the logistics process have to deliver the goods with high
quality and responsibly. In this case, all the possible risks associated with
the movement of material flow must be weighed, calculated and defined in
advance, are distributed equally to members of a single process and
regularly monitored through transparent information.
3. "Just-in-time" effects with the necessary degree of efficiency when all
members of the logistics process mutually support each. At the same time
all participants need to respect the principle of "just-in-time" which
requires appropriate technical equipment and technology in companies’
logistics. In the absence of these controlling of the quality of logistics
operations is difficult and in some cases nearly impossible.
4. New technologies in the transport logistics will not only speed up the
processing of information, but also to change the business process as a
whole. We will not need in processing information, but the on this field of
action will be other processes that will demand attention.
GTC
LTC
Arrival,
Allocation
Feed
Interfac
Memory
arrays
Waiting for delivery
Start
discharge
Waiting for discharge
End of
discharge
Discharge
Start
loading
Waiting for loading
End of
loading
Loading
Waiting for cleaning
Waiting for
formation
Clean
Waiting for shipping
Shipping
Formation
TC
Shipping
Pic. 1. Dynamic information model undocumented technology freight turnover.[7]
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