Organic
Chemistry
Chapter 22
Organic Chemistry
All organic compounds contain carbon
atoms, but not all carbon-containing
compounds are classified
as organic.
examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are
considered inorganic.
Organic compounds can be defined as
covalently bonded compounds
containing carbon, excluding carbonates
and oxides
Common Elements in Organic
Compounds
Organic Prefixes
Number of Carbons
Prefix
1
Meth-
2
Eth-
3
Prop-
4
But-
5
Pent-
6
Hex-
7
Hept-
8
Oct-
9
Non-
10
Dec-
Diversity Due to Carbon
The diversity of organic compounds results
from the uniqueness of carbon’s structure
and bonding.
Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to
form long chains and rings of covalently
bonded atoms.
Alkanes
All
single covalent bonds
saturated hydrocarbons because they contain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that
can bond with the number of carbon atoms in
the molecule
The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are
solids. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the
higher the boiling point.
General
Formula = CnH2n+2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
methane
ethane
propane
Cycloalkanes
Alkanes
whose carbon atoms are joined in rings
Alkenes
Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon
double bond
Are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons
because they contain the at least one
double bond preventing the carbons to
be completely saturated with hydrogen
atoms.
General
Formula = CnH2n
C2H4
C3H6
ethene
propene
Alkynes
Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon triple
bond
unsaturated hydrocarbons because they
contain the at least one triple bond
preventing the carbons to be completely
saturated with hydrogen atoms.
General
Formula = CnH2n-2
C 2H 2
ethyne
C3H4
propyne
Structural isomers: molecules
that have the same molecular
formula but different structures
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS EXAMPLE:
Both molecules below have the
formula of C4H10
How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12,
have?
H H H H H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
C
C
H
CH3 H
C
H
Functional Groups
Functional
groups are specific chemical
formulas that are bonded to a
hydrocarbon.
Each
group exhibits specific chemical
characteristics.
The
“R”.
hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter
Alcohols
Molecule
with an –OH group
attached to a carbon atom
General formula is R-OH
Common products that
contain alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel
ETHER
Contains
1 oxygen atom
One oxygen atom is bonded to two
carbon chains, one on each end
Name ends in “ether”
General formula:
Example:
Dimethyl Ether
Common products that
contain ethers
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for
bread and cookies
CARBOXYLIC ACID
Contains
2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the
same carbon atom
Name ends in “ic acid”
General formula:
Example:
Ethanoic acid
Carboxylic Acids
General
Formula = R-COOH
Common products that
contain carboxylic acids
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar
ESTER
Contains
2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the
same carbon atom
Name ends in “oate”
General formula:
Example:
Methyl ethanoate
Common products that
contain esters
Bananas
Oranges
Flowers
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