Organic
Chemistry
Chapter 22
Organic Chemistry
All organic compounds contain carbon
atoms, but not all carbon-containing
compounds are classified
as organic.
 examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are
considered inorganic.
Organic compounds can be defined as
covalently bonded compounds
containing carbon, excluding carbonates
and oxides
Common Elements in Organic
Compounds
Organic Prefixes
Number of Carbons
Prefix
1
Meth-
2
Eth-
3
Prop-
4
But-
5
Pent-
6
Hex-
7
Hept-
8
Oct-
9
Non-
10
Dec-
Diversity Due to Carbon
The diversity of organic compounds results
from the uniqueness of carbon’s structure
and bonding.
Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to
form long chains and rings of covalently
bonded atoms.
Alkanes
 All
single covalent bonds
 saturated hydrocarbons because they contain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that
can bond with the number of carbon atoms in
the molecule
 The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are
solids. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the
higher the boiling point.
 General
Formula = CnH2n+2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
methane
ethane
propane
Cycloalkanes
 Alkanes
whose carbon atoms are joined in rings
Alkenes
 Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon
double bond
 Are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons
because they contain the at least one
double bond preventing the carbons to
be completely saturated with hydrogen
atoms.
 General
Formula = CnH2n
C2H4
C3H6
ethene
propene
Alkynes
 Have
at least one carbon-to-carbon triple
bond
 unsaturated hydrocarbons because they
contain the at least one triple bond
preventing the carbons to be completely
saturated with hydrogen atoms.
 General
Formula = CnH2n-2
C 2H 2
ethyne
C3H4
propyne
Structural isomers: molecules
that have the same molecular
formula but different structures
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS EXAMPLE:
Both molecules below have the
formula of C4H10
How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12,
have?
H H H H H
H
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3 H
C
C
H
CH3 H
C
H
Functional Groups
 Functional
groups are specific chemical
formulas that are bonded to a
hydrocarbon.
 Each
group exhibits specific chemical
characteristics.
 The
“R”.
hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter
Alcohols
 Molecule
with an –OH group
attached to a carbon atom
 General formula is R-OH
Common products that
contain alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel
ETHER
 Contains
1 oxygen atom
 One oxygen atom is bonded to two
carbon chains, one on each end
 Name ends in “ether”
 General formula:
Example:
Dimethyl Ether
Common products that
contain ethers
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for
bread and cookies
CARBOXYLIC ACID
 Contains
2 oxygen atoms
 One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the
same carbon atom
 Name ends in “ic acid”
 General formula:
Example:
Ethanoic acid
Carboxylic Acids
 General
Formula = R-COOH
Common products that
contain carboxylic acids
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar
ESTER
 Contains
2 oxygen atoms
 One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon
atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the
same carbon atom
 Name ends in “oate”
 General formula:
Example:
Methyl ethanoate
Common products that
contain esters
Bananas
Oranges
Flowers