Wole Soyinka

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Wole

Soyinka

Disher-Campbell

Spring 2011

Born Akinwande Oluwole

Soyinka in Western Nigeria in

1934

• grew up in an Anglican mission compound in Aké

Raised in a colonial, Englishspeaking environment, but his heritage is Yoruba (frequent trips to his father’s ancestral home in Isara)

At age eleven, Soyinka joins the protest movement that will later win Nigeria’s independence from British colonial rule

Early Years

Primary and grammar school in

Ake and Abeokuta

At age twelve, Soyinka leaves Ake for Ibadan to attend the elite

Government College and at 18 entered the university.

Graduates from Leeds College in

England with a degree in English

Literature and drama in 1957

Works for several years in Europe as a script-reader, actor, and director for the Royal Court

Theatre in London

Begins to write early plays ( The

Swamp Dwellers and The Lion and the Jewel)

Education

At age 26 (1960), Soyinka returns to Nigeria, but new play A Dance of the Forests puts him in a precarious position with Nigeria’s new government

• Presents a pageant of black Africa’s “recurrent cycle of stupidities”

(designed to remind Nigerians of the chronic dishonesty and abuse of power that colonialism had instilled in generations of native politicians)

• “African Chauvenists” or proponents of the Negritude movement

(Soyinka called them “Neo-Tarzanists”) object to Soyinka’s use of

European techniques

Politically active and combatant—in 1965 calls for cancellation of rigged Western Nigerian regional elections by seizing control of the

Western Nigerian Broadcast Service. Arrested and arraigned, but released on a technicality.

• Political speeches in the 1960s criticize the “cult of personality” and government corruption in African dictatorships

Return to Nigeria

In 1967, during the Nigerian Civil War he was arrested and put in solitary confinement for two years for attempting to act as an intermediary between the warring

Nigerian and Biafran parties.

Writes poetry on tissue paper which is later published as

Poems from Prison

Released 22 months after initial detainment after international attention rises (1967-1969).

Outspoken critic of many Nigerian military dictators and of political tyrannies in Africa and abroad.

Political Motives

Flees Nigeria via motorcycle in 1994 to avoid charges brought against him.

In 1997, General Sani Abacha, during his reign in Nigeria, pronounced a death sentence on Soyinka “in absentia” for treason

In 1999, after democratic rule was reestablished in Nigeria,

Soyinka returned home to a hero’s welcome

Side Note: in 1975, he openly attacks Idi Amin (at the height of his power) in Transition, a Ghanan magazine where he serves as editor-in-chief and columnist

Personal Risks

Soyinka advocates two major ideas regarding art/artistic mission:

• “organic revolution”: “a process of communal renewal reached in moments of shared cultural self-apprehension -- moments whose manner and content are particular to each society”

• “organic restoration”: Ogun

Three stages of Yoruba existence—the world of the ancestors, the world of the living, and the world of the unborn—Ogun bridges these relams, living in what Soyinka calls the “fourth stage”

Yoruba Culture and

Soyinka’s art

Ogun

Nigeria operated under British control from mid-1800s until

October 1, 1960, when it gained independence.

Nigeria encompasses 250-400 different ethnic groups

Dominant groups:

• Yoruba in the West

• Hausa-Fulani in north

Igbo in the east

Colonialism in Nigeria

British claim entire area of Nigeria as a colony around 1914 and begin to exercise more power in the area (rather than simply controlling palm oil and palm kernel trade)

Difficulties in governing so many ethnic groups led to tensions— different languages, culture, and religions

Hausa-Fulani=Muslim, strong central government

Igbo=no central government/stateless society

Pre-existing rivalries (ex: Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba)

Indirect rule—need to appoint chiefs where there had not been chiefs before (difficult in certain areas without strong central government)

Resistance occurs from some groups, resulting in rebellion and struggle for independence (won in 1960)

Colonialism in Nigeria

1967: Head of the Department of Theater Arts, University of Ibadan

1973: Honorary Ph. D., University of Leeds

1986: Nobel Prize for Literature

1990: Benson Medal from Royal Society of Literature

1993: honorary doctorate, Harvard University.

2005: Honorary doctorate degree, Princeton University

2008: Distinguished Scholar in Residence, Franklin Humanities

Institute, Duke University

Honors and Awards

Combines Yoruba myth with political aims (takes Ogun, the

Yoruba god of metallurgy, as his personal muse and the inspiration)

Poems can be roughly divided into poems of experience/life and poems relating to myth/Yoruba culture

Themes of war, violence, struggle, hate, family, love

Seemingly simplistic, direct diction, but with underlying complexity

Sparse punctuation

Metaphors, similes, and juxtaposition of ideas are common, as is larger symbolism

Poetry

Various Life Experiences:

'Telephone Conversation", (an early light hearted response to racial discrimination),

• some of the poems in Idanre and Other Poems (1967),

• most of the ones in A Shuttle in the Crypt (1972), (his prison notes when he was detained during the

Nigerian Civil War).

• They are about births and deaths (the most important being his "Abiku" poem) in which he dwells on the inscrutable nature of the spirit of death, about strange coincidences as in "A First Death Day", when a child dies exactly on her first birthday anniversary, about grey seasons as metaphors for rust, ripeness and decay, and about lone figures and the messianic plight of some of them.

Many of the poems in A Shuttle in the Crypt are even more private in tone because of their genesis. They are the meditations of a man in confinement whose active mind wandered far and wide, about people in similar plight in history, about nature, and about the fragility and transience of life.

Ogunnian poems:

• poems about death on the road

• massacre in north ern Nigerian in 1966.

• the epic poems Idanre and Ogun Abibiman (1977).

• All these poems are celebrations in a contemporary context: of the mysteries of Ogun, the god of contraries, who is both destructive and creative and, therefore, whose unlimited resources can be used for good or for ill. The road and massacre poems showed Ogun in his most negative aspects, that is, metaphors for man or man's weapons of destruc tion eating up fellow men.

They are Soyinka's way of commenting on the senseless slaughter and wastage of human life in moments of carelessness, hatred and ethnic intoxication.

• In Idanre and Ogun Abibiman, however, Soyinka goes beyond the merely negative features of Ogun. In the former, he seeks a new order that will further split the Ogun godhead and release the creative flint that will be used perpetually for man's benefit. In the latter, he enlists the co-operation of Ogun to commit his unlimited resources to the liberation struggle in South Africa.

Characterizing Poetry

Works

Plays

The Swamp Dwellers

The Lion and the Jewel

The Trials of Brother Jero

A Dance of the Forests

The Strong Breed

Before the Blackout

Kongi's Harvest

The Road

The Bacchae of Euripides

Madmen and Specialists

Camwood on the Leaves

Jero's Metamorphosis

Death and the King's Horseman

Opera Wonyosi

Requiem for a Futurologist

A Play of Giants

A Scourge of Hyacinths (radio play)

The Beatification of the Area Boy

King Baabu

Etiki Revu Wetin

Novels

The Interpreters

Season of Anomie

Memoirs

The Man Died: Prison Notes

• Aké: The Years of Childhood

Isara: A Voyage around Essay

Ibadan: The Penkelemes Years: a memoir 1946-65

You Must Set Forth at Dawn

Essays

Neo-Tarzanism: The Poetics of

Pseudo-Transition

Art, Dialogue, and Outrage:

Essays on Literature and Culture

Myth, Literature and the African

World

From Drama and the African

World View

The Burden of Memory - The

Muse of Forgiveness

The Credo of Being and

Nothingness

Poetry collections

A Big Airplane Crashed Into The

Earth (original title Poems from

Prison )

Idanre and other poems

Mandela's Earth and other poems

Ogun Abibiman

Samarkand and Other Markets I

Have Known

Abiku

The Ballad of the Landlord

After the Deluge

Prisonnettes

Telephone Conversation

Movies

Culture in Transition

Blues for a Prodigal

• http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/198

6/soyinka-bio.html

• http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigerianliterature/?blurb=6

50

• http://marshall.ucsd.edu/wolesoyinka/

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