U.S. History
Top 100
What every student should know
to pass the U.S. History EOC.
Goals 1-12
1
Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)
• The learner will identify, investigate, and
assess the effectiveness of the institutions
of the emerging republic.
2
Suffrage during the Federalist Era
• Who could vote?
• White males who
owned property.
• Who could not vote?
• White males who did
not own property
• Women
• African-Americans
• Native Americans
3
XYZ Affair, 1797
• The American delegates told the French
expected a bribe in order to meet with
them.
4
Marbury v. Madison, 1803
• This case established the
Supreme Court's right to
judicial review.
5
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
• The Alien Act made it longer to become a citizen.
• The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory
statements about the federal government.
• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions opposed these
laws and initiated the concept of "nullification“.
6
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
• from France for $15 million.
• The Constitution did not give the federal government the
power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose interpretation
to justify the purchase.
7
Development of the two-party
system
• Democratic
Republicans
• Thomas Jefferson
• states should have more
power
• Farming
• pro-French
• strict construction of the
Constitution
• Federalists
• Led by Alexander
Hamilton
• Favored strong central
government
• industry and trade
• pro-British
• a loose construction of
the Constitution
8
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
• Farmers rebelled against
Hamilton's excise tax on
whiskey.
• The army put down the
rebellion.
• government would strongly
enforce its laws
9
Washington’s Farewell Address,
1796
• Warned against competing political parties
• Warned against complicated
entanglements (alliances) of Europe
10
Goal 2: Expansion and Reform
(1801-1850)
• The learner will assess the competing
forces of expansionism, nationalism, and
sectionalism.
11
Missouri Compromise, 1820
• Missouri as a slave
state
• Maine as a free
state.
• territory north of
36°30" would
become free states,
and south would
become slave
states.
12
Indian Removal, 1838-1839
• Moved to Oklahoma
• The journey became known as the "Trail
of Tears".
13
Hudson River School of Art
• painted American landscapes.
14
Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
• 1798 - separate cotton from its seeds.
• made cotton a profitable crop.
• reinforced slavery in the economy of the
South.
15
Nativism
• An anti-foreign
• 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx
of Irish and German Catholics.
16
Henry Clay
• Clay helped heal the
North/South rift by
aiding passage of the
Compromise of 1850.
17
Tariff of Abominations
• protected the North
• harmed the South
• South said that the tariff was
unconstitutional because it violated state's
rights.
18
Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Europe should not interfere in the Western
Hemisphere
• a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no
major impact until the late 1800s.
19
Women’s Reform Movement
• Seneca Falls, NY Convention
• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
20
Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and
Reconstruction (1848-1877)
• The learner will analyze the issues that led
to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and
the impact of Reconstruction on the
nation.
21
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Popular sovereignty (vote of the people)
would determine whether Kansas and
Nebraska would be slave or free states.
22
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857
• sued for his freedom
• The U.S. Supreme Court
decided he could not sue in
federal court because he
was property, not a citizen.
23
•
•
•
•
Compromise of 1850
Admitted California as a free state
Organized Utah and N.M. without restrictions on slavery
Abolished slave trade in D.C.
Established tougher fugitive slave laws.
.
24
Causes of Secession, 1860
• After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern
states seceded.
• South said he was a President “whose
opinions and purposes are hostile to
slavery.”
25
Battle of Gettysburg, 1863
• lasted three days and the North won
• Considered a turning point of the Civil
War.
26
Emancipation Proclamation, 1862
• freed all slaves
in states still in
rebellion
27
Reconstruction Plans
• Presidential Plans
• Lincoln and
Johnson’s plans were
leniant for the South
• Congressional Plan
• “Radical Republicans”
wanted to force
changes in south
(three amendments,
military control)
28
Compromise of 1877
• Hayes promised to end Reconstruction in
exchange for the Democrats accepting his
election results. He took Union troops out
of the South.
29
Civil War Amendments
• 13th - slavery
• 14th - citizenship
• 15th - vote
30
Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks
or any other citizens.
31
Goal 4: The Great West and the
Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)
• The learner will evaluate the great
westward movement and assess the
impact of the agricultural revolution on the
nation.
32
Helen Hunt Jackson
• A muckraker whose book
exposed the unjust
manner in which the U.S.
government had treated
the Indians. Protested
the Dawes Severalty Act.
33
Motivation for Westward Movement
• Government
Incentives
• Pacific Railway Acts
• Morrill Land-Grant Act
• Homestead Act
• Miners-49ers
• Cattle ranchers
• Farmers
34
Challenges of Westward Movement
• Lack of resources; wood and water
• Severe weather, bugs, floods, prairie fires,
dust storms, drought
• Conflicts with Native Americans
35
Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
• Connect east and west
36
Dawes Act, 1887
• It tried to dissolve
Indian tribes by giving
land to individuals
• Assimilation policy
37
Cross of Gold Speech, 1896
• William Jennings
Bryan
• said people must not
be "crucified on a
cross of gold“
38
Improvements in Agriculture
•
•
•
•
Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force
Steel plow – cut through dense sod
Barbed wire – end of open range
Windmills – powers irrigation systems
39
Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial
Society (1877-1900)
• The learner will describe innovations in
technology and business practices and
assess their impact on economic, political,
and social life in America.
40
Jacob Riis
• Early 1900's writer who exposed social
and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker
novel.
41
Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889
• founded Hull House in Chicago, the first
private social welfare agency in the U.S.
• Assisted the poor, combat juvenile
delinquency and help immigrants learn to
speak English.
42
Gospel of Wealth, 1889
• Andrew Carnegie was
an American millionaire
and philanthropist who
donated large sums of
money for public works.
• His book argued that
the wealthy have an
obligation to give
something back to
society.
43
Social Darwinism
• Applied Darwin's
theory of natural
selection and "survival
of the fittest" to human
society -- the poor are
poor because they are
not as fit to survive.
• Used as an argument
against social reforms
to help the poor.
44
Influence of Big Business
• Business control over
government
45
Laissez-faire
• A theory that the economy does better
without government intervention in
business.
46
Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor
• noted as the first
union of all workers.
• American
Federation of Labor
• It is a federation of
different unions.
47
Labor Practices
• Collective Bargaining - Discussions held
between workers and their employers over
wages, hours, and conditions.
• Labor Unions – organization of workers
• Strikes – refusal to perform work until
demands are met.
48
Thomas Nast
• Newspaper cartoonist
who produced satirical
cartoons,
• invented "Uncle Sam"
and came up with the
elephant and the donkey
for the political parties.
He nearly brought down
Boss Tweed.
49
Credit Mobilier Scandal, 1872
• Union Pacific received a government
contract to build the transcontinental
railroad
• It "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the
actual construction, charging nearly
twice the actual cost of the project.
• The scheme was discovered and the
company tried to bribe Congress
with gifts of stock to stop the
investigation.
• This was the biggest bribery scandal
in U.S. history, and led to greater
public awareness of government
corruption.
50
Goal 6: The emergence of the United
States in World Affairs (1890-1914)
• The learner will analyze causes and
effects of the United States emergence as
a world power.
51
Alfred Mahan
• In order to protect overseas investments
America built the "great white fleet" that
had been requested by Captain Alfred
Thayer Mahan.
52
Josiah Strong
• One of the leading
proponents of imperialism
was Minister Josiah Strong.
• it was our destiny to acquire
new lands.
53
Causes of Spanish-American War,
1898
• An explosion crippled the warship Maine.
• The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident
and used it as an excuse to go to war with
Spain.
• Yellow Journalism
– Pulitzer
– Hearst
54
Seward’s Folly, 1867
• Seward was the energetic supporter of the
Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the
deal
• often called "Seward's Folly" because
Alaska was seen as not fit for settlement
or farming.
55
Annexation of Hawaii, 1898
• American businessmen
arranged the removal of
the queen from power
56
Roosevelt Corollary, 1904
• U.S. would act as international policemen.
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
57
Open Door Policy, 1899
• assurance that other nations
would respect the principle of
equal trade opportunities in
the China market.
58
Goal 7: The Progressive Movement
(1890-1914)
• The learner will analyze the economic,
political, and social reforms of the
Progressive Period.
59
Muckrakers
• Journalists
• publicized social and
economic problems
• Sausage anyone?
60
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
•
•
•
•
mostly women.
doors were locked
poor working conditions
led to federal regulations to
protect workers.
61
Causes of Progressivism
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ineffectiveness of government
Poor working conditions-child labor
Unequal distribution of wealth
Immigration
Urban poor
Corruption
62
Progressive Party Platform
• women's suffrage,
• social welfare legislation for
women and children
• workers' compensation
• farm relief,
63
Governor Robert LaFollette
• Reforms
• leader of the
Progressive
movement
64
Federal Reserve Act, 1913
• Regulated banking
• A move away from
laissez-faire policies
65
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1886
• segregated facilities for whites and blacks
were legal as long as they were of equal
quality.
66
Booker T. Washington
• economic independence before civil rights.
• founded the Tuskegee Institute.
67
W.E.B. DuBois
• Demand social and civil
rights
• Helped found the NAACP.
68
Disenfranchisement
• poll taxes and literacy tests, which took
away blacks' right to vote.
69
New Marketing Techniques
• Advertising
• Mail order catalogs
• Consumerism
70
Goal 8: The Great War and Its
Aftermath (1914-1930)
• The learner will analyze
United States
involvement in World
War I and the war’s
influence on
international affairs
during the 1920s.
71
U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement
•
•
•
•
•
•
May 1915 –Lusitania
Sept. 1915 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships
March 1916 –Sussex
May 1916 – Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships
Jan. 1917 – Zimmerman note
Feb. 1917 – Germany resumes unrestricted submarine
warfare
• April 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany
72
League of Nations, 1919
• Devised Wilson
• the U.S. did not join
73
Fourteen Points, 1918
• wanted them included in TOV
• included freedom of the seas and the
League of Nations.
74
Russian Revolution, 1917
• Communist
• Russia out of WWI.
75
Eugene V. Debs
• ran for president as a socialist
• he was imprisoned for protesting WWI in
violation of the Sedition Act.
76
Sacco and Vanzetti
• Italian immigrants anarchist
charged with murder.
• Some believed they were
found guilty because of their
anarchist activities.
77
Schenck v. U.S., 1919
• free speech case
• In war, utterances tolerable in
peacetime can be punished.
• Hush Your Mouth.
78
Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression
(1919-1939)
• The learner will appraise the economic,
social, and political changes of the decades
of “The Twenties” and “The Thirties.”
79
Causes of Great Depression
•
•
•
•
debt,
speculation,
buying on margin,
over-production and underconsuming,
• the stock market crashed.,
80
Stock Market Crash, 1929
• selling occurred as investors realized the stock
boom was ending.
81
Assembly Line
• equipment and workers in a direct line until
the product is assembled.
82
Impact of Mass Media
•
•
•
•
•
Radio
Marketing and advertising
Jazz
Silent & “talkie” films
“Fireside Chats”
83
Lost Generation
• writers after WW I who thought the U.S.
was materialistic and they criticized
conformity.
84
Harlem Renaissance, Langston
Hughes
• Harlem was a center
for black writers,
musicians, and
intellectuals.
85
Fundamentalism
• Stressing literal adherence Biblical
teachings
86
Scopes Trial, 1925
• evolution.
• the trial started a shift of public opinion
away from Fundamentalism.
87
New Deal Agencies•
•
•
•
•
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Main GOAL: EMPLOYMENT
88
Flappers, 1920’s
• short skirts, bobbed hair,
and more sexual
freedom.
• abandon traditional
female roles
89
Long Term Effects of New Deal
Programs
• Expansion of the role of federal
government
• Government responsibility for the welfare
of its citizens
• Expanding government role in the
economy
• Deficit spending
90
Dust Bowl, 1930s
• dust storms caused major ecological and
agricultural damage
91
Bonus Army, 1932
• WWI bonus due 1945
• veterans marched on
Washington, D.C., and
Hoover called in the army
to disperse them.
92
Bank Failures
• By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion
disappear through bank failures.
93
Goal 10: World War II and the
Beginning of the Cold War (1930s1963)
• The learner will analyze
United States
involvement in World
War II and the war’s
influence on
international affairs in
following decades.
94
Lend-lease Act, 1941
• U.S. sent supplies and ammunition to the
Allies.
95
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
• attack by Japanese
• The U.S. declared war on Japan, entering
World War II.
96
D-Day, June 6, 1944
• Led by Eisenhower, stormed the beaches
at Normandy France
• A turning point of World War II.
• Others?
97
Korematsu v. U.S., 1944
• Upheld the U.S. government's decision to
put Japanese-Americans in internment
camps
98
G.I. Bill, 1944
• $13 billion in aid for
former servicemen,
ranging from
educational grants to
housing
99
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• quarantine of Cuba.
• almost led to nuclear war,
• Khrushchev agreed to
dismantle the launch sites.
100
Marshall Plan, 1947
• economic aid to rebuild
Europe after WWII and
help prevent the spread
of Communism.
101
Korean War, 1950
• Communist North invaded
the South.
• The United Nations helped
the South
• China helped the North.
• This was the first time the
United Nations had
intervened militarily.
102
Post-war Organizations
• United Nations
• NATO
• SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian
nations
103
Containment, George F. Keenan
• confront the Russians wherever they tried
to spread their power.
104
Rosie the Riveter
• Women found jobs, in
heavy industry
105
Domino Theory, 1957
• It stated that if one country fell to
Communism, others would also
106
Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and
Turmoil (1945-1980)
• The learner will trace economic, political,
and social developments and assess their
significance for the lives of Americans
during this time period.
107
McCarthyism, 1950-1953
• Said the U.S. State Department
had been infiltrated by
Communists.
• accused the Army of covering
up foreign espionage.
• Army-McCarthy hearings made
McCarthy look so foolish that
further investigations were
halted.
108
Détente
• A lessening of tensions between U.S. and
Soviet Union and China..
109
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• ordered all public schools
desegregated.
110
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• President of the SCLC
• promoted non-violent protest.
111
Malcolm X
• Malcolm X preached a
message of self-reliance
and self-determination.
112
Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan,
1963
• Depicted how difficult a
woman's life is because
she doesn't think about
herself, only her family.
113
War Powers Act, 1973
• 90 days
• 48 hours
114
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964
• U.S. Navy ships
reportedly fired on,
• gave the president power
to whatever was
necessary in Vietnam.
115
My Lai Incident, 1968
• An American unit killed
many women and
children.
116
Sputnik, 1957
• Satellite
• launched by the
Soviets.
117
Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974
• breaking into the Democratic National
Committee's executive headquarters in the
Watergate Hotel.
• he resigned.
118
Cesar Chavez
• leader of the United Farm Workers
• Organized laborers to strike against fruit and
vegetable growers.
119
Goal 12: The United States since
the Vietnam War (1973-present)
• The learner will identify and analyze trends
in domestic and foreign affairs of the
United States during this time period.
120
Camp David Accords, 1978
• Peace talks between Egypt and Israel
mediated by President Carter.
121
Title IX, 1972
• "No person in the United
States shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any
education program or activity
receiving Federal financial
assistance."
122
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 1992
• Open trade with Canada, Mexico and the
United States.
123
Affirmative Action
• Policy that gives special consideration to
women and minorities to make up for past
discrimination.
• Attacked by the New Right as reverse
discrimination
124
September 11, 2001
• The September 11, 2001
attacks consisted of a
series of coordinated
terrorist suicide attacks
by Islamic extremists on
the United States on
September 11, 2001.
125
No Child Left Behind, 2002 (ESEA)
• President Bush signed
the No Child Left Behind
Act. The law helps
schools improve by
focusing on
accountability. (aka tests)
126
Election of 2000
• In the presidential
election of 2000
Republican George W.
Bush was elected over
Democrat Al Gore in one
of the closest and most
controversial presidential
elections in the history of
the United States.
127
Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke, 1978
• Barred colleges from admitting students
solely on the basis of race, but allowed
them to include race along with other
considerations when deciding which
students to admit.
128
New US Foreign Policy
• War on Terror
– Pre-emptive strikes on any nation that
harbors terrorist cells and will not cooperate
with international peacekeeping efforts
129