MODIFICATION OF MOLTEN STEELMAKING SLAG FOR
CEMENT APPLICATION
Joao B. FERREIRA NETO1, Joao O. G. FARIA1, Catia FREDERICCI1, Fabiano
F. CHOTOLI2, Andre N. L. SILVA1, Bruno B. FERRARO1, Tiago R. RIBEIRO1,
Antonio MALYNOWSKYJ1, Valdecir A. QUARCIONI2, Andre A. LOTTO1
1
Laboratory of Metallurgical Processes, Institute for Technological Research
(IPT), Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Civil Construction Materials, Institute for Technological Research
(IPT), Sao Paulo – SP, Brazil
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
OUTLINE
- Availability of BF slag in Brazil and use of SS slag as
alternative for cement industry in Brazil
- Effect of cooling rate and chemical composition on
slags crystallization
- Conclusions
dis
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Blast Furnace slag X Steel Slag → Cement Industry in Brazil
Near future scenario: There will be a lack of BF slag to supply the demand of cement
manufacturing in Brazil
The steel production in Brazil has been around 32-34 millions t/y for last ten years. There is
not any expectation of increasing X growth of construction industry in Brazil
32,909
31,610
33,782
33,716
32,948
30,901
35,220
34,600
34,163
26,506
Production of
crude steel in
Brazil (x1.000 t)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Steel slag could be an alternative as cement mineral admixture, partially substituting the BF
slag
conc
I & S (EAF); 8,1
26,6 MT steel x 120 kg SSlag/t steel
=
3,2 Mt of Steel Slag (BOF)
I & S (BOF);
26,6
(~4 millions t of BF slag)
Crude Steel production in Brazil
Source: Instituto Aço Brasil
Ta
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Objective: Development of autogenous process of liquid Steel Slag
modification aiming its application as raw material in the portland cement
manufacturing, partially substituting the BF slag
BF Slag
41-44
6-7
35-40
10-13
< 1,8
0,8-1,1
1,2-1,4
CaO (%)
MgO (%)
SiO2 (%)
Al2O3 (%)
FeO (%)
Fe2O3 (%)
S (total)
P2O5 (%)
Basicity (CaO+MgO)/SiO2
Steel Slag (Brazil)
36-46
5-12
10-16
1-4
14-22
13,6
0,1-0,3
1,0-2,5
> 3,0
Technological barriers to be overcome:
- Chemical composition modification (decreasing of free CaO and MgO, Fe2O3/FeO
and Fe)
- Transformation of mineralogical phases (appropriate phases with hydraulic activity
for cement production
- Low cost by-products/residues must be used as transforming agents
- Use of heat content in SSlag for modification process
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Effect of cooling rate and chemical composition on slags
crystallization
Lab Scale (1 kg modified slag)
MgO crucible
SS slag + modyfing agents
Ceramic
mold
TC 3
TC 2
TC 1
Slag
Cu Chilled
plate
Water in Water out
Slag
SS rem ch
Glassy layer
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Effect of cooling rate and chemical composition on slags
crystallization
Lab Scale (1 kg modified slag)
Pilot Scale (300 kg modified slag)
MgO crucible
SS slag + modyfing agents
Ceramic
mold
SS slag + modyfing agents
TC 3
TC 2
TC 1
Slag
Cu Chilled
plate
Water in Water out
Slag
Glassy layer
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
XRF
BF
Lab Scale (1kg)
Pilot Scale (300) kg
SS SS-M1 SS-M2 SS-M3 SS-M4 SS-M5
***
-
13,6
4,4
0,6
6,0
2,0
3,1
*
0,2
18,3
7,3
2,4
7,2
7,6
13,2
Fe0 (%)**
CaO (%)
S (%)
41,5
0,7
0,2
38,1
0,1
0,3
38,5
<0,1
<0,1
33,1
0,1
0,9
37,9
0,1
0,3
37,3
<0,1
0,1
34,5
0,1
SiO2 (%)
33,1
9,9
27,5
30,2
27,6
32,2
21,6
Al2O3 (%)
10,5
1,7
2,6
11,5
2,1
4,8
10,7
MgO (%)
7,2
8,6
10,6
13,2
10,8
9,8
10,4
TiO2 (%)
0,6
0,3
0,3
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,3
MnO (%)
0,6
4,4
4,5
2,1
4,4
3,1
3,8
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
0,0
1,3
1,3
3,8
1,5
1,4
0,4
1,1
1,2
1,4
0,8
1,2
1,1
1,6
Fe2O3 (%)
FeO (%)
Modified Steel Slags
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Blast Furnace Slag
XRF
Fe2O3 (%)
***
XRD (Rietveld)
BF
-
*
0,2
Fe0 (%)**
CaO (%)
S (%)
41,5
0,7
SiO2 (%)
33,1
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
10,5
7,2
0,6
0,6
0,0
1,3
FeO (%)
BF
Distance from
chilled plate
2 mm 5 mm 30 mm
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
4,6 19,4
2,2
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
3,3
95,7
Akermanite (%)
72,0
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
94,6
5,3
0,1
Slag
Cu Chilled
plate
Water in Water out
Obs: Slag remelted in graphite crucible
Merwinite, Akermanite, Melilite
(solid solution between
Akermanite and Gehlenite)
Typically found in BF slag cooled
slowly
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Cooling curves (experimental x Heat Transferring model)
HT Model
20 mm
Ceramic
mold
TC2 – 20 mm
Slag
HT Model
3,5 mm
TC 2
TC 1
TC1 – 3,5 mm
HT Model
2 mm
Cu Chilled
plate
HT Model
5 mm
Distance from chilled plate (mm)
Amorphous (%)
Calculated cooling rate (°C/s) (900-1400°C)
Water in Water out
2
94,6
3,9
5
5,3
2,6
under cooling rates faster than 4°C/s it
would be possible to predict more than
95% of amorphous phase in BF slag
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Steel Slag
XRD
XRF
Fe2O3 (%)
***
FeO (%)*
0
SS
13,6
18,3
**
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
0,2
38,1
0,1
SiO2 (%)
9,9
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
1,7
8,6
0,3
4,4
1,3
3,8
SS
Distante from
chilled plate
1 mm 3 mm
Larnite (%)
31,2 37,1
Brownmillerite (%) 24,1 26,0
RO (%)
26,3 33,8
Lime (%)
3,8
3,2
Merwinite (%)
2,1
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
11,8
-
5 mm
35,6
38,7
21,5
4,2
-
only 11,8% of amorphous phase even close to chilled plate
basicity FexOy (can act as nuclei for crystallization)
Crystalline phases typically found in steel slags: brownmillerite, larnite, RO phase (solid
solution among FeO, MnO, MgO and CaO) and lime
Increasing of brownmillerite under slower cooling, since the calcium ferrite, or
brownmillerite – Ca2(Al,Fe)2O5) is one of the last phases to crystallize
Lime content (3,2 - 4,2%) too high in order to prevent volume soundness
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Steel Slag
XRD
SS
Distance from
chilled plate
1 mm 3 mm
Larnite (%)
31,2 37,1
Brownmillerite (%) 24,1 26,0
RO (%)
26,3 33,8
Lime (%)
3,8
3,2
Merwinite (%)
2,1
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
11,8
-
5 mm
35,6
38,7
21,5
4,2
-
Simulation of cooling
liqliq
In ra
Steel Slag
RO
CaO (%) SiO2 (%) P2O5 (%) MgO (%) Al2O3 (%) FeO* (%) MnO (%) TiO2 (%) Fe 2O3 (%)
Phases
BM
RO
C2 S
BM
C2 S
C2 S
RO
BM
C2 S
C2S
67,9
32,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C2S
64,8
32,9
2,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
C2S
66,4
32
1,6
-
-
-
-
-
-
C2S
65,1
32,5
2,4
-
-
-
-
-
-
C2S
BM
BM
BM
CaO/RO
CaO/RO
65,9
49,9
52,1
49,7
80,4
80,8
31
-
1
-
-
6,1
4,8
6,2
-
-
-
2,8
1,3
2,1
-
3,6
41,2
41,8
41,9
-
1,4
1,8
11,5
11,3
6,6
6,1
(*) Fe as FeO
RO phase:
CaO
RO
RO
RO
RO/CaO
RO/CaO
RO
wt (%)
3,8
6,8
7,5
3,6
3
3,1
6,5
MgO
at (%)
3,9
7
8,2
3,7
3,1
3,2
6,8
wt (%)
31,6
28,9
19,4
38,2
38,5
42,4
26
FeO
at (%)
44,7
41,3
29,5
51,9
52,3
56,3
38
wt (%)
53,4
53,4
61
49,3
48,5
46,3
57,2
MnO
at (%)
42,4
42,8
52
37,8
37
34,5
47
CaO (wt %)
MgO (wt %)
FeO (wt %)
MnO (wt %)
7,5
25,4
54,1
13
wt (%)
11,2
10,9
12
8,7
10,1
8,3
9,8
RO calculated by
mass balance (XRD
Rietveld and XRF)
MgO/FeO (at %): – 0,6 and 1,6
MgO/FeO
at (%)
9
8,9
10,4
6,7
7,8
6,3
8,1
Volume Soundness
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M1)
XRF
Fe2O3 (%)
***
FeO (%)*
0
**
XRD
SS-M1
4,4
7,3
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
SiO2 (%)
0,3
38,5
<0,1
27,5
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
2,6
10,6
0,3
4,5
1,5
1,4
Distante from
chilled plate
1 mm 5 mm 30 mm
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
6,5
5,8
7,3
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
69,0 65,7
68,9
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
24,5 28,5
23,8
Amorphous phase (did not change with the distance from the mold bottom) Basicity (1,4) compared to the steel slag (B = 3,8)
RO (FexOy reduction - modifying agents and partially transferring of MgO from RO phase
to the merwinite)
MgO stabilized as Merwinite
Free lime eliminated
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M1)
Distance from
chilled plate
1 mm 5 mm 30 mm
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
6,5
5,8
7,3
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
69,0 65,7
68,9
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
24,5 28,5
23,8
Simulation of cooling
liq
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M1)
Phases
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous
Amorphous (ẋ)
Merwinite
glassy
phase
RO
MgO (%) CaO (%) SiO2 (%) MnO (%) Fe2O3* (%) Al2O3 (%) TiO2 (%)
7,5
7,8
7,5
6,4
7,5
0,8
1
0,7
0,7
0,5
0,5
0,7±0,3
57,3
35,2
57,2
35
53,1
33,3
3,3
54,2
32,7
3,3
57,5
35
28,7
28
9,5
33
29,8
10,6
30,2
28,9
14,3
33,3
26,8
9,4
31,6
28,1
10
32,7
30,7
7,6
33,1
30,4
9,5
31,8±1,7 29,0±1,4 10,1±2,1
2,7
3,4
17
13,4
12,5
11,3
14,3
10
12,5
15,6
13,3
13,6
16,8
9,8
14,6
9,6
14,4±1,7 11,9±2,3
RO phase:
CaO
glassy
phase
Merwinite
RO
wt (%)
1,3
2
1,5
1,8
1,9
1,8
1,5
1,7
2,4
1
1,3
at (%)
1,5
2,3
1,7
2,1
2
2,2
1,8
2
2,8
1,1
1,3
2,6
1,7
1,6
2
2,7
1,8
2,3
2,1±0,4
(*) Fe as Fe2O3
MgO
wt (%)
16,5
12,8
15,7
11,5
26,6
7
9,5
12,6
10,4
16,9
29,5
FeO
at (%)
25,9
20,6
24,8
18,7
39
11,7
15,6
20,3
17
26,5
42,6
wt (%)
66,1
67,9
66,8
67,3
57,8
73,2
71,3
67,6
71,2
66,9
53
MnO
at (%)
58,2
61,3
59,2
61,3
47,6
68,7
65,8
61,1
65,3
58,8
42,9
wt (%)
16,1
17,2
16
19,4
13,7
18
18
18,2
15,9
15,3
16,1
at (%)
14,4
15,7
14,4
17,9
11,4
17,2
16,8
16,7
14,8
13,6
13,2
MgO/FeO (at %): – 0,2 and 0,45
MgO/FeO
Could prevent volume soundness
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M2)
XRF
XRD
Fe2O3 (%)
SS-M2
0,6
***
*
2,4
**
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
<0,1
33,1
0,1
SiO2 (%)
30,2
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
11,5
13,2
0,2
2,1
0,4
1,1
FeO (%)
0
basicity and
Distante from
chilled plate
2 mm 6 mm 30 mm
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
3,3
6,5
2,4
Monticellite (%)
25,6
29,7
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
4,9 54,0
55,1
Gehlenite (%)
13,9
12,3
Amorphous (%)
91,2
0,5
Fe2+ and Fe3+ compared to slag SS-M1 and
Al2O3 (%) 11,5%
Stabilization of the glassy phase (close to the chilled plate) - similar to the BF slag (
Basicity and Al2O3
RO phase eliminated, MgO stabilized in phases with lower CaO/SiO2 ratio than merwinite
(3CaO.MgO.2SiO2), such as monticellite (CaO.MgO.SiO2) and akermanite (2CaO.MgO.2SiO2)
Gehlenite formed in slag SS-M2 ( Al2O3)
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Amorphous (%) X Distance from Chilled Plate
> 4°C/s (> 95% amorphous)
100
90
Amorphous layer
(SS-M2)
Amorphous |(%)
80
70
60
BF
50
(SS-M2)
40
SS-M1
30
20
ss
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Distance from Chilled plate (mm)
SS–M2 similar to BF slag (> 4°C – HT model - > 95% amorphous phase)
SS – no glassy even under high cooling rates
SS-M1 lower quantity of amorphous than BF or SS-M2 and independent from cooling rate
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M3) – 300 kg (reproduction of SS-M1 – larger scale)
XRF
XRD
SS-M3
Fe2O3 (%)
***
FeO (%)*
0
SS-M3
6,0
7,2
**
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
0,9
37,9
0,1
SiO2 (%)
27,6
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
2,1
10,8
0,3
4,4
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
1,2
1,4
Cooling conditions
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
NC
4,0
3,4
3,2
SB
5,7
3,8
7,8
29,6
30,0
47,2
11,1
6,6
22,3
23,0
NC. Natural cooling. SB. Cooling by steel balls
No significant differences between SS-M1 and SS-M3
Amorphous phase similar of SS-M1 and unaffected by cooling rate conditions (by NC or
SB)
RO compared to the SS slag
MgO stabilized as XCaO.YSiO2.ZMgO: Merwinite, Akermanite and Monticellite
Free lime eliminated
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M4) – 300 kg ( B (%CaO/%SiO2) FexOy reduction)
XRF
XRD
Fe2O3 (%)
***
FeO (%)*
0
SS-M4
2,0
7,6
**
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
0,3
37,3
<0,1
SiO2 (%)
32,2
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
4,8
9,8
0,2
3,1
0,8
1,2
Cooling rate (water quenching)
SS-M4
Cooling conditions
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
NC
4,6
SB
10,9
55,7
34,9
42,8
17,9
9,5
-
10,9
11,5
WQ
37,2
62,8
NC. Natural cooling. SB. Cooling by steel balls. WQ. Water quenching
amorphous
RO eliminated
MgO stabilized as XCaO.YSiO2.ZMgO: Merwinite, Akermanite and Monticellite
Free lime eliminated
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M4)
SS-M4
Cooling conditions
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
NC
4,6
SB
10,9
55,7
34,9
42,8
17,9
9,5
-
10,9
WQ
NC. Natural
cooling
11,5
WQ. Water
quenching
37,2
62,8
Simulation of
cooling
NC. Natural cooling. SB. Cooling by steel
balls. WQ. Water quenching
FactSage™ predicts a decreasing
of merwinite phase and an
increasing of monticellite phase
under slowly cooling (natural
cooling), behavior also observed
in slag SS-M3
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M5) – 300 kg ( B (%CaO/%SiO2), FexOy reduction, Al2O3 )
XRF
XRD
Fe2O3 (%)
***
FeO (%)*
0
**
SS-M5
3,1
SS-M5
13,2
Fe (%)
CaO (%)
S (%)
0,1
34,5
0,1
SiO2 (%)
21,6
Al2O3 (%)
MgO (%)
TiO2 (%)
MnO (%)
P 2O5 (%)
B (%CaO/%SiO2)
10,7
10,4
0,3
3,8
1,1
1,6
Cooling conditions
Larnite (%)
Brownmillerite (%)
RO (%)
Lime (%)
Merwinite (%)
Monticellite (%)
Melilite (%)
Akermanite (%)
Gehlenite (%)
Amorphous (%)
SB
12,1
16,5
37,4
32,1
1,9
b. Cooling by steel balls
Larnite (hydraulic activity)
Al2O3 in Gehlenite
MgO stabilized as Merwinite and RO
Free lime eliminated
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
75% of ordinary Portland cement and 25% of slag SS-M4 and SS-M5
- No volume soundness (under cold or hot water) – ISO EN 196-3
- Autoclave test (ASTM C 151): Expansion 10X lower (0,04% - M4 or
0,07% - M5) than 75% cement and 25% SS slag (0,44%)
Slag can be considered stabilized
- Accumulated Heat (72 h) of cement sample with 25% SS-M5: 314 J/g
> 299 J/g (75% cement and 25% BF slag)
Compressive Strength
Compressive Strenght (MPa)
45
41
37.7
40
35
30
Specified Strengths
Standard NBR 11578
(similar to EN 197-1)
32
29.9
3d
25
20
20
7d
28d
15
10
10
5
0
75% CPV + 25% SS-M5
CPII-E
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Conclusions
- Only under cooling rates higher than 4°C/s was possible to achieve more than 95% of
glassy phase in blast furnace slag.
- The crystalline fraction of BF slag showed phases: akermanite, merwinite and melilite,
which are typically found in BF slags cooled under slow rates.
- The SSlag was mostly crystalline, even under fast cooling, showing phases typically
found in this type of slag: brownmillerite, larnite, RO phase and lime. It also showed
an increasing of brownmillerite under slower cooling, since the calcium ferrite or
brownmillerite is one of the last phases to crystallize.
- Higher silica and alumina and lower iron oxides in modified slags contributed to the
glassy phase formation under fast cooling. Furthermore, the amount of RO phase
decreased as consequence of iron oxides reduction as well as MgO stabilization in
merwinite, monticellite and arkemanite.
- MgO/FeO ratio of RO phase in modified slags are lower than MgO/FeO ratio of RO
phase in SSlag, decreasing a possible expansion effect of RO phase.
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Conclusions
- The stabilization of modified slags was demonstrated by volume soundness test
carried out under cold and hot water, which did not show any expansion, or by low
expansion (0,04 and 0,07%) observed in tests carried out in autoclave (ASTM C 151)
with cement samples produced by a mixture between 75% of ordinary cement and
25% of modified slags.
- The cement produced with this mixture generated an accumulated heat of 314 J/g in
72h, while the same mixture based on BF slag resulted in 299 J/g. The compressive
strength in 3, 7 and 28 days were 29,9 MPa; 37,7 MPa and 41 MPa, respectively,
values higher than minimum specified in the same ages according to standard NBR
11578.
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Thank you!
Contact:
João Batista Ferreira Neto
Laboratory of Metallurgical Processes
Institute for Technological Research - IPT
Sao Paulo - Brazil
Tel.: +55 11 3767.4244
jbfn@ipt.br
4th International Slag Valorisation Symposium | Leuven | 15-17/04/2015
Heat transferring CFD model
•
Developed in COMSOL Multiphysicstm software;
•
It was considered a 2D axisymmetric geometry for
the assembly;
•
The mesh element size was less than 1 mm;
•
The physical properties of the slag was estimated
according with Mills et al (2011)[1];
•
Boundary conditions:
•
–
There is heat loss by radiation in the top of the geometry and
by natural convection in the extern walls;
–
At initial time, the temperature of the slag was set to 1500 –
1600 °C depending on the slag condition. The temperature of
the mold and cooper plate was set to 600 °C.
The contact between the slag and the cooper plate
was adjusted for heat transferring, considering a
convection coefficient of 200 W/m²°C. This
coeficient was obtained by comparision with
experimental data;
Fig A . Ceramic mold fixed over a copper plate
cooled by water
[1] K. Mills, L. Yuan and R. Jones, "Estimating the physical properties of slags," The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 111,
pp. 649-658, 2011
Heat transferring model
Fig B . Model simulation and experimental data for BF
slag for geometry A.
Fig C . Model simulation and experimental data for BF
slag for geometry B.
Slags
BFSin
o
Tab. 1 Chemical compositions of slags /%, mass
CaO
S
SiO2 Al2O3 MgO TiO2 MnO
Fe2O3
FeO
Fe
P2O5
CaOf
MgOf
0.25
---
---
41.1
1.6
32.9
11.2
7.1
0.8
0.7
<0.1
<0.1
---
11.3
19.4
0.4
37.7
0.1
10.3
2.6
9.4
0.5
4.1
1.2
5.7
3.8
13.6
4.4
0.6
6.0
2.0
3.1
0.2
18.3
7.3
2.4
7.2
7.6
13.2
0.2
0.3
<0.1
0.9
0.3
0.1
41.5
38.1
38.5
33.1
37.9
37.3
34.5
0.7
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
33.1
9.9
27.5
30.2
27.6
32.2
21.6
10.5
1.7
2.6
11.5
2.1
4.8
10.7
7.2
8.6
10.6
13.2
10.8
9.8
10.4
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.6
4.4
4.5
2.1
4.4
3.1
3.8
<0.1
1.3
1.5
0.4
1.2
0.8
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
natura
SSin
natura
BFS
SS
SS-M1
SS-M2
SS-M3
SS-M4
SS-M5
BF Slag


Intensity (a.u.)
ZnO
Akermanite
Merwinite
Melilite
BF - 2mm
BF - 5 mm
BF - 30 mm


15




20
25
 

30

 





35
40
45




50
55



60
65
70
SS Slag
C2S
Brownmillerite
RO
CaO
Intensity (a.u.)
SS - 1 mm
SS - 3 mm
SS - 5 mm







15
20


25

30
35



40
45




 


50
55
60
65
70
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M1)

Intensity (a.u.)
ZnO
Merwinite
RO
Periclase





15
20

25
SSM1 - 1mm
SSM1- 5mm
SSM1 - 30 mm




30
35
40




  
45

50




55
60
65
70
75
Modified Steel Slag (SS-M2)
Intensity (a.u.)
ZnO
Akermanite
Monticellite
Merwinite
Gehlenite
SSM2 - 2 mm
SSM2 - 6 mm
SSM2 - 30 mm




  
 



   





 
 





15
20
25
30
35

40
45

50
55
60
65
70