MAP Reviews:
1
Which seems to go along best with your handout?
2
Canadian
Provinces
3
Gridlines: Longitude/Latitude
4
Tropic of Cancer = _____
Tropic of Capricorn = ____
Arctic Circle = _______
Antarctic Circle = ______
North Pole = ______
South Pole = ______
5
ON Your Packet notes:
Draw the CARDINAL DIRECTIONS (a “Compass Rose”)
6
Write INTO notes:
“Reading Study Pkts” to turn in at TEST
time:
*Reading Study Guide
*Hand-written notes
*Vocab. Terms
*ANY thing you want to use at “limited
cheat-time!” 
MUST turn in when you turn in your test7
INTRO: 2 forces now pulling in different
directions in HG:
Globalization:
• Becoming more the same/similar
• Economic interactions: banks w/ world-wide markets,
businesses w/ factories throughout world
• EX: McD’s everywhere…Same cars…same gas
stations…blue jeans thru world; more similar foods
thru world, espec. in large cities
Diversity: Localization
• Going “back to cultural roots”
• Saving culture: lang., relig., customs, more “ethnic”
music, etc.
8
What is “geography?
• geo = earth
graphy = to write
• 2 ?'s geographers ask: 1) Where? 2) Why?
2 main areas of geogr.: physical & human
• physical: natural forces…climates, landforms, etc.
• human: human activities…relig., lang., ways we make
a living, cities, etc
see   
w/in human, 2 main areas: 1) culture 2) economy
• 1st 1/2 of book = culture info
• 2nd 1/2 = economy info
Primary geographic tool: Maps
Main things geographers consider:
space---place---regions---scale---connections
9
Areas of study in Geography:
Geography (Ch. 1: Basic Geog. Info-both areas)
1. Human Geog.
a. Cultural
Geog.
2. Physical Geog.
b. Economic
Geog.
10
Chapters
Topics (AKA “Unit of Human Geogr.
% of ?’s
Ch. 1: Geog.: Nature & perspectives:
Ch. 2 + 3 Pop. Patterns/Migration
Ch/ 4-7 Cultural Patterns (cultural geog.)
Ch. 8 Polit. Geog.
Ch. 10 + 14 Agric. & rural land use
Ch. 9, 11, 14 Indus. + Econ Devel.
Ch. 12-13 Cities/urban land (services)
5-10
13-17
13-17
13-17
13-17
13-17
13-17
KEY ISSUE 1: Maps & contemporary tools:
I. Maps: science of mapmaking = cartography
Map = 2-D or flat-scale model of some of part of the
Earth
2 main purposes of maps:
a) storing reference info EX: How to get from here to
there…or …Where is Zimbabwe?)
b) communications tool
EX: show migration or spread of disease)
A. Early & contemporary mapmaking; -maps = geographers’
most important tool
(more than 200 in your book!)
earliest maps = Babylonian clay tablets (2300 BCE)
-ppl used lots of stuff to make maps: stick, palms, seashells
-Greeks: 1st geog. bk. prob. Hecateus (500 BCE)
12
Aristotle (300's BCE) 1st to show Earth = sphere:
b/c …
a) things fall toward common center b) Earth's shadow on Moon
= circle in eclipse c) stars change as go N to S
Eratosthenes (200's BCE)
-1st to use "geography"
-accept Earth is a sphere,
-calculate Earth's circumference (was close…)
-divided Earth into 5 climatic regions
Romans: Ptolemy (100's CE) wrote Guide to Geog. (8-vol.)
-he established “maps” & ways to make maps that lasted for
about 1000 years
-------------------------------
After Romans, world "became" flat for Europeans
-Asians (Chinese & Muslims) kept improving
European Age of Explor. & Discovery( 1400-1600's) Ptolemy
was rediscovered by Europeans
-ppl needed more accurate maps to protect ships…
-G. Mercator (1500's) & others kept improving maps
13
Maps of the Marshall Islands
Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two
14
South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.
Map Scale: How much does it show?
5 streets? City? Country? Or..Continent?
Locally or local scale: large scale; see unique aspects
Globally or global scale: small scale; can see similarities
Show map scale 3 ways:
 fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000)
 Graphic bar scale (see p. 10, fig. 3)
 written statement (“1 inch equals 1 mi.)
-left = distance on map
-right = dist. on the Earth
**NOTE: large scale = small area small scale = large
area; the smaller the scale the less detail is given
15
(see slide)
Scale
Differences:
Maps of
Florida
The effects of
scale in maps of
Florida. (Scales
from 1:10 million
to 1:10,000)
NOTE: Large
SCALE =
small area…
Small scale =
LARGE AREA
16
Types of maps & info on maps:
• physical maps: show landforms of
an area
• Use colors to show relief— 
difference levels in land elevations
-green usually = lo elevations
-orange or brown = hi elevations
• Topographical: Presents
horizontal & vertical positions of
features represented

-shows relief in measurable form.
-Uses contour lines (isolines) to
show the shape & elevation of an
area
(shape of the Earth’s surface)
-Lines close together indicate steep
terrain
-Lines far apart indicate flat terrain.
EX:?
17
Types of Maps
Political maps: show places divided
by states (aka “countries”), cities,
counties, etc.

-usually show rivers, major lakes,
oceans, etc., elevations….capital
cities show w/ star
Economic maps: type of thematic
map that shows natural resources
in areas and/or ways that people
make a living; legends may show
mines, factories, power plants, etc.
NOTE: the economy
of a country
is the way the
money is earned,
used, spent,
controlled, issued,
invested, etc.
18
Thematic Maps: Provides info on a
single topic (population, rainfall…)
• Using Thematic Maps: shows
comparison of statistical data, like
population or income
-can view facts about places by
comparing the patterns of shaded
areas or colors on the map.
Chloropleth maps
(4-H/Ohio .. Afr.savannahs)
(Gk.: for “place” + “value or magnitude”):
Thematic map w/ areas colored,
shaded, dotted, or hatched so
have darker/lighter areas in
proportion to density of whatever
aspect U R are looking
-show amt. of some “phenomenon”
(some event or thing which
occurs) like ratios, %, etc., using
these colors
19
Cartogram here shows
GDP (gross domestic
product) thru world
Cartogram: Shows
some quantity or
value by shape or
size of a region
Reference Maps- Tool
to view boundaries
of census 
geographies,
cities, counties,
cities/towns, urban
areas,congression
al districts, census
tracts, census
blocks, & more.
• Note: some of
these terms
overlap
20
Map Projections: Scientific method of transferring
locations on Earth's surface to a flat map; since
map is 2-D (flat) showing 3-D info, can distort info
-small area maps (Gwd, SC, etc.) = v. little
distortion, but if you have a very large area (EX:
the entire Earth) gets much more distortion
--more area shown, the more the distortion
4 types of distortion:
shape distance relative size direction
In this book, most = equal-area projections, so most
land masses shown as really are; only as get to N
& S poles is there much distortion
-Why do these not matter as much as the
other areas?
-but do have interruptions (E & W hemisph. in 2
pieces) & meridians don't converge at poles as do
on a globe
21
Map projections:
See Appendices Pp. 503 – 507
Cylindrical, conic, & planar
Equal area projections
22
Land Ordinance of 1785 (sometimes will see 1787):
pp. 10-12 Township & Range system used to divide
western lands of USA
Township (TS) = 6 sq. miles per side
 each TS divided into 36 sections (1 mi x 1 mi.)
 sections divided into quarter sec.’s which = a typical
“homestead” (160 acres) for settlers
Used principal meridians (some of the N & S lines) &
base lines (some E & W lines) to form squares
NEW INFO!!!
This system replaced the British “Metes & Bounds”
system. See next SLIDE:
23
British Metes & Bounds Land Survey System
Up to the Revolutionary War (END of 1700’s), land, when parcelled out, &
sold or granted, was described by "Metes and Bounds." That system still
exists in the following States: NY, Penn., NJ, Del,. Md., VA, N. and S.
Carolina, GA, TN, Ky, TX. & the 6 New Engl. states. To describe land w/
"Metes and Bounds:" have a known landmark for a place of beginning,
then follow a line according to the compass-needle (or magnetic
bearing), or the course of a stream, or track of an old hwy. …Caused
confusion & litigation (law suits), b/c landmarks decay & change, & b/c
compass-needle can vary & doesn’t always point due North
24
Township
& Range
System in
the U.S.
Using GRIDS to lay out land areas Principal meridians & east-west
25 &
baselines of the township system. Townships in NW Mississippi
topographic map of the area
Extra Township/Range =Jeffersonian PLSS
Info ADDED Jan. 22, 2015
Township & Range System of land survey is aka
Jeffersonian Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
…& sometimes ALSO called US Land Survey System
….& Government Rectangular System!
It helped gov’t to parcel out (organize) land for sale
Then in 1862 (during WHAT war??) Congress passed
Homestead Act to GIVE land away…
…& even ADVERTIZED free land in Europe to
encourage immigrants to come & settle in the US
By the 1890’s, immigration greatly increased
26
Contemporary Tools for contemporary mapping:
Geographers now use 3 types of new technology to
enhance maps:
Remote sensing GIS
GPS
a) Remote sensing: satellites orbiting (or other longdistance) give data RE: surface
-shows vegetation, ice, weather patterns, etc.; scans like
TV camera using pixels
-resolution: smallest feature that can be picked up by
the camera
-some 1 meter across…weather satellites pick up several
km across (need lg. area)
24 (? Or is it 14? Video?) satellites constantly circling the earth
to collect data!
27
GIS: geographic info system:
b) GIS: geographic info
system: Created by
fusing (putting together info)
remote sensing info…
Hi-performance computer
system; processes
geographic data
In layers: can show 1 layer
or several at a time
Shows earthquake faults,
pop. data, manufacturing,
soil types, etc.
EX: of use: street map +
population map can help
ppl decide on bus routes
needed (# w/in walking distance
of stop), ETC.
28
Layers of a GIS
A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in
29
several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
c) GPS: Global Positioning System: using
map to find way to another location
Can use hand-held or computers in cars
- gets signal from 24 (14??) GPS satellites
30
31
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIsUP1Ds5Pg
Key 2: Why each point on Earth is unique:
I. Place: Unique location of a feature:
Location: the position something occupies on
Earth's surface
A. Place Names: Toponyms
B. Site
C. Situation
D. Mathematical Location
32
Toponyms
A. place names..aka.. toponyms: name given to
a place on Earth
Can be named for historical person (Washington,
Lincoln, etc.), religion (St. Paul), events
(Massacre Lake), economy (Jackpot, Nev.)
In USA, Board of Geological Names, part of US
Geological Survey, has final say on names
Now they mainly gets rid of offensive names AND
avoids duplicates
Names can come from words put together (see
Cincinnati's old name)…
Sometimes change w/ change of political forces
or influences
EX: St. Petersburg  Leningrad St. Petersburg
33
In Wales: (Welsh)
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysilio
gogogoch:
• Means "St. Mary's Church in the hollow of white hazel
near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio
near the red cave."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taUJDmajoaY
• But is no longer the longest town name in the world
Thailand has a town whose name has 163 letters:
• Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayut
thayamahadilokphopnopparatrajathaniburiromudomrajaniwesmahasatharnamo
34
rnphimarnavatarnsathit- sakkattiyavisanukamprasit.
SITE vs. SITUATION:
B) Site: The physical character of a place…
-Major site characteristics: climate, water sources,
topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation
--This is important in selecting location for settlements
-EX: a hilltop = good defensive site
-River ford = good way to communicate w/ others
across river
-Humans can alter a site:
EX: NYC’s Manhattan is 2X as large now as in 1626,
which enlarged Manhattan Island a number of times
(landfills)
C) Situation: location relative to other things: 2 ways
1. compare unfamiliar to familiar… EX: using known
landmarks to give directions
2. help us see importance of the situation:
EX: Singapore is near China, Indonesia, w/ good 35
transportation waterways, etc .
Site: Lower Manhattan Island
KNOW:
Site vs.
Situation!!
Site of lower 
Manhattan
Island, NYC
There have
been many
changes to the
area over the
last 200 years.
36
Situation: Singapore
Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
37
D) Mathematical location: using meridians & parallels
-meridians: aka longitudinal lines
-arcs drawn from N to S pole
--0º longitude = prime merid.; runs thru Greenwich,
England, at Royal Observatory
-parallels: circles drawn around Earth, E to W; aka latitude
lines…….0º latitude = equator
0º long. & 0º lat. meet at rt. angles & are measured
in
*degrees ( º ) *minutes ( " ) *seconds ( ' )
N = parallels b/c is N of the equator
E = meridians b/c E of prime merid.
180 degrees = Which??
-so Denver, CO, = 39º42"52' N; 104º59"04' W
**Where would the following be? 10 N, 5 W; 5 N, 180
Review:
Parallels also called what?
Meridians also called what?
38
Telling time from longitude:
Use rotation of Earth (sphere) divided into 360º of longitude
-use to calculate time based on 24 hours of rotation
1) time zones: Earth = 24 standard time zones, 1 for each hr of the
day (15º of long. = 1 hr.)
USA set standard time Nov. 18, 1883 at noon
Chicago held out, finally changed…
Most of rest of world followed in 1884 (International Meridian
Conference in DC)
? -- 2 types of technology that made it more of a necessity?
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): aka Universal Time (UT) -standard beginning = prime meridian
-if go E from Pr-M, turn clock ahead; if go W, turn back
--at International Dateline (180º long.) reverses: if go E (toward
USA) turn back 24 hours; if go W (toward China) turn ahead 24
hours
Kiribati (1997) changed its side of International Date Line..WHY?
39
WHAT is meant by “standard”?
World Time Zones
The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using
40
the Mercator projection (see bk)
2) Determining longitude:
Lat.: a natural occurrence Long. is man-made
- sun & stars determine Lat.
0º lat. = equator  gets 12 hrs day/night
Location of Prime meridian? b/c Britain = most powerful
kingdom at when longitude in 1714…& THEY gave a prize
John Harrison (1700's) 1st to measure time accurately
using longitude ..won prize now worth several million
b/c of the Longitude Act of 1714…
J. Harrison & model of
his “marine
chronometer”
41
World
Geographic
Grid
The world
geographic grid
consists of
meridians of
longitude &
parallels of
latitude. The prime
meridian (0º)
passes thru
Greenwich, England.
42
III. Region: types + regional integration [pkt p 5]
-Reg.: area shares certain characteristic(s)
-can be climate, vegetation, religion, crops, industry,
language, religion, etc.
Regional (aka cultural landscape?) studies approach:
-unique social & physical aspects together create
regions b/c that area differs from another some way(s)
-notice that in some countries, religions &
languages not shared can cause problems
-so it is a region thing …not a country thing
Types of regions: 3 types:
formal
functional
vernacular…
43
1) formal region (aka homogeneous or uniform):
ppl of an area share 1 or more characteristic
EX: political, cultural (EX: language), econ. activity (certain
crop, manufacturing..) or environmental property (climate)
-countries, states, etc., are formal regions b/c they
share gov'ts & laws
Others can be b/c share a prevailing characteristic
EX: in "wheat belt", most common crop grown is…?
..but do grow other crops & have other econ. activities
**Be careful RE: "regions" b/c can cause us to overgeneralize at times if not careful
EX: “ Mexico is a ‘Catholic region’…but they do have
some Protestants & other groups”
44
World Climate Regions
45
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into 5 main climate regions.
Election 2000: Regional Differences:
What kind of MAP is this???
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in
regional voting patterns.
46
World Political Boundaries (2004)
(are FORMAL political Regions)
National political boundaries are among the most significant
47
elements of the cultural landscape
2) Functional region (aka nodal region):
Area organized around a focal point (a center)
Characteristic yr looking at is strongest in center of
the region
…weakens as goes further out
EX:
The State newspaper…more people in Cola read than
anywhere else, but has some readers in Gwd.,
Anderson, Orangeburg, Myrtle Beach, etc.
TV stations are another EX; but technology changing both
TV & papers areas
Another GREAT example: MARKET REGIONS!!
**How are USA today, Wall St. Journal EX’s?
…OR Chicago & Atlanta TV ?
CNN?
TBS? WGN? MTV? BBC???
48
Formal vs. Functional Regions
The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region;
49
the areas of influence of various TV stations are examples of functional regions.
Fig. 1-11:
Airline Hub = a Functional Region
50
51
3) vernacular region: region people believe
exists b/c of a cultural identity…
EX : "The South" : most (but NOT all) share ideas
RE: religion, attitudes, history, etc…
New England = 1 also
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A # of factors are
often used to
Define the South
as a vernacular
region, each
of which ID’s
somewhat
different
boundaries.
(Fig. 1-12)
52
Oh,All y’all gonna LOVE this! And I reckon it’s the truth!
(Now, you might ‘a seen it before, but it is still good!)
The difference between the North & the South - at last,
clearly explained
 The North has Bloomingdale's , the South has Dollar General
…& Family Dollar, too!
 The North has coffee houses, the South has Waffle Houses .
 The North has dating services, the South has family reunions.
 The North has switchblade knives; the South has .45's
 The North has double last names; the South has double first
names.
 The North has Indy car races; The South has stock car races
 The North has Cream of Wheat , the South has grits.
 The North has green salads, the South has collard greens.
 The North has lobsters, the South has crawfish .
 The North has the rust belt; the South has the Bible Belt .
53
FOR NORTHERNERS MOVING SOUTH . . ....
 In the South : --If you run your car into a ditch, don't panic. Four men in a four-wheel
drive pickup truck with a tow chain will be along shortly
Don't try to help them, just stay out of their way. This is what they live for.
 Don't be surprised to find movie rentals & bait in the same store.
Important note: **Do NOT buy food at this store
 Remember, 'Y'all' is singular (?), 'all y'all' is plural, & 'all y'all's' is plural possessive
 Get used to hearing 'You ain't from round here, are ya?‘
 Save all manner of bacon grease. You will be instructed later on how to use it.
 Don't be worried at not understanding what ppl are saying. They can't understand you
either.
 The first Southern statement to creep into a transplanted Northerner's
vocabulary is the adjective 'big'ol,' truck or 'big'ol' boy. Most Northerners begin their
Southern-influenced dialect this way. ....... All of them are in denial about it.
 The proper pronunciation you learned in school is no longer proper .
 Be advised that 'Cause he needed killin..' is a valid defense here.
 If you hear a Southerner exclaim, 'Hey, y'all watch this!' you should stay out of the
way. These are likely to be the last words he'll ever say.
 If there is the prediction of the slightest chance of even the smallest accumulation of
snow, your presence is required at the local grocery store.
It doesn't matter whether you need anything or not. You just have to go there.
 Do not be surprised to find that 10-year olds own their own shotguns, they are proficient
marksmen, & their mammas taught them how to aim.
 In the South, we have found that the best way to grow a lush green lawn is to pour
gravel on it & call it a driveway.
 REMEMBER: If you do settle in the South & bear children, don't think they’ll 54
be Southerners. After all, if the cat had kittens in the oven, we ain't callin’ 'em biscuits.
**Spatial association: (p. 23) Use various scales to
compare & make associations (lg scale = __?__ area)
EX: Cancer death rates in USA vs. Maryland vs. Baltimore 
55
Spatial Association: National scale vs. state scale vs.
city…vs. neighborhoods (text p. 23…Map top - p.24)
Sp. Assoc.: idea that one phenomenon has some
relationship or “association” scientifically to the
location of other phenomenon …like cancer
Regional integration of culture: ( 23)
Culture: traditional beliefs, material traits (stuff), &
social forms a group of people share
(not as in “cultured”…or biology…or art…
“cult-”: to care about & to take care of…
What Ppl care MOST about:
Cultural values: language, religion, & ethnicity
Ppl take care of:
56
material wealth, food, shelter, clothing
Festival landscape or festival settings
Terms NOT in yr. bk!!
Festival landscape: An area of a city that is commonly used
for celebrations, concerts, & any other types of festivals
Relates to festival setting: This is generally a “gentrified”
area of a city that has been refurbished and has lots of
shops, varied restaurants, etc., like Faneuil Hall in
Boston…River Front walk in San Antonio… & the Vista in
Columbia
Does GWD have EITHER area like this?
FIND these on this SATURDAY’s Mini-Tour of GWD!!
P.S.: Those on TOUR this Sat.: Bring camera or phone
to take some GOOD PICS to share of the tour!! (NOT
pics of friends so much…but PLACES!! 
57
Econ Development: Geogr. look at HOW ppl gain wealth &
how levels & activities (kinds of jobs,etc.) varies
*More devel countries (MDC’S=N. Amer., Japan, most of
Europe [esp. N & W Eur.] etc.
*Less devel countries (LDC's) = E. Asia, S. Asia, Latin Am.,
SE Asia
Econ. activities determine lot of this:
LDC's = lots of agric.; MDC's= more manufacturing &
service jobs, etc.
-political ideas also: representative vs. unrepres.
Cultural ecology: geographic study of human +
environment relationships [pkt p. 6]
2 big theories about how/why we acquire a certain culture:
The big ? = Is it mainly human or physical factors?
58
 Environmental determinism: Humbolt & Ritter theory:
Said environ. determines lot about a culture…
EX: N. Eur. healthier than S. Eur. b/c of more temperate
climate
(less heat = less bacteria, etc.)
 envir. determ. began 19th century & was very strong in
early 20th
------------------------------------------------------
 Possibilism: theory: phys. environ may limit humans,
but ppl have the possibility to overcome & adjust to
the environment;
--can use resources (useful materials) to do this
EX: environ: take water & foods that grow naturally & exist
but possibil: choose what to grow to suit climate, even if
get from another place
Culture affects possibilism:
--planting grass & mowing
--cut conifers for furniture
--leave conifers b/c of religion --what do we eat?
Wealth affects possibilism.: HOW & WHY?
59
HG's use this human--environ. to look at global issues:
EX: problem: overpopulation
Environmental factors = physical processes: climate,
vegetation, soil, landforms
Environmental determinists say we’ll begin to die till #'s
balance
But Possibilists:
1) Control #'s
3) migrate to new areas
2) use new technol. 4) devel. better agricul.
EX: ?
Human factors: impact on environment:
 Way humans use the land
 Modern technol. changed ppl/environ. Interaction
 Now we can modify environ. to better use it: EX’s?
60
 But can this cause major problems? EX’s?
PHYSICAL FACTORS:
a. climate b. vegetation c. soil d. landforms
V. Koppen’s 5 main types of climate regions are
determined by latitudes (now…is also 1 more…)
What is meant by low, mid-, and high latitudes?
 Tropical: ( < 23) Hot & wet EX’s?
 Dry: Little to no rain; few plants or plants adapted to
little/no moisture
 Warm Mid-Latitude: (+ - 30  40)
 Cold Mid-latitude:
(+ - 45  60
 Polar: ( > 60-65)
 Vertical: High elevations generally = colder temps.
-fewer ppl live in vert. climates w. exceptions of
61
some tropical areas …like Peru, Kenya, etc.
4 main vegetation biomes: (27)
Forest biome: trees dominant; shrubs & grasses may
grow below these (N. Amer., Eur., Asia + tropical
areas; high precip.
Savanna biome: mixture of grasses & trees, so no
continuous canopy of trees
Grassland biome: few trees, mostly grasses; low
precip.
Desert biome: patches of plants that can exist on v. little
precip.; small #’s of animals
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
62
Soil: material on Earth’s surface
Are more than 12,000 types in US
- not just dirt– soil contains nutrients for plants
Landscape: Earth’s surface features
Geomorphology: study of these landforms
(geo = earth morph = shape, form)
--helps explains distribution of ppl. b/c more live on flatter
surfaces… less in high areas (exceptions?!)
Topographical maps (“topos”) show water, forests, mtns.,
valleys, wetlands
+ cultural features
like roads, bldgs, parks,
farms, dams
--show relief: differ. in
elevations betwn.
2 points
(see p. 11, fig. 1-4)
63
Sensitive vs. Not-so-sensitive changes in the
environment: Netherlands vs. Florida:
Ppl can change the landscape & can increase “space”,
(available land), but we have to be careful…
Some solutions bring bigger problems
Netherlands: “God made earth…Dutch made the
Netherlands”…
Dutch were sensitive to envir.; created 6,500 sq. km. of
polders (land from draining water out)
-now are more careful of amt. they change
Global Warming could shrink Netherlands’ space
--as ocean levels rise, space in Netherlands will shrink
--rise of 8 – 23 inches predicted w/in 100 yrs., which
would flood valuable land…
64
(Threats to US lands?)
But…Florida: not sensitive to environ.
Beaches disappearing from people on barrier islands
-Everglades: huge areas were drained…Why?
Chemical run off flowed into wet areas left polluted by
affected waters
Where might this chem. run-off come from?
-Lakes Kissimmee & Okeechobee affected
Some wildlife has been permanently destroyed or #’s
shrinking
Also: RE: Barrier islands protect that mainland…
Now lots of development = erosion & other damage
65
Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Polders &
dikes
have been
used
for extensive
environmental
modification in
the
Netherlands.
66
Environmental
Modification in
Florida
Straightening the
Kissimmee River
has had many
negative,
unintended side
effects.
67
I. Space: Physical gap (or interval) betwn. 2 objects
Distribution & maps…
Historians look at time: when & why
Geogr. look at space: where & why
Use grids--like checkers—to see how to use areas, or
space
WHY are people & activities are in a particular space?
Action in 1 place can be result of an action in another
place
A) Distribution: arrangement of a feature in space
3 types of distribution:
density concentration
patterns
1) density: how often something occurs in a space
68
3 main ways to look at density

a) arithmetic density: total # of something w/in
an area: EX: # people per sq. mi.
IMPORTANT to NOTE:
 hi pop. does not necessarily = hi density
 hi population density does not necessarily relate
to poverty
b) physiological density: # of people per sq. unit
of agricultural land (“arable land” that is actually
being used to grow foods)
c) agricultural density: # farmers per unit of
farmland (aka agri. land)
You will see these terms over & over thru the book!
Learn them!!
69
A)
Distribution: arrangement of a feature in space--density,
concentration, & patterns (continued)
2) concentration: extent of something spread over
space (clustered, dispersed)
a) clustered: particular objects close together w/in a
particular space (relates to agglomerated)
b) dispersed: these objects are relatively spread
apart
**concentration does not = density: density =
an average…concent. = how close things are
EX: US population hasn't changed density, but has
changed concentration somewhat
EX-2: baseball teams… see p. 6 Fig. 1-2
3) pattern: how things are laid out:
Grid patterns?
Linear?
Meandering? Dendritic?
70
Density and Concentration of
Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The
changing distribution of North American baseball
teams illustrates the differences between density
(2000) and concentration (1952).
71
Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Fig. 1-18 (p. 33): The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this
example) may each vary in an area or landscape.
Which has higher density? Which higher concentrations? What patterns
72
do you see?
GLOBALIZATION:
“It’s a small world!”
When something involves or affects the entire world & so has
a worldwide scope
Very few people now are so isolated that are not affected by
globalization….& this means scale of the world is “shrinking”
…i.e., ability to interact w/ or affect others worldwide
is increasing…
Opposite of globalization is “localization”: focus on staying
different, unique… “the old ways” “tradition…”
EX: not McD’s, but ethnic foods…
Global economies = more specialization (?) in an
area…EX: Silicon Valley
What IS specialization in econ. terms?
EX’s?
73
Transnational corp. (aka multinational) like to ID
best places for activities like production, raw
materials, distribution, etc.
-a major concern = cost of labor (Asia vs. US?)
Globaliz. of culture: “global landscape” is getting more
& more the same…i.e., more uniform...
--more of the same restaurants, retail stores, &
service stations
More ppl own same things & wear more & more similar
clothing…
EX: blue jeans? cars?
Even religions have become more global: now are less
less “local” or religions “traditional” religions
More ppl convert to major religions (EX: Africa)
Also… fewer languages….& those languages are more
uniform
74
Fig. 1-17:
Globalization of the Economy
The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional
75
headquarters and other facilities in North America & Western Europe.
Many worry the “old ways” are in danger of
disappearing b/c of globalization
BUT…globalization can actually help encourage
diversity w/ technology that allows those who have
immigrated to retain contact w/ culture…
EX: Latinos in US & Sp. TV stations, Gaelic (Ireland)
& Welsh (UK)
Now have hundreds of choices in TV, not few as we
as b4
Those determined to retain culture as it is can cause
wars, prejudice, unrest
EX’s ?
76
Globalization
vs.
Localization (local diversity)
• Uniform landscape-------------*more diverse landscape/
uniqueness
• more similar clothing------------- *clothing is more unique
• similar high technology---------- * less technology; more “old
methods”
• less diversity in religions-------- *more diverse religions
• languages: less diverse-------- *more variations in lang.’s
• high tech -------------------------- *low tech
• new, western ways-------------*old ways
• global economies----------------- *local economies; less
international trade
• more specialization in jobs------- *ppl do more types of things:
have other job & buy ready-made
weave the cloth, sew
family’s clothes
clothes
• more contact w/ other cultures---*communicate only w/ own
77
culture
Connections:
Space-time compression: reduced time to get from 1
place to another
EX: Europe to USA? (1492 vs. now?)
It really IS a small world!!
This can = rapid change…have more choices, new
things…fashion, cars, VCR’s, DVD’s
Spatial Interaction: How a place interacts w/ those at a
distance
1800 BCE to 1800 CE: travel time = about the same
Since early 1800’s, faster & faster…
-communication made it even faster
-now ppl know more about what’s going on in distant
places
EX’s:
2005 Tsunami in Indonesia
Twin Towers
How fast did ppl in rest of world find out about
these???
78
Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
79 how
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate
transport improvements have shrunk the world.
Networks: chains of communication that connect
places & help speed info OR ppl along
EX’s:
• TV networks systems
• airline “hubs/spokes” system
• Internet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------Differentiate:
Cultural values vs. Elements of culture ?
3 Elements: V M-A
P-I
(see bottom next )
3 Values: L R E
80
Distance decay
Distance decay: the
longer the distance
bewtn. groups, the less
contact is likely
(EX: RE: Latino culture:
SC vs. Texas)
Related term (notes, top p. 14)
"friction of distance,"
which describes the
force that creates
distance decay and
Waldo R. Tobler's
First law of geography,
an informal statement
that "All things are
related, but near things
are more related than
81
far things."
Airline Route Networks
Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a
“hub and spoke” system. (WHAT kind of REGION is this????)
82
Previous slide: Elements: Values, material artifacts (“stuff”), political institutions
Values: religion, language, ethnicity
Cultural diversity: ways cultures stick to traditions & are
different from other grps.
-also their rules on how families, etc., function
Includes factors like….
a) gender (M/F)
b) ethnicity (cultural) d) socio-economic
c) race (biological) e) hetero- or homosexual
Important to geogr. b/c varied cultures affect Earth in
variety of ways
Diffusion: something spreading from 1 place to another
B/c of communication technology, new ideas in 1 place diffuse
quickly to others
Innovation: a new (& usually better) way of doing something
Cultural Diffusion: spreading of cultural innovations & ideas
(Cultural) Hearth: Place (area) an innovation starts &
spreads (diffuses) from
83
Types of diffusion: 2 main kinds:
A. relocation diffusion: people physically move from 1
place to another & take idea w/ them & it spreads into
the new area (EX: US migration…Mexican
restaurants)
AIDS’s spread in the 80’s is an EX: b/c people in NY,
FLA, CA, infect others who spread to others…& so
on… (possibly …. airline attendant??)
*What about AIDS?
Migrant diffusion: variation of relocation diffus.
relates to distance decay (aka time/distance decay):
greater the distance, less likely to be adopted &/or
less influence it tends to have
B. expansion diffusion: occurs rapidly; also occurs
more now than in the past b/c of email, FAX,
84
computers, etc.
Are 3 types of expansion diffusion 
3 types of expansion diffusion:
1) hierarchical diffusion: from “top” down…spread from
authority…or the largest…or those in power
EX: Can be like hip-hop or rap from larger urban areas to
smaller places…
--Or England, which took over lots, to other & brought
different culture & lang.
2) contagious : rapid, widespread acceptance of something
new through pop.
*Be careful of thinking “contagious” = disease! NO!
EX: at 1st AIDS #’s rose…..then dropped w/ contagious dif. of
info. RE: prevention methods & medicines
3) stimulus diffus.: spread an underlying principle though
characteristic itself doesn’t fly well (EX: “mouse”
innovations by Apple spread, but Apple itself didn’t catch
on that much; also Beta vs. VHS)
Can you figure out WHY McDonald’s is sometimes used as an
EX: of stimulus diffusion??? But could it also be hierarchical?
85
AIDS
Diffusion in
the U.S.
1981–2001
New AIDS
cases were
concentrated
in three nodes
in 1981. They
spread thru the
country in
the 1980s, but
declined in the
original nodes
in the late
1990s.
Diffusion type?
86
3 major world cities: NY, London, Tokyo
These 3 act as “world command centers” for other areas
w/ cheaper labor
WHY is global COMMUNICATION the single most
important force in allowing in allowing these financial
giants to be as big as they are?
BIG money stays in/around these 3
Other areas not devel. some…but not as well…
….& so world has uneven development…
 Although some places are gaining in devel. levels,
overall the gap is getting bigger…NOT shrinking
87
Diffusion of Culture & Economy:
Today almost everything—raw materials, goods,
services, capital—diffuse from “node” of origin
(NOTE:
Can you…Define/explain ALL these terms? )
EX: jobs in Detroit are dependent on things that happen
in Japan, India, etc.
Global culture & econ. center on 3 core (hearth) regions:
N. Amer., W. Eur., & Japan:
These 3 types of expan. diffusion have 3
considerations…
-Technology to develop…
-Capital (investment $$) to build
-$$ to buy stuff
88
Additional Terms & review for Ch 1: Reading from Getis: (-+ p245)
These terms go along w/ cultural diffusion
Acculturation: When a stronger culture & weaker culture
make contact, the stronger culture tends to dominate.
EX: baseball & Japan/USA?
In USA Lat.Amer. using English
Sequent occupance: One culture occupies a space...then
another moves in or takes over...then another comes in
--so a sequence of differing cultures come to a place and
add aspects of their culture to the general culture.
EX: Celtic culture in Britain…Romans came in…then left….then
Germanic groups came (Angles/Saxons/Jutes.. + Scandinavian
Vikings) then French Normans (why this is significant? year?)
Amalgamation theory: “melting pot” & all blend together
In USA, Germans,French,Brits,Chinese,Russians,Polish all = Americans!
Assimilation: When a culture is completely blended into
another, more dominant culture
EX’s: Aztecs/Spain?
Brazil/Yano.? Cherokee/Brits
89
(READ together & make 3-4 bullet notes!
Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis: (Paul S. Martin, U. of AZ)
"Overkill" = "the human destruction of native animals
-either over 1000’s of yrs, or suddenly in a few hundred yrs
-more & more sudden extinctions on continents humans invaded
& where they had not developed their hunting skills.
N. America, S. America, & Australia (invaded by humans) all
experienced large extinctions
But.. Africa & Eurasia, where humans evolved their hunting
techniques, fewer extinctions occurred.
-Large mammals that became extinct in N. Amer. were native to
that continent but the mammals still existing (moose?) migrated
into N. Amer from Asia along w/ the human colonizers.
-suggests these mammals that had migrated into N. Amer. had
some advantage over the native mammals
-may have = an increased ability to avoid the human predators
-Native mammals didn’t coexist long enough w/ humans to
develop an evasive mechanisms to escape from hunters
EX: extinction of the dodo bird in the Americas
90
REVIEW: Answers CH. 1:
1. toponym (or place name); site; situation; mathematical
2. situation
3. density
4. concentration
5. map; 2,000; Earth
6. bar line (or graphic scale)
7. environmental determinism; possibilism
8. uniform; functional; vernacular; functional
9. meridians (or lines of longitude); parallels (or lines of latitude)
10.
{D,B}
11.
True
18.
True
12.
True
19.
True
13.
False
20.
True
14.
False
21.
True
15.
True
22.
False
16.
False
23.
True
17.
True
24. True (hierarchical which = expan.
91
25.
True
• ID these places on your map…
Map 1: Colombia
Brazil
Cuba Baja Peninsula
Panama
Domin. Republic
Slave Coast
Horn of Africa Arabian Peninsula Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea North Sea Ireland Germany
British Isles India
Caspian Sea Greece
Balkan Mtns. Italy
France
Iberian Pen.
Pakistan
Indonesia
United Arab Emir.
Scandinavian Pen. Vietnam Philippines
Korean Pen. China
Thailand Siberia
Mayla Pen.
Arabian Sea
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Bangladesh
92
93
Maps: Find the following:
India Saudi Arabia Koreas Sri Lanka Iran/Iraq Japan
Taiwan Laos/Cambodia/Vietnam Thailand
94
Name:
*All the bodies
of water
(have dots)
*All visible
countries
(aka states)
95
96
Border of Europe & Asia (Eurasian Border)
97
Types of
maps…
What type is
each??
98
99
I. Which of these below is/are true?
a. every meridian is the same length and has the same beginning
and end
b. every parallel begins and ends at the poles
c. every meridian is actually a circle rather than a line
d. every parallel is the same length
II. The hulk of a ship lies on the ocean floor at 41ø46'N and
50ø14'W. These coordinates tell us that the ship is located in the
a. Atlantic Ocean
b. Indian Ocean
c. North Sea
d. Pacific Ocean
III. A business executive calls from New York (which is located at
75øW) at 6 P.M. on Tuesday to Sydney, Australia (which is located
at 150øE). What time is it in Sydney?
a. 9 A.M. Tuesday
b. 9 P.M. Tuesday
c. 9 A.M. Wednesday
100
d. 9 P.M. Wednesday
IV. a. regional analysis
b. spatial analysis
c. spatial association
d. spatial distribution
--The concept that the distribution of one phenomenon is
scientifically related to the location of other phenomena is
--The arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth's surface
is
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V. a. concentration
b. density
c. distribution
d. pattern
--The frequency (#) of something within a given unit of area
is
--The spread of something over a given study area is
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Review:
• Concentration + density
• Spatial distribution & Land ord. of 1785
101
Review:
I ALL except C
II A
III C
IV C.....D
V B...A
102