‫والصالة والسالم على أشرف األنبياء والمرسالين‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين‬
‫‪KFUPM - Electrical Engineering‬‬
‫‪B. Karagözoğlu‬‬
Bahattin Karagözoğlu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
December 14, 2011





BSc and MSc in EE – METU Ankara; 1972 and
1974
PhD in Biomedical Engineering, Univ of
Stratchlyde, Glasgow, Scotland 1977
National Service, Research Centre, Gölcük
Naval Base, 1978 – 1979
İTÜ Faculty of Electrical – Electronics Eng. 1979
– 1983
King Abdulaziz Univ. Faculty of Eng. Dept. of
Electrical and Computer Eng. Jeddah – Saudi
Arabia 1983 –
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
3
Largest department in the Faculty of Eng with
 4 academic programs supported by
 42 qualified faculty members,
 14 technical support staff,
 16 well furnished and staffed scientific
ECE
laboratories + 2 advanced labs
 Around 500 undergraduate students
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
4





I am not a scientist to share my knowledge, rather I am
your brother who is willing to share his feelings and
experience with you
He who has two successive days alike is a looser (Prophet
Mohammed sallallahu alaihi wa sallam)
I am trying to improve myself and contribute to my
institution in the continuous improvement process
I want to learn how to design and evaluate a course
and develop simplified procedures so that we can
implement
I want to use every opportunity to improve the link
between institutions and scientific communities
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical
5 Engineering
An overview of biomedical engineering:
 Definitions,
 Specialty areas
 Historical developments
 Activities expected from biomedical engineers
in general and in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia in specific.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
6

Established in 1982 with a Royal decree

1st graduates in February 1985

Over 210 graduates since then



Currently 65 students enrolled, enrollment
trend about 20/year
Started with 2 staff, now 5 + 1 in USA for PhD
ABET substantial equivalency in September
2003 and full accreditation for 6 years in
September 2009
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
7





The scientific knowledge is gained by a mature
wisdom, true revelations and correct
observations.
Training changes how we perform.
Teaching changes how we think.
Naturally, teaching and training are not
mutually exclusive.
In fact, training and teaching occur
simultaneously in many instances, although
some fields require more training than others.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
8




The professional education covers teaching and
training for a specific profession.
Training is a way of infusing the habit of
holding the truth, the goodness and the
excellence in his/her deeds and deeds of others
The youngsters are formally educated in one
the application areas in a university/college in
classrooms, scientific laboratories and field
studies.
Training requires a trainer but teaching is
expedited by a teacher.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
9





Science gives us knowledge about the facts of
the nature.
Science and technology tell us how to do things
without differentiating right or wrong.
Accepted standards of right and wrong are the
morals.
A code or system of rules defining moral
behavior for a particular society is called the
ethics.
Hence, what we ought to do in our profession is
the domain of ethics.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
10
Excellent
Good
True



The true: the thought and the word check with the
fact.
The good: the true is used to provide a benefit.
The excellent: the wording and actions shall be
arranged in such a way that they relieve a sorrow
and provide pleasure.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
11



Everybody is a genius.
Education through design helps more people to
discover their capabilities.
Human being has been developing tools and
techniques to extend his capabilities in
collecting information and fulfilling his duties
in daily living.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
12




From Carver A. Mead, Professor Emeritus,
California Institute of Technology, 2003 National
Academy of Engineering Founders Award
Recipient: Engineering is the stuff that works out
in practice.
From Dr. Ubaid Al-Saggaf, one of the best engineer
in the Kingdom: Engineering is the art of tradeoffs.
Combining the two: Engineering is the art of
designing.
An engineer as one who is versed in the practice of
engineering.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
13

Questions:



What are the salient features of a desired profession?
What makes a profession favorable?
Let us seek answers:
Ease of finding job
Development in the job environment
Cooperation among the members of the community
Continuous improvement of the professional in the light
of technological advancements
 Serving with fidelity to a wide range of people in the
society and living in harmony
 Contribution of the professionals to the welfare of the
society




B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
14






Identification of the disease
Treatment of the patient
Removing diseased body parts (surgery)
Supporting body organs and their functions
(orthotic)
Replacing missing body parts with artificial
ones (prosthetic)
Monitoring (follow up) of the patient and
progress of the treatment
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
15
Chief
complaint
Obtain
history
List the
differential
diagnosis
Examination
and tests
Treatment
and
evaluation
Select further
tests
Use data
to narrow the
diagnosis
Final
diagnosis
More than
one likely
Only one
likely
The physician obtains the history, examines the patient, performs tests to
determine the diagnosis and prescribes treatment.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
16
Outputs
Measurand
Sensor
Signal
conditioning
Signal
processing
Feedback
Effector
Data
storage
Data
displays
Data
communication
A typical measurement system uses sensors to measure the variable, has
signal processing and display, and may provide feedback.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
17
Problem
statement
Review
prior work
State
hypothesis
Perform
experiments
Design further
experiments
Analyze
data
More
experiments
necessary
Final
conclusions
Problem
solved
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is tested by experiment to
determine its validity.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
18
Patient
Patient
Instrument
Clinician
Instrument
(a)
(b)
(a) Without the clinician, the patient may be operating in an ineffective
closed loop system. (b) The clinician provides knowledge to provide an
effective closed loop system.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
19
Clinician
Abnormal
readings
Patient
Instrument
In some situations, a patient may monitor vital signs and notify a clinician if
abnormalities occur.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
20
O2 and nutrient concentrations in the cells


Blood flow and changes in the volume



Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Not easy to do
Blood pressure




Not possible in a direct way
Direct - requires invasive methods to be used
Indirect - noninvasive, but full waveform is not
easy to obtain
Electrocardiogram and heart rate - noninvasive
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
21








Biopotentials
Pressure
Flow
Dimensions (imaging)
Displacement (velocity, acceleration and force)
Impedance
Temperature
Chemical concentrations
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
22
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
23
Noncontact-type infrared ear thermometer
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
24




The most common technique used in may clinical
lab instruments
Photometer, no filter
Colorimeter, glass filter that selects a range of
wavelengths
Spectrophotometer:


Wavelength selection with a narrow-band filter monochromator
Wavelength can be adjusted and provides a
quantitative reading.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
25
(a) Transmission-type pulse oximeter
finger probe, and (b) disposable finger
sensor
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
26
Time dependence of light absorption by a
peripheral vascular tissue bed illustrating
the effect of arterial pulsation
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
27
General principle of a fiber optic–based
sensor
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
28
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
29
Measurement
Range
Frequency, Hz
Method
Blood flow
1 to 300 mL/s
0 to 20
Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure
0 to 400 mmHg
0 to 50
Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output
4 to 25 L/min
0 to 20
Fick, dye dilution
Electrocardiography
0.5 to 4 mV
0.05 to 150
Skin electrodes
Electroencephalography 5 to 300  V
0.5 to 150
Scalp electrodes
Electromyography
0.1 to 5 mV
0 to 10000
Needle electrodes
Electroretinography
0 to 900  V
0 to 50
Contact lens electrodes
pH
3 to 13 pH units
0 to 1
pH electrode
pCO2
40 to 100 mmHg
0 to 2
pCO2 electrode
pO2
30 to 100 mmHg
0 to 2
pO2 electrode
Pneumotachography
0 to 600 L/min
0 to 40
Pneumotachometer
Respiratory rate
2 to 50
breaths/min
0.1 to 10
Impedance
Temperature
32 to 40 °C
0 to 0.1
Thermistor
Common medical measurands.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
30
Specification
Value
Pressure range
–30 to +300 mmHg
Overpressure without damage
–400 to +4000 mmHg
Maximum unbalance
±75 mmHg
Linearity and hysteresis
± 2% of reading or ± 1 mmHg
Risk current at 120 V
10 A
Defibrillator withstand
360 J into 50 
Sensor specifications for a blood pressure sensor are determined by a
committee composed of individuals from academia, industry, hospitals, and
government.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
31
Sensor
signal
Measurand
A hysteresis loop. The output curve obtained when increasing the
measurand is different from the output obtained when decreasing the
measurand.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
32
Specification
Value
Input signal dynamic range
±5 mV
Dc offset voltage
±300 mV
Slew rate
320 mV/s
Frequency response
0.05 to 150 Hz
Input impedance at 10 Hz
2.5 M
Dc lead current
0.1 A
Return time after lead switch
1s
Overload voltage without damage
5000 V
Risk current at 120 V
10 A
Specification values for an electrocardiograph are agreed upon by a
committee.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
33
Interfering and modifying inputs
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
34


A medical instrument
or device is a product
which is used for
medical purposes in
patients, in diagnosis,
therapy or surgery.
The most important
medical devices are
those that save the
most lives or alleviate
the most pain.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
35
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
36
Biomedical engineers
Proj.
SOC Employ. Employ. Chng 2008-18
Code
, 2008 , 2018 Number Percent
17-2031
16,000 27,600 11,600
72
Environmental engineers
17-2081
Civil engineers
17-2051
Petroleum engineers
17-2171
21,900
Mining and geological
engineers, including mining
safety engineers
17-2151
7,100
Industrial engineers, including
health and safety
Occupational Title
70,900
16,600
31
278,400 345,900
67,600
24
25,900
4,000
18
8,200
1,100
15
17-2110
240,400 273,700
33,200
14
Industrial engineers
17-2112
214,800 245,300
30,600
14
Agricultural engineers
17-2021
300
12
B. Karagözoğlu
54,300
2,700
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
3,000
37
Engineering
B. Karagözoğlu
Metaphorical
bridge
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
Medicine
38


Application of electrical, mechanical, chemical,
optical, and other engineering principles to
understand, modify, or control biologic (i.e.,
human and animal) systems, as well as design
and manufacture products that can monitor
physiologic functions and assist in the
diagnosis and treatment of patients.
When biomedical engineers work within a
hospital or clinic, they are more properly called
clinical engineers.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
39

Usually defined as a basic research-oriented
activity closely related to biotechnology and
genetic engineering, that is, the modification of
animal or plant cells, or parts of cells, to
improve plants or animals or to develop new
microorganisms for beneficial ends.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
40
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
41











Artificial organs
Automated patient monitoring
Blood chemistry sensors
Advanced therapeutic and surgical devices
Application of expert systems and artificial intelligence to
clinical decision making
Design of optimal clinical laboratories
Medical imaging systems
Computer modeling of physiologic systems
Biomaterials design
Biomechanics of injury and wound healing
Sports medicine
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
42









bioinstrumentation,
biomaterials;
biomechanics;
cellular, tissue and genetic engineering;
clinical engineering;
medical imaging;
orthopedic surgery;
rehabilitation engineering; and
systems physiology
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
43

Before 1900, medicine had little to offer the
typical citizen because its resources were
mainly the education and little black bag of the
physician.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
44

First blood pressure
measurement setup
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
45
•Einthoven discovered ECG
in1903 and 1st recording in
1906: Ionic changes during
heart beating
•Capillary galvanoscope used
by Einthoven (slightly different
configuration). Mercury droplet
in the horizontal tube moves
under the influence of an
electric field applied to the two
electrodes
•Familiar trace of the modern
ECG used to diagnosis various
heart problems and conditions
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
46



At the turn of the 20th century, advances
in almost all areas of science enabled
medical researchers to make giant
strides forward
First advances in medical
diagnostics and imaging
In 1896 Roentgen developed Xray imaging
initially used for the diagnosis of bone
fractures
 technology has evolved today to visual all
organ systems (with the use of radioopaque materials)

B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
47
In 1930’s:
EEG (brain waves) in 1929
 Development of heart-lung machine in 1935
 Electron microscope in 1931

In 1940 and 1950’s
Developments
in cardiovascular medicine
Angiography in 1941 (observing the vascular tree
using a radio opaque dye)
Artificial tissue in 1954
 Discovery of pacemaker in 1955
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
48
First widely used mechanical
device capable of artificial
respiration to treat victims of
respiratory paralysis. The
patient’s entire body,
excluding the head, was
placed in a sealed tank. Tank
pressure was increased and
decreased to move air into
and out of the lungs to
simulate normal respiration.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
49
A typical IV infusion system
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
50
Discovery of cardiac pacemaker
in 1955 and first use in 1961
First
microprocessor
in 1972 and
first
computerized
tomography
that follows
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
IBM PC in 1981
51
A team of distinguished experts with broadly varying
backgrounds was able to converge on a common vision of
the likely future of medical device technologies over the next
decade. The projected developments generally fall into six
major categories:
(1) computer-related technologies,
(2) molecular medicine,
(3) home- and self-care,
(4) minimally invasive procedures,
(5) device/drug hybrid products, and
(6) organ replacement/assist devices using both hardware and
tissue-engineered components.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
52
Measurand
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
53
Physical
variables
Process
Sensors/ transducers
Electrical
variables
V, I, t, f
Filters
Amplifiers
Feedback
A/D converters
Physical
variables
F, P, d, v, t, f
B. Karagözoğlu
Actuators/transducers
Computers
D/A converters
New process
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
54
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
55
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
56
For those with no hearing, in a cochlear implant, a 24 electrode probe
stimulates the auditory nerve. A coil outside the skin transmits adequate
power to a coil under the skin. Each electrode stimulates nerves
responding to a different frequency.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
57
What can communication engineers contribute to health care?
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
58
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
59
Healthcare practice supported by electronic
processes and communication
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
60
What can Electronics and Communication contribute to health care?
What can Electronics and Communication contribute to health care?
Patients with Parkinson’s disease may benefit from deep brain
stimulation. A 4-electrode probe in the brain is electrically stimulated to
release chemicals that change a patient who can hardly walk to a person
who walks normally.
What can Electronics and Communication contribute to health care?
What can Electronics and Communication contribute to health care?
What can Microwaves contribute to health care?


Hyperthermia (or thermotherapy) is a cancer treatment that involves heating
tumor cells within the body. Elevating the temperature of tumor cells results
in cell membrane damage, which, in turn, leads to the destruction of the
cancer cells. Today hyperthermia is used as an adjunct to radiation therapy
and chemotherapy.
Hyperthermia treatment of cancer requires directing a carefully controlled
dose of heat to the cancerous tumor and surrounding body tissue.
Cancerous tissues can be destroyed at exposure to a temperature of about
108 °F for an hour. This high heat must be used wisely—too little heat and
the cancer will not be killed. However, if too much heat misses the tumor
target, the skin or other healthy tissues could be burned.
What can Microwaves contribute to health care?


In addition to treating tumors, microwaves
show promise in detecting and locating them
by acting as a sort of radar for your body. A
breast tumor, for example, has a much
higher water content than the surrounding
healthy tissue. Working in much the same
way as a radar system, microwaves can be
bounced off of potential tumors and provide
information about size and consistency. This
diagnostic tool can be used in conjunction
with more traditional x-raying techniques,
such as mammography, and may even
prove more effective at detecting tumors
earlier. While more work remains to be
done, this use of microwaves seems very
promising.
Beginning in 2001, microwaves were also
used to treat atrial fibrillation, where the
chambers of the heart beat irregularly. By
inserting a special probe through the arteries
leading to the heart, a surgeon can heat the
irregularly beating muscle, causing the heart
to return to normal beating.
What can Electromagnetics contribute to health care?
For liver tumors,
current between
cylindrical probes
does not heat well
to kill the tumor.
Current between
flat probes heats
better. 6
surrounding
probes may heat
best a tumor in
the middle.


The process of helping an
individual achieve the highest
level of independence and
quality of life possible physically, emotionally,
socially, and spiritually.
Rehabilitation engineering is to
develop tools and facilities for
the disabled people to help
them in recovery and gain
independence in their
activities.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
68



Application of mechanical
principles to biological and
medical systems, such as
humans, animals, plants,
organs, and cells.
Study of the structure and
function of biological systems
by means of the methods of
mechanics.
Numerical methods are hence
applied in almost every
biomechanical study. Research
is done in a iterative process of
hypothesis and verification,
including several steps of
modeling, computer simulation
and experimental
measurements.
B. Karagözoğlu
Microprocessor
controlled prosthetic leg
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
69


a robot's design,
manufacture,
application, and
structural
disposition.
It is related to
electronics,
mechanics, and
software.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
70
Prevention is much important than treatment: After age 30,
the average American gains 0.5 kg per year
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
71
application of electronics,
computers and measurement
techniques to develop devices
used in diagnosis and
treatment of disease
combines knowledge of a unique
physical phenomenon (sound,
Bioinstrumentation
radiation, magnetism, etc.) with
high speed electronic data
processing, analysis and display
to generate an image
application of technology to health
care in hospitals
Medical
Imaging
Clinical
Engineering
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
72
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
73
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
74





Match between number of degrees granted in BME and the
number of career opportunities available in the West.
There is a mismatch in the Kingdom and the number of jobs
available is more than the number of graduates. As a result,
the health service currently employs engineers from several
specialties.
The awareness of the availability and "quality" of BME
graduates increases the carrier opportunities for biomedical
engineers.
All past graduates of the option have found immediate jobs in
their specialty in various government and private
organizations.
Many graduates have been promoted to high-level
administrative and technical positions.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
75



Most Saudi graduates prefer job positions in
government and military organizations. NonSaudis seek career opportunities mainly in medical
device industry and contractor companies.
The private positions are more challenging,
difficult and require experience.
As the government positions become scarce, the
Saudi graduates will be forced to look for private
jobs that prefer advanced degrees and experience.
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
76
With my
sincere
thanks for
your
patience
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
77
B. Karagözoğlu
KFUPM - Electrical Engineering
78