RELATION RECHERCHE-ENSEIGNEMENT:
CAS DE L’AFRIQUE DU SUD
Premier Congres de Physique Nord-Sud
LA RECHEERCHE & L’ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA PHYSIQUE
9-13 /04-2007
Universite Mohamed 1er- Oujda, Maroc
PLAN
1-L’etat de la Physique en RSA
● Avant 1993
● 1993-2004
● Apres 2004
2-Nanosciences en RSA
● Nano, effet de taille & Transition de phase
● Nano & localization d’Anderson
● Nano-plasmoniques & transition de Mott
● Nano-hybrides & Auto-Assemblage Moleculaire
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
CAS D’EXCELLENCE:NOBELS
●A. M. Cormack-1979
Univ. Cape Town, Medicine
“Development of computer assisted tomography“
●A. Klug-1982
Univ. Cape Town, Chemistry
“Electron microscopy & DNA strands“
● S. Meiring Naudé, 1929
Ryerson Phys. Lab. & CSIR-Pretoria
“An Isotope of Nitrogen, Mass 15”
Phys. Rev. 34, 1498 - 1499 (1929)
● M. M. Michaelis-1991
Physics Dept., Univ. of Natal, Durban
“A gas-lens telescope”
Nature 353, 547 – 548,
“
● iThemba LABS. M. Michaelis-1992
National Research Foundation of South Africa
Mass production & First exporter of radioisotopes in the Southern hemisphere”
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
CAS D’EXCELLENCE: NEUTRINO
NATUREL
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
INVESTISSEMENT R&D “GDP”:
●>1.05% GDP
●Defense
●Independence Energetique
●R&D pour 2M de citoyens
1991
2001
●< 0.76% GDP
●Periode transitoire
●Capacity Building
●R&D pour 45 M de citoyens
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
L’ETAT DE LA PHYSIQUE: 1999
Physics
Chemistry
Maths
CompSci
Biology
Geology
Bachelors
85-100
400
750
1100-1600
550
70
Honours
40-70
200
280
300-500
400
100
Masters’
30-40
100
60
80
220
35
Doctorate
10-25
40-70
30
50
75-100
10-15
Paradox: RSA est un des 13 membres fondateurs de l’IUPAP en 1922
Major causes & rationale:
●Larger representative learners flow
● Less R&D in industry & research councils
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
L’ETAT DE LA PHYSIQUE: 2000
Dept. of Art, Culture, Science & Technology
D.A.C.S.T.
Dept. Art & Culture
D.A.C.
Dept. of Science & Technology
D.S.T.
Dr. B. NGUBANE: Scientist by training
Dr. R. ADAM: Nuclear scientist by training
Currently
Dr. M. MANGENA, Education by training
Dr. Ph. MJWARA, Lasers by training
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
L’ETAT DE LA PHYSIQUE: 2001-2
SOUTH AFRICA NATIONAL R&D STRATEGY ‘Government’
“We have to exert maximum effort to train the necessary numbers of
our people in all fields required for the development, running and
management of modern economies. This again must be a national effort
in we should consider the necessary expenditures not as cost but as an
investment in our future”
President Thabo MBEKI
International S&T Advisory Board: Mme. A. LAUVERGEON, Areva
“In the final analysis, it is basically mastery and utilization of modern
science and technology that distinguishes the South from the North”
Professori Abdus SALAM, ICTP
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
L’ETAT DE LA PHYSIQUE: 2004
SHAPING THE FUTURE OF PHYSICS IN SOUTH AFRICA
INTERNATIONAL PANEL:
-M. Hellberg, SA
-M. Ducloy, France
- A.W. Wolfendale, UK
-S.J. Gates, USA
-G. Tessema, USA
-K. Evans-Lutterod, USA
-F. Gledhill, SA
-K, Bharuth Ram, SA
“Right now, Physics in South Africa is ill. Although South Africa has
considerable strengths in Physics, there are also numerous warning
signs that all is not well. Physics in South Africa is now under threat”.
Page 2-Final report/ April 2004
RECOMMENDATIONS & IMPLEMENTATION
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
L’ETAT DE LA PHYSIQUE: 2005
ANNEE DE LA PHYSIQUE + A.G. IUPAP
STRATEGY TO BOOST SCIENCES
●NATIONAL INITIATIVES
-SANi
:
-AMTS
:
-SANAP :
-CoEs
:
-SARCHs :
South African Nanotechnology Initiative
Advanced Materials Technology Strategy
South African National Antarctic Programme
Centres of Excellence
South African Research Chairs Initiative
●RES. COUNCILS/INDUSTRY INVOLVEMENT
-CSIR
:
-MINTEK :
-ESKOM :
-NECSA :
Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
Minerals Technologies
Energy Supplier SA
Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa
● PUBLIC S&T AWARENESS
-SAASTA : South African Agency for Science & Technology Advancements
● INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
-BROAD
-FOCUS
-EU
-AFRICA
: Bilateral, SADC, Africa & Multilateral, ICSU
: IBSA Forum
: ESASTAP
: ALC, AIMS, IAS “in Theoretical Physics”
●LARGE FACILITIES/FLAGSHIPS
-PBMR
-NLC
-SALT
-HESS
:
:
:
:
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
National Laser Centre (PetaW laser source)
Southern African Large Telescope
High Energy Stereoscopic System Telescope
GRANDS EQUIPEMENTS: PBMR
SA ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
-Koeberg, 6% SA electricity supply
-Coal main energy supply: 90% SA
PBMR:
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
-Gas cooled reactor
-Eskom model 110MW in Koeberg
-2013: 8 modules
(Materials, Nuclear, Thermodynamics, Modeling,
Engineering,…)
PBMR capacity building
●~440 000 fuel spheres UO2/SiC/Graphite
●Multidisciplinary:
● >600 PhD offered/enrolled fellowships
GRANDS EQUIPEMENTS: NLC
NLC:
National Laser Centre
-Provides a critical core of laser technology
knowledge and expertise through R&D and
implementation of laser based technologies
and applications.
NLC focus
-Laser Matter interaction
-Laser Physics and Technology
-Laser Spectroscopy
-Biophotonics
(Materials, Optics, Plasma, Modeling, Engineering)
NLC capacity building
● ~ 150 NLC-NRF fellowships
● User Facility & in house capacity building
● Rental Pool Program & Tertiary Education
● Flagship project: Femtosec for PettaW
source (Schwoerer et al. Nature 439, 445, 2006).
GRANDS EQUIPEMENTS: SALT
SALT:
Southern Africa Large Telescope
(Sutherland-Karoo)
-National Research Foundation,SA
-Polish Academy of Sciences
-Hobby-Eberly Telescope Board
-Rutgers, State Univ. of New Jersey
-Georg August Univ. Göttingen
-Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
-Dartmouth University
-Univ. of North Carolina
-Carnegie Mellon University
-Consortium of New Zealand univs.
-Consortium of UK univs. and institutions
NAASP:
National Astronomy &
Astrophysics Program
NLC capacity building:
Intensive Fellowship Program
~50 MSc- PhD bursaries
GRANDS EQUIPEMENTS: HESS
HESS
High Energy Stereoscopic System telescope
HESS
World's largest and most sensitive g-ray
telescope in the world (Namibia)
-Namibia,
-South Africa,
-Germany,
-France,
-Italy,
-Armenia,
-Ireland,
-Czech Republic
-United Kingdom
HESS
outputs
●PRL.97, 221102, 2006
●Science 314, 14-1427, 2006
●Nature 440, 1018-1021, 2006
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD
● AUSTRALIA and SOUTH AFRICA are the shortlist for the Square
Kilometer Array, a next-generation radio telescope to be completed
around 2016.
● International Partnership
PHYSIQUE EN AFRIQUE du SUD:
INVESTISSEMENT R&D
●2007-2008
~300 M$
●2007-2008 “21st-02-2007”
450 M$
+
1.1B$ ‘Hiring additional teachers’
+
1.0M$ ‘Teacher bursaries’
+
70.7 M$ ‘ SKA if positive bid’
●2009-2010
565 M$
“South Africa Government Gazette 2006”
“Nhlanhla Nyide, DST Spokesperson-2006”
NORD-SUD:
QUELQUES SUCCES POUR LA PHYSIQUE
AFRICAINE
●LAMNETWOK:
(P. Chavel, A. Suzor Weiner, …)
~Established
●ALC: African Laser Centre
(P. Chavel, CNRS/A. D’Albis, CNRS)
~5 MR
~10 Fellowship 2007
NANOSCIENCES
AFRICAN-NETWORK
●NANOAFNET
(A. Suzor-Weiner, Paris XI, Y. PetroffCNRS)
19 fellowships