Lecture: Plant Biology
CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL
BIOLOGY FOR
ENGINEERS
Instructor: L.R. Chevalier
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Plants – Importance to civil and
environmental engineered systems






Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Prevents soil erosion
Sequestration of carbon dioxide produced by fossil-fuel
combustion
Removal of contaminants from soil
A source of fuel
Wastewater treatment
Wetlands
Objective
Review the divisions of the plant kingdom
 Review the basic plant anatomy
 Understand basic process of oxidation reduction and
how it relates to photosynthesis
 Discuss the importance of plants to civil and
environmental engineering
 Understand the use of plants for

◦ Reducing contaminants in soil
◦ Wetlands
◦ Wastewater Treatment
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Plants – What are they?
Multicelluar
 Photosynthtic
 Eukaryotic
 Fundamental to ecosystems

◦ Takes in CO2
◦ Fixes CO2 to organic matter that provides food for other
organisms
◦ Produces O2
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Plant Division

Bryophytes
◦ Mosses
◦ Lack specialized vascular tissue
for transport of nutrients
◦ Limits height
◦ Has rhizoids instead of roots
 Act as anchors
 Do not absorb
◦ Require moist conditions for
motile sperm cells to
reproduce
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Saxifra arguta
Plant Division

Seedless vascular plants
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Ferns
Transport water and nutrients
Specialized roots for absorption
Waxy layer on leaf to reduce evaporation
Lignin to provide structural strength
144 million years ago (dinosaurs)
dominated in tropical climates
◦ Basis of today’s coal deposits
◦ Produces spores on the underside of
fronds
◦ May also reproduce asexually from
horizontal stems (rhizomes)
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Cystopteris bulbifera
Plant Division

Gymnosperms
◦ “Naked Seed” plants
◦ Seed is formed after fertilization
◦ Contains the embryo, an outer
seed coat
◦ Includes
 Conifer (most popular)
 Cycad (palm-like plants)
 Ginkgo biloba
Cycadaceae: Cycas cirinalis
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Plant Division

Angiosperm – the flowering
plants
◦ Dominated the land for 100
million years
◦ Flowers, fruit and distinctive life
cycle
◦ 235, 000 species




Duckweed (mm sized)
Eucalyptus tress (100 m tall)
Saguaro cactus
Water lily
Cactaceae: Carnegiea gigantea
◦ Monocots
◦ Dicots
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Nymphaeaceae: Nymphaea
Plant Division
Angiosperms (continued)
 Further divided by the embryonic leaves of the seed

◦ Monocots




Include corn and rice
Single endosperm in seed
Leaves have parallel veins
Vascular bundles arranged throughout the cross section (think
celery)
◦ Dicots




Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Include peanuts and beans
Two endosperms in seed (two halves)
Network of veins
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Monocot and Dicot Leaves
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Monocots and Dicots: Comparison
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Parts of the Plant
Root
 Stems
 Leaves

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Roots
The primary purpose of the root is _____________
 The roots also provide the stems and leaves with water
and dissolved minerals.
 In order to accomplish this the roots must grow into
new regions of the soil.
 The growth and metabolism of the plant root system is
supported by the process of photosynthesis occurring
in the leaves
 Two major types of roots systems

◦ Taproots
◦ Fibrous
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Roots
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
_____________________
Characterized by one main root
 Smaller branches emerge from the
main root
 When a seed germinates, the first
root to emerge is the radicle, or
primary root
 For conifers and dicots, this radicle
develops into the taproot
 Taproots can be modified for use in
storage of carbohydrates (carrots,
beets)
 Taproots are important adaptations
for search for water (poison ivy)

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
________________


Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Characterized by having a mass of similarly sized root,
referred to as adventitious roots
Fibrous roots systems are excellent for erosion control
Root structure
Root cap
 Zone of division
 Zone of elongation
 Zone of maturation

zone of cell
differentiation
zone of cell
elongation
zone of cell
division
root cap
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Root structure

Root cap
◦ Cup shape group of cells at the tip of
the root that protects delicate cells
behind the cap
◦ Secretes mucigel, a lubricant that aids
in movement
◦ Also plays a role in the plant’s
response to gravity
 If a flower pot is placed on it’s side, the
stem would grow upward toward the
light, and the root cap would direct the
roots to grow downward
Zone of division
 Zone of elongation
 Zone of maturation

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Root structure
Root cap
 Zone of division

◦ Contains growing and diving
meristematic cells
◦ After each division, one daughter
cell retains the properties of the
meristems cell
◦ The other daughter cell moves into
the zone of cell elogation


Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation
Root structure
Root cap
 Zone of division
 Zone of elongation

◦ The daughter cell from the zone of
cell division elongates, sometimes
as much as 150 x
◦ This pushes the root tip through
the soil

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Zone of maturation
Definition

Meristem
◦ Undifferentiated cells

Apical meristems
◦ Found in zones of growth
 Root tip
 Buds
◦ Differentiation
 Protoderm – near the outside of the stem, develops into the epidermis.
 The epidermis is the outermost layer of tissue (dermal tissue) of leaves, stems,
roots, flowers, fruits and seed.
 Procambium – lies just inside the protoderm, develops into the vascular
cylinder
 xylem and phloem
 may become the wood of the tree
 Ground meristem – develops into the cortex or pith
 produces the cork cambium
 may becomes the bark of a tree
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Root Structure: Zone of Maturation
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Root Structure: Root Hairs


Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Cut a section just above the first root hairs
Cells have differentiated into tissues
Stem
Provides support and protection
 Transport system for water and nutrients
 __________

◦ Main water and mineral conducting tissue
◦ At maturity, xylem cells lose their protoplasm forming nonliving
hollow tubes

__________
◦ Food conducting tissue
◦ Transports substance to and from the roots and leaves
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Comparing Stem and Root
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Trees: Cross Section
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Plant: Cross section of a horsetail
Note: the carinal canal
contains the vascular
bundles , which are clusters
of xylem and ploem.
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Leaves


Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Main photosynthetic
organ of the plant
Composed of a lamina
(blade) and the petiole
Photosynthesis
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Diagram of photosynthesis showing how water, light, and carbon dioxide are
absorbed by a plant to produce oxygen, sugars, and more carbon dioxide.
Oxidation-Reduction: What is it?




Rusting of metal
Process of photography
A car battery
Way living systems produce and utilize energy
e-
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
All involve electron-transfer
Oxidation



Term derived from the observation that almost all
elements react with oxygen
The product is a compound referred to as an oxide
Consider as an example the corrosion or rusting of iron
?
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Reduction


Term originally used to describe the removal of oxygen
from metal ores
“Reduced” the metal ore to pure metal
?
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Atoms

Recall the following
◦ Atoms have charged subatomic particles
◦ Atoms are electrically neutral
◦ The oxidation state or oxidation number is the sum of the
negative and positive charges in an atom
◦ Since every atom contains an equal number of positive and
negative charges, the oxidation state or oxidation number of any
atom is always zero
◦ This serves as an important reference point
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
The Basic Model
The loss of an electron produces a positive oxidation state
 The gain of an electron results in a negative oxidation state
 The changes that occur in the oxidation state can be
predicted quickly and accurately by guidelines of the
representative elements (the vertical columns to the left and
right of the periodic table)

Representative
Elements
Transition
Metals
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
The Basic Model


The representative
elements can be divided
into two classes – metals
and nonmetals
Metal lose electrons
◦ With the exception of
hydrogen, these are to the
left of metalloid


Nonmetals gain
electrons
Metalloids have
properties similar to
both
◦ Boron, Silicon,
Germanium, Arsenic,
Antinomy, Tellurium,
Astatine
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
nonmetals
metalloids
metals
Oxidation state of metals
Metals lose electrons, forming positively charge ions, called
cations
 Group number

◦ Same as the number of electrons lost
◦ Same as the charge of the cation formed
◦ Same as the number of electrons found in the outermost shell of the
atom (called valence electrons)
◦ Calcium is used below t show the convention for writing oxidation
reactions
2
Ca  Ca  2e
Symbol of the atom
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Symbol of the cation

Number of electrons lost
Electron Configuration Table
H
1
He
1s
LI
1s
1
Be
2
B
1
C
2
N
3
2s
1 Mg 2
K
1
Al
1
Si
2
P
3
Zn 10 Ga
1
Ge
2
As
3
3s
Ca
Sr.
Sc
1
Ti
2
V
3
Cr
4 Mn 5
1
Ba
2
Y
1
Zr
2 Nb 3 Mo 4
Tc
1
Ra
7s
6
Co
7
Ni
8
Cu
9
F
5
Ne
6
S
4
Cl
5
Ar
6
Se
4
Br
5
Kr
6
5
Ru
4
I
5
Xe
6
4
At
5
Rn
6
4p
6
Rh
7
Pd
8
Ag
9
Cd 10 In
1
Sn
2
Sb
3
4d
2
La
1
Hf
2
Ta
3
W
4
Ra
6s
Fr
Fe
3d
5s
Cs
4
3p
2
4s
1
O
2p
Na
Rb
2
5
Os
5p
6
Ir
7
Pt
8
Au
9
Hg 10 Tl
1
5d
2
Ac
1
Rf
2
Ha
3
Ce
1
Te
Pb
2
Bi
3
Po
6p
6d
Pr
2 Nd 3 Pm 4 Sm 5
Eu
6
Gd 7
Tb
8
Dy
9
Ho 10 Er 11 Tm 12 Yb 13 Lu 14
8
Cf
9
Es 10 Fm 11 Md 12 No 13 Lr 14
4f
Th
1
Pa
2
U
3 Np 4
Pu
5 Am 6 Cm 7
Bk
5f
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Energy
3s
3d
3p
4s
nonmetals
4p
metalloids
metals
2p
2s
1s
H
1
He
1s
LI
1s
1
Be
2
B
1
C
2
N
3
2s
1 Mg 2
K
1
Al
1
Si
2
P
3
Zn 10 Ga
1
Ge
2
As
3
3s
Ca
Sr.
Sc
1
Ti
2
V
3
Cr
4 Mn 5
1
Ba
2
Y
1
Zr
2 Nb 3 Mo 4
Tc
1
Ra
7s
6
Co
7
Ni
8
Cu
9
F
5
Ne
6
S
4
Cl
5
Ar
6
Se
4
Br
5
Kr
6
5
Ru
4
I
5
Xe
6
4
At
5
Rn
6
4p
6
Rh
7
Pd
8
Ag
9
Cd 10 In
1
Sn
2
Sb
3
4d
2
La
1
Hf
2
Ta
3
W
4
Ra
6s
Fr
Fe
3d
5s
Cs
4
3p
2
4s
1
O
2p
Na
Rb
2
5
Os
5p
6
Ir
7
Pt
8
Au
9
Hg 10 Tl
1
5d
2
Ac
1
Rf
2
Ha
3
Ce
1
Te
Pb
2
Bi
3
Po
6p
6d
Pr
2 Nd 3 Pm 4 Sm 5
Eu
6
Gd 7
Tb
8
Dy
9
Ho 10 Er 11 Tm 12 Yb 13 Lu 14
8
Cf
9
Es 10 Fm 11 Md 12 No 13 Lr 14
4f
Th
1
Pa
2
U
3 Np 4
Pu
5 Am 6 Cm 7
Bk
5f
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Quick Quiz on Concepts
Write the oxidation half-reactions for the following, indicating
the charge of the ion formed and the number of electrons lost.
For example:
Na  Na 1  e 1
Li  _____  ________
Mg  _____  ________
Al  _____  _______
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Reduction of nonmetals



The electrons lost by the metal are not destroyed, but
instead, gained by the nonmetal
The nonmetal is then said to be reduced
The gain in the negatively charged ion (called an anion)
is called a reduction reaction

O  2e  O
2
8p
8n
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Quick Quiz on Concepts
Write the reduction half-reactions for the following, indicating
the charge of the ion formed and the number of electrons lost.
For example:
O  2e   O 2
F  ________  _____
N  ________  _____
Cl  ________  _____
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Summary Table
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Group
Number
Number of
Electrons Lost
Charge of
Cation Formed
I
1
+1
II
2
+2
III
3
+3
IV
4
+4
Group
Number
Number of
Electrons Gained
Charge of
Anion Formed
IV
4
-4
V
3
-3
VI
2
-2
VII
1
-1
VIII
0
no tendency to
form anions
Application of Concept: OxidationReduction between Metals and Non-Metals

Oxidation must always be coupled with reduction
◦ Electrons lost by one substance must be gained by another
◦ Electrons cannot be destroyed or created
The transfer of electrons results in a drastic change to
the elements involved
 Consider sodium, Na

◦ Silver grayish metal

Consider Cl
◦ Greenish colored gas
+
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Quick Quiz on Concepts
Consider the metal-nonmetal combinations below. Predict the chemical
formula. The first one is worked for you.
Example: Na and S
Solution: Na+1 S2- therefore Na2S
Mg and O
Al and F
Ca and F
Mg and N
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Transition Metals
Behavior is similar to representative metals
 Oxidized by nonmetal (e.g. lose an electron to form an
ionic compound)
 Can exhibit multiple oxidation states, forming cations
with different charges
 This is due to the partially filled inner electron level (e.g.
4s filled before 3d)
 Element of environmental concern: Iron

◦ Can lose 2,3,4,6 or 7 electrons
Representative
Elements
Transition
Metals
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Quick Quiz on Concepts
Determine the oxidation state of metals in the following compounds.
Cu2O
Cr2O3
MnO2
Al2S3
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Types of Redox Reactions: Combination Reactions
These involve combining two elements to form a chemical compound.
One is always oxidized
One is always reduced
Example 1: Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen
2H 2  O2  2H 2O
oxidation states:
0
0
“free elements”
+1
-2
(each hydrogen)
Note: Hydrogen is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Types of Redox Reactions: Combination Reactions
These involve combining two elements to form a chemical compound.
One is always oxidized
One is always reduced
Example 2: Formation of sulfur trioxide from oxygen and sulfur
2S  3O2  2SO3
oxidation states:
0
0
+6
“free elements”
Note: Sulfur is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
-2
(each oxygen)
Types of Redox Reactions: Decombination
Reactions
The result of a combination reaction can be reversed.
Example 3: Decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO3
2 KClO3  2 KCl  3O2
oxidation states:
+1 +5 -2
(each oxygen)
+1 -1
0
“free elements”
Note: Chlorine is reduced, while oxygen is oxidized
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Types of Redox Reactions: Single Displacement
Reactions
In some redox reactions, an element replaces or displaces another from a
compound. The element that replaces the element in the compound is
oxidized, the element displaced is reduced.
Example 4: Displacement of hydrogen by a iron
2 Fe  6 HCl  2 FeCl3  3H 2
oxidation states:
0
+1 -1
+3 -1
0
“free element”
Let’s break this down with respect to the oxidation of the iron
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
2Fe  6HCl  2 FeCl3  3H 2
Types of Redox Reactions: Single Displacement
Reactions
Example 1: Displacement of hydrogen by a iron
2 Fe  6 HCl  2 FeCl3  3H 2
oxidation states:
0
+1 -1
+3 -1
0
“free element”
Let’s break this down with respect to the oxidation of the iron
2 Fe  2 Fe 3  6e 
And the reduction of the hydrogen
6H   6e   3H 2
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Photosynthesis: Redox in Plants
Cellular respiration is the oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to CO2
and the reduction of oxygen to water
C6 H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6H 2O
Photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of the redox reaction in cell
respiration
6CO2  6H 2O  light energy  C6 H12O6  6O2
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Photosynthesis: Redox in Plants
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Application of Plants in Civil and Environmental Engineering:
DUCKWEED
Duckweed: What is it?
Botanically, Lemnaceae
 The smallest flowering plants
 Float in still or slow-moving fresh water
 Found around the world, except cold regiong
 High protein
 Fast growing

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed - Research





Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Study of basic plant development, biochemistry, and
photosynthesis
Toxicity of hazardous waste
Genetic engineers are cloning duckweed genes and
modifying duckweeds to inexpensively produce
pharmaceuticals
Aqua-culturalist find them an inexpensive feed source
for fish farming
Environmental engineers are using duckweed to remove
unwanted substances from water
Duckweed in the news…
Duckweed spreads across Lake Maracaibo,
Venezuela
Venezuela struggles to remove aquatic plant
faster than it spreads over nation's largest
lake
Thursday, 17 June 2004
By Alexandra Olson, Associated Press
CARACAS, Venezuela — Efforts to remove an
aquatic weed from Venezuela's largest lake are
barely keeping up with its growth, the environment
minister said Wednesday. The green plant, known
as duckweed or lemna, covers about 12 percent of
Lake Maracaibo's 13,500-square kilometer (5,400square mile) surface, said Ana Elisa Osorio. The
lake in western Venezuela is one of South
America's largest bodies of water and is an
important oil-producing region....
[ read more ]
Additional Information: See NASA Earth
Observatory Duckweed Invasion in Lake
Maracaibo
Posted July 13, 2004
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?i
d=4654 )
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed: Bioremediation






Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed grows rapidly, and requires substantial
amount of nutrients
They have evolved the ability to rapidly remove minerals
from the water
These nutrients are converted in the plant biomass
Research has shown that duckweed is adept at
removing phosphates and nitrogen, particularly
ammonia
These are major contaminants from agricultural
operations
The problem is increasing as modern farming operation
concentrate livestock in small areas
Duckweed
Above: swine in North Carolina, Below: a duckweed treatment lagoon inside a
plastic greenhouse. Photos courtesy of Paul Skillikorn
(http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm)
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed Biomass
After use, the biomass much be removed
 This can be done by skimming
 Duckweed grown on animal waste normally does not
contain toxic pollutants
 Uses

◦ Food for fish or livestock
◦ Fertilizer
◦ If fed to animals, a retention period in clean water is necessary
to ensure the biomass if free of water-borne pathogens
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Schematic of WWT Operation
Based on the journal paper Smith, M.D., Moelyowati, I., 2001, Duckweed based wastewater
treatment: design guidelines for hot climates, Water Science and Technology, 43(11):291-299.
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Basic Concepts of DWWT

Duckweed mat
◦ Fully covers water surface
◦ Results in three distinct zones
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
 Aerobic
 Anoxic
 Anaerobic
Basic Concepts of DWWT

Aerobic zone
 Only 10 cm thick
 Organic molecules are oxidized by aerobic bacteria using
atmospheric oxygen transferred by the duckweed roots
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Basic Concepts of DWWT

Anoxic Zone
◦ Organic nitrogen is decomposed by anoxic bacteria
◦ End product is ammonia and phosphate
◦ The ammonium (NH+4) and phosphate (PO3-4 )is used as a
nutrient by the duckweed
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Basic Concepts of DWWT

Anaerobic zone
◦ Anaerobic bacteria decompose organic waste
◦ The resulting gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3),
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane (CH4)
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Target Water Quality Parameters

DWWT are reported to reduce
◦ BOD
 Biochemical oxygen demand
◦ COD
 Chemical oxygen demand
◦
◦
◦
◦
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
TSS
NH+4
PO3+4
Fecal coliform
Design Equations
Parameter
Effluent quality
Rate constants (for
depth ≥0.6m)
BOD
Le=Lie-Kt
K=0.158(1.052)T-20
COD
Le=Lie-Kt
K=0.131(1.065)T-20
TSS
Se=Si[(-1.18/T)ln(t)+6.5)/T]
Fecal coliform Ne=Nie-kt
K=0.7-1.4
Ammonium and phosphate have similar exponential equations
The units are:
t (day)
K (day-1)
T (˚C)
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
DWWT Design Schematic
Influent
Q
Li
Q/3, Li
Q/3, Li
aQ, Le
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
a = recirculation percentage
Q = flowrate (m3/d)
L = BOD concentration (mg/L)
Q/3, Li
Q+aQ, Le
Effluent
Q
Le
DWWT Design Problem
Influent
Q
Li
Q/3, Li
Q/3, Li
aQ, Le
Q/3, Li
Q+aQ, Le
Effluent
Q
Le
Estimate the time it will take for the BOD to reduce 70% if the
temperature is 25˚ C.
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed: Patents

Use US Patent Office to review patents with key words
◦ Duckweed
◦ Water treatment

Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
US Government Sponsored Research






Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Duckweed Research from NASA NASA research on duckweeds for
use in advanced life support systems for human exploration and
development of space. Such systems will be required for missions to
the planets.
National Institutes of Health NIH supports research on duckweeds as
a model system to understand gene regulation, biosynthesis of
essential nutrients, photobiology, and more.
National Science Foundation NSF sponsors fundamental research in
areas of biology not supported by NIH.
USDA Research with Duckweeds USDA employs duckweeds as model
systems for basic plant research and in studies of alternative treatment
systems for animal waste.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) EPA reports that
duckweeds are very promising for their potential to detoxify pesticide
residues in the environment.
United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (BRD)
supports work on waste treatment, wetlands, and global environmental
change.
Objective
Review the divisions of the plant kingdom
 Review the basic plant anatomy
 Understand basic process of oxidation reduction and
how it relates to photosynthesis
 Discuss the importance of plants to civil and
environmental engineering
 Understand the use of plants for

◦ Reducing contaminants in soil
◦ Wetlands
◦ Wastewater Treatment
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
References


Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists
◦
Section 5.4.5 Photosynthesis
◦
Chapter 7
Furman University : Review of Plant Anatomy
◦


Dr. Gilbert Muth: Biological Foundations Home Page
◦
Glossary, Diagrams and Photos
◦
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm
Botanical Society of America
◦

http://www.botany.org/
SIUC PhytoImages
◦
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/
References

Atlas of Plant Anatomy, Dr. Paul Schulte, UNLV
◦

Missouri Botanical Gardens, Duckweeds, Dr. John W. Cross
◦


Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
http://sols.unlv.edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Anatomy.html
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
Internet Chemistry: Leeward Community College, University of Hawaii
◦
Oxidation Reduction
◦
http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/redox_title.html
Duckweed
◦
Smith, M.D., Moelyowati, I., 2001, Duckweed based wastewater treatment: design guidelines for hot climates, Water
Science and Technology, 43(11):291-299.
◦
http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/practical_duckweed.htm#Bioremediation
Images




Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Roots and erosion
◦
Wikimedia commons
◦
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg
Dr. Gilbert Muth
◦
Biological Foundations Home Page
◦
Glossary, Diagrams and Photos
◦
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botsylhome.htm
◦
Schematic of different roots
◦
Microscopic image of root tip
◦
Schematic of stem growth
◦
Schematic of the cross section of a horsetail
◦
Schematic of root-shoot-leaves
Botanical Society of America
◦
www.botany.org
◦
Monocot leaf, cleared
◦
Dicot leaf, cleared
SIUC PhytoImages
◦
http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/
◦
Saxifra arguta
◦
Cystopteris bulbifera
◦
Cycadaceae: Cycas cirinalis
◦
Cactaceae: Carnegiea gigantea
◦
Nymphaeaceae: Nymphaea
Images






Plants and their structures
◦
Schematics comparing monocots and dicots
◦
Schematic of plant parts
◦
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/biobk/BioBookPLANTANATII.html#Table of Contents
◦
Cites the images are from Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com),
Review of Plant Anatomy
◦
Furman University
◦
http://facweb.furman.edu/~lthompson/bgy34/plantanatomy/indexpage.htm
◦
Image of tap root
◦
Image of fibrous root
Rutgers: General Biology 101
◦
Image of root tip (modified by this author in Photoshop)
◦
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb101/lab2_mitosis/section1_frames.html
BaileyBio.com
◦
AP Biology: Powerpoint - Plant Structure
◦
Schematic of zones in the plant root tip
◦
Image of fibrous root
Monocot-Diocot Seed
◦
Penn State York
◦
http://www2.yk.psu.edu/~sg3/ist311/games/team3/index.html
Duckweed
◦
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
Photo http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm
Images

Calcium orbit
◦

Sodium solid
◦



http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/the-element-chlorine.html
Table Salt
◦
Department of Planetary Science, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona
◦
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/
◦
http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/IMP/beagle2/Table_salt/Table_salt.htm
Photosynthesis leaf
◦
Butler University Friesner Herbarium: http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/
◦
http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/treeid/treeparts.html
◦
From Discover Science, Scott, Foresman, & Co., 1993
Photosynthesis plant
◦
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers
WebElements
Chlorine
◦

http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/calcium-element.html
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/growth.html
Sources of photographs and images in sidebar

Human brain
◦

X-rays images
◦

http://www.healthnak.com/mind/
http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html
Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop)
◦
http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/
About the Instructor
Environmental
Biology for
Engineers

Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering

Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE)

Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE)

Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois