Biology Journal 3/29/2010
Yesterday you put
yeast and sugar in
a flask, What
chemical reaction
was going on
inside of the flasks
yesterday? What
products did you
make?
Biology Journal 10/28/2014
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
(write out the chemical formula and the words)
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide
+
Water
→
Glucose
+
Oxygen
Which of these substances could we actually
measure to determine the rate of photosynthesis?
(hint: what did we measure in the cricket lab?)
CO2 consumed, glucose generated (biomass), and
O2 generated (H2O is a little too tricky to measure)
Write a hypothesis for the relationship between light
intensity and rate of photosynthesis.
If 100 plants are grown under different light intensities, then
there will be a positive correlation between light intensity and
photosynthetic rate, until reaching a plateau.
Biology Journal 9/13/2013
What are the three fossil fuels?
Where do you think the carbon in
fossil fuels came from?
When you burn them, what
happens?
Biology Journal 12/5/2013
What is the chemical reaction for cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
What is the purpose of cellular respiration and
where does it happen?
The purpose of it is to make energy
and it happens in the mitochondria
of eukaryotes
Biology Journal 10/17/2014
What’s the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?
Got
O 2?
What is the difference between ADP and ATP?
Biology Journal 12/6/2013
What’s the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria, requires
oxygen, and delivers more energy (high ATP yield).
Anaerobic respiration happens in the cytoplasm, does not
require oxygen, and delivers less energy (low ATP yield).
What is the difference between ADP and ATP?
ATP has 3 phosphates, and is a high energy molecule used for
the temporary storage of energy.
ADP has 2 phosphates, and is a molecule that does not have
energy, it must be converted back into ATP through an energyproducing chemical reaction such as cellular respiration.
While you wait (without a journal), ask yourself this:
What is this a picture of? can you fill it in?
Youtube Videos
ATP & Cellular Respiration
Great introduction to ATP and energy. Ends up going into a bit more detail than needed
with regard to cellular respiration reaction. Done by everybody’s favorite science guy
with glasses, Hank. [watch the first 8 minutes or so]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ
Fermentation
Food Science episode with enthusiastic host who explains the two different types of
fermentation that organisms use. Then she prepares a ginger ale to show setting up
fermentation by yeast. [5:30 minutes]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SosPuWAg7g
Read the entire lab. Then, in your
composition notebook…
• Title the Lab, “Cellular Respiration in
Crickets”
• Do the Pre-Lab questions (part 1)
• Do the Pre-Lab questions (part 2)
• Write a procedure for the lab by
summarizing the directions from the
handout.
Biology Journal 10/17/2014
What is the purpose of NaOH (the directions say “KOH”)
NaOH removes CO2 from the chamber by turning it into a solid
product. Make sure that the drops of NaOH don’t touch the
sides of the chamber!
What is the purpose of the cotton? What is the purpose
of the rayon?
Cotton is absorbent and holds the NaOH. Rayon is nonabsorbent and protects the cricket from the NaOH.
How can you tell how much O2 is being consumed?
Read the position of the food-color drop on your pipette. It will
get closer to the cricket as he uses up oxygen.
We will distribute ourselves into equal
groups:
• Room temperature
• Hot
• Cold
• Control (only 1 of these)
Read the
reminders on the
procedure so you
get good data!
Time is of the
essence!
Organize your
group efficiently.
Possible Jobs:
1. Time keeper
2. Temperature keeper
3. Data recorder (you
can share the data
later)
4. Apparatus set-up &
clean-up person
Don’t kill me.
To find out how,
read the
directions!
Biology Journal 10/21/2014
In the cricket lab, what are the independent and
dependent variables?
What could be some of the control variables?
What do these 3 have in common?
Biology Journal 12/5/2013
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Label which chemical reaction is photosynthesis
and which one is cellular respiration.
What’s the connection between the two
reactions?
Biology Journal 10/16/2014
2.8 Homework Quiz
1.
True or false: Ventilation is the process of exhaling
to get rid of wastes.
2.
True or false: Gas exchange is the process of
delivering gasses in blood through the veins,
arteries, and capillaries to the tissues of the body.
3.
What is the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?
4.
State everything you know about ATP.
Youtube Videos
ATP & Cellular Respiration
Great introduction to ATP and energy. Ends up going into a bit more detail than needed
with regard to cellular respiration reaction. Done by everybody’s favorite science guy
with glasses, Hank. [watch the first 8 minutes or so]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ
Fermentation
Food Science episode with enthusiastic host who explains the two different types of
fermentation that organisms use. Then she prepares a ginger ale to show setting up
fermentation by yeast. [5:30 minutes]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SosPuWAg7g
Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)
2.8 Cell respiration: Cell respiration supplies energy for the functions of life.
Nature of science: Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer
experiments has ethical implications.
Understandings:
 Cell respiration is the controlled
release of energy from organic
compounds to produce ATP.
 ATP from cell respiration is
immediately available as a source of
energy in the cell.
 Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small
yield of ATP from glucose.
 Aerobic cell respiration requires
oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP
from glucose.
 Details of the metabolic pathways of
cell respiration are not needed but the
substrates and final waste products
should be known.
Applications and skills:
 Application: Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts
to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking.
 Application: Lactate production in humans when
anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of
muscle contractions.
 Skill: Analysis of results from experiments involving
measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds
or invertebrates using a respirometer. Students are
expected to know that an alkali is used to absorb CO2, so
reductions in volume are due to oxygen use.
Temperature should be kept constant to avoid volume
changes due to temperature fluctuations. The ethics of
the use of animals in experiments could be discussed in
relation to respirometer experiments.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What happens to the organic
molecules we eat?
Cellular respiration is the controlled
release of energy from organic
molecules in cells to form ATP.
Such as…
What are these molecules?
Lipid
(triglyceride)
Sugar
(glucose)
Protein
(this is a dipeptide)
Gas exchange is the diffusion of gasses
(such as O2 and CO2) between the air in
the lungs and the blood.
Above: You think your life is hard? Some New
Your City child laborers take a break, probably in
the 1910’s.
Ventilation is how the muscles
(diaphragm and intercostals [ribs]) move
to push air into and out of the lungs.
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate. High energy.
Temporary storage of energy.
ADP = Adenosine diphosphate. Low energy.
Can be “recharged” by re-attaching another
phosphate.
Program showing how food makes ATP, and it is burned to do cellular work.
http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Doing cellular respiration
“burns” calories (in the form
of sugar molecules)
They don’t call it
burning calories for
nothing!
Cellular Respiration:
Converts sugar back into CO2 gas.
Where does it go?
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Plants also do cellular respiration
=
Cellular Respiration: gettin’ energy from food
What do these 3 things have
in common?
What happened to this
runner?
Biology Journal 10/20/2014
Yesterday we put a cricket in a
respirometer. How were the gasses in
the chamber changing? What chemical
reaction was causing these changes?
What trends do you predict will occur?
Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)
2.9 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses the energy in sunlight to produce the chemical
energy needed for life.
Nature of science: Experimental design—controlling relevant variables in photosynthesis experiments is
essential.
Understandings:
 Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds
in cells using light energy.
 Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the
shortest wavelength and red the longest. Visible light
has wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometres, but
they are not expected to recall the wavelengths of
specific colours of light.
 Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively
and reflects green light more than other colours.
 Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the
photolysis of water.
 Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other
carbon compounds from carbon dioxide.
 Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide
concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of
photosynthesis.
Applications and skills:
 Application: Changes to the Earth’s
atmosphere, oceans and rock
deposition due to photosynthesis.
 Skill: Drawing an absorption
spectrum for chlorophyll and an
action spectrum for photosynthesis.
 Skill: Design of experiments to
investigate the effect of limiting
factors on photosynthesis.
PRACTICAL:
Separation of photosynthetic pigments
by chromatograph. Paper
chromatography can be used to separate
photosynthetic pigments but thin layer
chromatography gives better results.
Biology Journal 10/23/2014
What are the things
that you should
include on your
tables and graphs
on the cricket lab?
Discuss the ethics
of the cricket lab.
Take the time to
do your lab right,
so that I didn’t
suffer in vain!
Biology Journal 10/23/2014
You have some rats placed in sealed containers under different
conditions, you, you, you demented sadist.
Rat A: By himself
Rat D: With a
flame
Rat B: With another
rat
Rat C: With a plant
and light
Rat E: With a
plant in the dark
Predict! Which rat do you think will end up dying first? Why do you
think so? 2nd? Why? 3rd? Why? 4th? Why? Which do you think
will live the longest? Explain your answers!
Why does this matter?
The Earth 200 years ago.
The Earth today.
•Larger, healthier forests
and oceans
•Very little burning of plants
and fossil fuels
•Fewer humans consuming
fewer resources.
•Destroying forests
•Burning fossil fuels
produces CO2
•Global warming
•Population boom,
consuming resources
Today is the last day with Mr. Lawton to
work on the Cricket Lab
Your complete lab should have:
• Title. always give everything headings!
• Procedure. including materials.
• Pre lab questions. both sections from the “Cricket
Respiration” handout.
• Individual Group Data. your groups’ data, however badly
the experiment may have gone. Have something.
• Data Processing. your calculations, such as average, rate.
• Data Representation. graphs, could be anywhere from 1 to
4 graphs, depending on what you put on them.
• Controls. discuss the controlled variables.
• Conclusion. a data-driven conclusion of the variables.
• Post Lab Questions. thoroughly answer the questions.
What gasses make up air?
Gasses found in Air
(by %)
Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
Where does the energy to build the food
molecules in photosynthesis come from?
The Sun, our buddy.
Remember,
sunlight
contains all the
colors of the
rainbow!
My chariot rims
got mad bling.
How does light make the
car yellow?
Why are plants green?
What colors does chlorophyll absorb?
Which does it reflect?
Practice IB test question!
Which plant has greater evolutionary fitness?
Explain your reasoning.
• one that makes Carotenoids only
• one that makes Phycoerythrin only
• or one that makes Carotenoids and Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll absorbs blue light and
red light, and reflects green light.
In many plants, most of the pigments
break down in the autumn. Why?
Photosynthesis (mostly) can’t happen in the winter.
Why not? What could be missing?
The sunlight is
dim, and days
are short
CO2 + H2O
→
Water is frozen,
and thus
inaccessible
C6H12O6 + O2
In cold temperatures,
photosynthesis slows
to speeds that are
inefficient and
counterproductive for
plants.
 In a series of very complex
chemical reactions, CO2 molecules
are put together like legos to
make… sugars and carbohydrates!
 Light drives the reaction!
Makin’ it rain
Makin’ it shine
CO2 + H2O
Makin’ it blow
→ CH
6
12O6
+ O2
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Chloroplasts have pigments, such as
chlorophyll, and are found in plant cells that
are exposed to light.
All of the photosynthesis action happens
on the membranes of thylakoids.
Compare photosynthesis
and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Burning fossil fuels (here is gasoline undergoing combustion)
C8H18 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
What molecule makes up wood?
Cellulose
(a carbohydrate made out of a chain of glucoses)
In the glucose (C6H12O6)…
Where did the C atoms come from? CO2
Where did the H atoms come from? H2O
Where did the O atoms come from? CO2
In photosynthesis, water is split using light energy;
this is called photolysis.
The oxygen is given off as a waste product, and the
H+ ions are “fixed” (attached) to carbon, making a
glucose molecule.
What do these 3 have in common?
Youtube Videos
Photosynthesis song.
Nice outline of photosynthesis with good visuals.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o
Biology Journal 12/10/2013
The name of the pigment
that plants use for
photosynthesis is ______.
The sunlight that plants are
exposed to contains _____
of the colors of light.
Chlorophyll absorbs ______
and ______ light, while it
reflects ______ light, which
is why plants appear to be
green to us.
What colors does chlorophyll absorb?
Which does it reflect?
Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in
photosynthesis.
1. What happens to the carbon atoms from CO2?
2. What happens to the oxygen atoms from CO2?
3. What happens to the hydrogen atoms from H2O?
4. What happens to the oxygen atoms from H2O?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
How do you think you could measure how much
photosynthesis a plant is doing?
Measure O2 produced, CO2 consumed, or biomass of
the plant!
Grades and Due Dates
•Grades have been updated.
•The last quiz isn’t on (see below)
•The IA isn’t on (but this can only boost your
grade)
•All late quizzes are due by Thursday! Many
people still need to do their last quiz (the
eukaryotes/prokaryotes one).
•Any Advanced work is due by Friday!
•The practice IB quizzes are due by Friday!
Exam
•The vast majority of exam questions will be
drawn from previous quizzes!
•Exemptions will be signed by Mr. Lawton on
Monday (because that’s when everything will be
done by)
•You can use a 3 x 5 notecard on the exam. You
must turn it in when you are done with your exam.
•There will be a review guide given out.
Biology Journal 12/11/2013
What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2
What happens to CO2 in photosynthesis?
CO2 stays mostly intact. Hydrogen atoms are “fixed” to
CO2, making glucose.
What happens to H2O in photosynthesis?
H2O is split, using the energy from sunlight. This is
called photolysis. The H+ ions are fixed to CO2, and the
O from water is given off as oxygen gas.
What does this graph tell us?
What reaction does this diagram outline? Fill it in!