Chapter 2
Powerpoint Questions
Q1
• Neuroscience
A1
• A branch of the life sciences that deals with
the structure and function of neurons, nerves,
and nervous tissue
Q2
• Computed tomography (CT)
A2
• Brain imaging method using computer
controlled x-rays of the brain
Q3
• Dendrites
A3
• Branchlike structures that receive messages
from other neurons
Q4
• Soma
A4
• The part of the neuron called the cell body
that keeps the entire cell alive and functioning
Q5
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
A5
• Brain-imaging method using radio waves and
magnetic fields of the body to produce
detailed images of the brain
Q6
• Sympathetic divisions (fight or flight)
A6
• Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting
to stressful evens and bodily arousal
Q7
• Agonists
A7
• Chemical substances that mimic or enhance
the effects of a neurotransmitter on the
receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or
decreasing the activity of that cell
Q8
• Input into the nervous system is accomplished
by
A8
• Sensory neurons/ afferent neurons
Q9
• Nerves
A9
• Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel
together through the body.
Q10
• Action potential
A10
• The release of the neural impulse consisting of
a reversal of the electrical charge within the
axon
Q11
• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A11
• A recording of the electrical activity of large
groups of cortical neurons just below the skull,
most often using scalp electrodes.
Q12
• The smallest of glial cells that engulf and
break down dead and dying neurons
A12
• microglia
Q13
• SSRI
A13
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Q14
• Antagonists
A14
• Chemical substances that block or reduce a
cell’s response to the action of other
chemicals or neurotransmitters
Q15
• Function of the brain
A15
• Interprets and stores information and sends
orders to muscles, glands, organs
Q16
• What muscles are impacted by acetylcholine
A16
• Skeletal muscles are stimulated; cardiac
muscle is slowed
Q17
• Three parts to a neuron
A17
• 1) Soma, 2) dendrites, 3) axons
Q18
• Positron emission tomography
A18
• Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive
sugar is injected into the subject and a
computer compiles a color-coded image of the
activity of the brain
Q19
• Parasympathetic division
A19
• Part of the ANS that restores the body to
normal functioning after arousal and is
responsible for the day to day functioning of
the organs and glands.
Q20
• Hypothalamus
A20
• Small structure in the brain located below the
thalamus and directly above the pituitary
gland, responsible for motivational behavior
such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex
Q21
• The peripheral nervous system is made up of
what two further divisions
A21
• Autonomic nervous system and somatic
nervous system
Q22
• Enzymatic degradation
A22
• Process by which structure of
neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer
act on a receptor.
Q23
• The defining feature of the central nervous
system
A23
• The components are encased in bone
Q24
• Endocrine glands
A24
• Glands that secrete chemicals called
hormones directly into bloodstream
Q25
• Three functions of the nervous system are
A25
• 1) Input, 2) processing, 3) output
• Or 1) receive information, 2) integrate
information, 3) guide actions
Q26
• Single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT)
A26
• Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET
but uses a different radioactive tracer and can
be used to examine brain blood flow
Q27
• Processing in the nervous system is
accomplished by
A27
• Interneurons/ association neurons
Q28
• Motor neurons are sometimes called
A28
• Efferent neurons
Q29
• Glands that secrete chemicals called
hormones directly into bloodstream
A29
• Chemicals released into the bloodstream by
endocrine glands
Q30
• Interneurons are stimulated by
A30
• Sensory neurons, other interneurons, or both
Q31
• Produces myelin for neurons in the body (PNS)
A31
• Schwann cells
Q32
• Resting potential
A32
• The state of the neuron when not firing a
neural impulse
Q33
• Glial cells that provide physical support to
neurons and clean up debris
A33
• astrocytes
Q34
• Produces myelin for neurons in brain and
spinal cord (CNS)
A34
• oligodendrocytes
Q35
• Where is acetylcholine found
A35
• In the synapse between neurons and muscle
cells
Q36
• Pituitary gland
A36
• Gland located in the brain that secretes
human growth hormone and influences all
other hormone-secreting glands (also known
as the master gland)
Q37
• Interneurons are sometimes called
A37
• Association neurons
Q38
• Biological psychology or behavioral
neuroscience
A38
• Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the
biological bases of psychological processes,
behavior, and learning
Q39
• What dictates the structure of a cell
A39
• The purpose of the cell
Q40
• The white matter of the brain is made of
A40
• Fiber tracts (axons)
Q41
• The Central Nervous System is made up of
what two components
A41
• Brain and Spinal Cord
Q42
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A42
• MRI-based brain imaging method that allows
for functional examination of brain areas
through changes in brain oxygenation
Q43
• Output in the nervous system is accomplished
by
A43
• Motor neurons/ efferent neurons
Q44
• Two types of glial cells that produce myelin
A44
• Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Q45
• Where are interneurons found
A45
• Exclusively in the spinal cord and brain
Q46
• Medulla
A46
• The first large swelling at the top of the spinal
cord, forming the lowest part of the brain,
which is responsible for life-sustaining
functions such as breathing, swallowing, and
heart rate.
Q47
• Pineal gland
A47
• Endocrine gland located near the base of the
cerebrum, secretes melatonin
Q48
• Hippocampus
A48
• Curved structure located within each temporal
lobe, responsible for the formation of longterm memories and the storage of memory
for location of objects
Q49
• Pons
A49
• The larger swelling above the medulla that
connects the top of the brain to the bottom
and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, leftright body coordination, and arousal
Q50
• Sensory neurons are sometimes called
A50
• Afferent neurons
Q51
• Thyroid gland
A51
• Endocrine gland found in the neck, regulates
metabolism
Q52
• Amygdala
A52
• Brain structure located near the hippocampus,
responsible for fear responses and memory of
fear
Q53
• Pancreas
A53
• Endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in
the blood
Q54
• Occipital lobe
A54
• Section of the brain located at the rear and
bottom of each cerebral hemisphere
containing the visual centers of the brain
Q55
• Cortex
A55
Outermost covering of the brain consisting of
densely packed neurons, responsible for higher
thought processes and interpretation of sensory
input.
Q56
• Two bulb-like projections just under the front
of the brain that receive information from the
receptors near the nose
A56
• Olfactory bulb
Q57
• Neurons exiting the spinal cord
A57
• Efferent Neurons
Q58
• The autonomic nervous system is made up of
what two divisions
A58
• Parasympathetic division and sympathetic
division
Q59
• Cerebral hemispheres
A59
• The two sections of the cortex on the left and
right sides of the brain
Q60
• An area of neurons running through the
middle of the medulla and pons and slightly
beyond that is responsible for general
attention, alertness, and arousal.
A60
• Reticular formation
Q61
• Function of the spinal cord
A61
• Pathway connecting the brain and the
peripheral nervous system; receives signals
such as pain and touch from the senses and
passes those signals to the brain
Q62
• Corpus callosum
A62
• Thick band of neurons that connects the right
and left hemispheres
Q63
• Cerebellum
A63
• Part of the lower brain located behind the
pons that controls and coordinates
involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement.
Q64
• Parietal lobes
A64
• Sections of the brain located at the top and
back of each cerebral hemisphere containing
the centers for touch, taste, and temperature
sensations.
Q65
• Temporal lobes
A65
• Areas of the cortex located just behind the
temples containing the neurons responsible
for the sense of hearing and meaningful
speech.
Q66
• Limbic system
A66
• A group of several brain structures located
under the cortex and involved in learning,
emotion, memory, and motivation
Q67
• Four types of glial cells
A67
• 1) Oligodendrocyes, 2) schwann cells, 3)
astrocytes, 4) microglia
Q68
• Stem cells
A68
• Special cells found in all the tissues of the
body that are capable of becoming other cell
types when those cells need to be replaced
due to damage or wear and tear
Q69
• Most cells have these three parts in common
A69
• 1) Nucleus, 2) cell body, 3) cell membrane
Q70
• Frontal lobes
A70
• Areas of the cortex located in the front and
top of the brain, responsible for higher mental
processes and decision making as well as the
production of fluent speech
Q71
• Synaptic vesicle
A71
• Saclike structures found inside the synaptic
knob containing chemicals
Q72
• How many interneurons does the human
brain contain
A72
• Approximately 100 billion
Q73
• Motor cortex
A73
• Section of the frontal lobe located at the back,
responsible for sending motor commands to
the muscles of the somatic nervous system
Q74
• Axon
A74
• Tube-like structure that carries the neural
message to other cells
Q75
• Reuptake
A75
• Process by which neurotransmitters are taken
back into the synaptic vesicles
Q76
• Thalamus
A76
• Part of the limbic system located in the center
of the brain, this structure relays sensory
information from the lower part of the brain
to the proper areas of the cortex and
processes some sensory information before
sending it to the proper areas.
Q77
• Plasticity
A77
• The remarkable property of the central
nervous system whereby neurons have the
ability to strengthen neural connections at
synapses as well as establish new connections
Q78
• Diffusion
A78
• Process of molecules moving from areas of
high concentration to areas of low
concentration
Q79
• Neurons make up what percent of cells in the
brain
A79
• 10%
Q80
• Mirror neurons
A80
• Neurons that fire when an animal or person
performs an action and also when an animal
or person observes the same action being
performed by another
Q81
• Santiago Ramon y Cajal
A81
• The first person to theorize that the nervous
system was made up of individual cells. He
came to this conclusion after studying slides of
brain tissue.
Q82
• Neurotransmitter
A82
• Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that
when released has an effect on the next cell
Q83
• Association areas
A83
• Areas within each lobe of the cortex
responsible for the coordination and
interpretation of information as well as higher
mental processing
Q84
• Broca’s aphasia
A84
• Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s
area, causing the affected person to be unable
to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and
to speak haltingly.
Q85
• Wernicke’s aphasia
A85
• Condition resulting from damage to
Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person
to be unable to understand or produce
meaningful language
Q86
• Neurons
A86
• The basic cell that makes up the nervous
system and that receives and sends messages
within that system
Q87
• Spatial neglect
A87
• Condition produced by damage to the
association areas of the right hemisphere
resulting in an inability to recognize objects or
bod parts in the left visual field.
Q88
• Cerebrum
A88
• The upper part of the brain consisting of the
two hemispheres and the structures that
connect them.
Q89
• Thin membranous covering of neurons found
in the body
A89
• neurilemma
Q90
• Make up 90% of the brain
A90
• Glial cells
Q91
• Task of Sensory/ Afferent Neurons
A91
• Carry messages from the senses to the spinal
cord
Q92
• Why is neurilemma important
A92
• It can repair nerve fibers
Q93
• Neuroplasticity
A93
• The ability within the brain to constantly
change both the structure and function of
many cells in response to experience or
trauma
Q94
• The gray matter of the brain is made of
A94
• Nuclei (clusters of soma)
Q95
• There are estimated to be how many different
kinds of interneurons
A95
• At least hundreds
Q96
• Cluster of cells bodies of the sensory neurons
found next to the spinal cord
A96
• ganglia
Q97
• Peripheral nervous system
A97
• All nerves and neurons that are not contained
in the brain and spinal cord but that run
through the body itself
Q98
• Where is neurilemma not found
A98
• Brain and spinal cord
Q99
• Endorphins
A99
• Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain
relief
Q100
• True or False: Neurons at rest are still
electrically charged
A100
• True
Q101
• Somatic nervous system
A101
• Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that
carry information from the senses to the CNS
and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of
the body
Q102
• Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
A102
• A milder current is sent through a wire that
does not kill the cells; can be used to assess
for seizure risk prior to surgery
Q103
• Neurons accessing the spinal cord
A103
• Afferent neurons
Q104
• Function of serotonin
A104
• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood,
sleep, and appetite
Q105
• Function of the parasympathetic division of
Autonomic nervous system
A105
• Maintains body functions under ordinary
conditions; saves energy
Q106
Q154
• Function of Norepinephrine
A106
• Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and
mood
Q107
• Neurons either fire at full strength or don’t
fire at all
A107
• All or none principle
Q108
• Task of motor/ efferent Neurons
A108
• Carry messages from the central nervous
system to muscles and glands
Q109
• Glial cells
A109
• Grey fatty cells that provide support for the
neurons to grow on and around, deliver
nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat
axons, clean up waste products and dead
neurons, influence information processing,
and during prenatal development, influence
the generation of new neurons.
Q110
• Autonomic nervous system
A110
• Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that
control all the involuntary muscles, organs,
and glands
Q111
• Nervous System
A111
• An extensive network of specialized cells that
carries information to and from all parts of the
body.
Q112
• Synapse (synaptic gap)
A112
• Microscopic fluid-filled space between the
synaptic know of one cell and the dendrites or
surface of the next cell
Q113
• Enzymatic degradation
A113
• Process by which structure of
neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer
act on a receptor
Q114
• Deep lesioning
A114
• Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the
brain through which an electrical current is
sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of
the wire
Q115
• Excitatory synapse
A115
• Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes
the receiving cell to fire
Q116
• Function of Dopamine
A116
• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of
movement and sensations of pleasure
Q117
• Reuptake
A117
• Process by which neurotransmitters are taken
back into the synaptic vesicles
Q118
• Motor neurons are stimulated by
A118
• Interneurons but sometimes rarely they are
stimulated directly by sensory neurons
Q119
• The number of identified neurotransmitters
A119
• At least 100
Q120
• Sensory pathway
120
• Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the
CNS consisting of afferent neurons
Q121
• Function of the sympathetic division
A121
• Prepares the body to react and expend energy
in times of stress
Q122
• The first neurotransmitter to be identified
A122
• acetylcholine
Q123
• Function of the autonomic nervous system
A123
• Automatically regulates glands, internal
organs, blood vessels, pupils, digestion, and
blood pressure
Q124
• Function of acetylcholine
A124
• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal,
attention, memory, and controls muscle
contractions
Q125
• The Nervous System is made up of what two
parts that are then further divided.
A125
• Central Nervous System and Peripheral
Nervous System
Q126
• Motor Pathway
A126
• Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary
muscles, consisting of efferent neurons
Q127
• Synaptic knob (or terminal button)
A127
• Rounded area on the end of the axon terminal
Q128
• Function of Glutamate
A128
• Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in
learning, memory formation, nervous system
development, and synaptic plasticity
Q129
• Receptor sites
A129
• 3-D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or
certain cells of the muscles and glands, which
are shaped to fit only certain
neurotransmitters.
Q130
• Inhibitory synapse
A130
• Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes
the receiving cell to stop firing
Q131
• Why is it important that the reflex arc occurs
without the direction of the brain
A131
• The process occurs much more quickly
Q132
• Axon terminal
A132
• Branches at the end of the axon
Q133
• Reflex Arc
A133
• The connection of the sensory neuron to the
interneurons to the motor neurons which
results in a reflex action
Q134
• Neural regulators, neural peptides,
endorphins
A134
• Control the release of other neurotransmitters
Q135
• Function of GABA
A135
• Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in
sleep and inhibits movement