NAZI GERMANY
SEMESTER TWO 2012-13
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Module Code:
HIS30196
Module Title:
Nazi Germany
Staff Contact Details:
Name: Tim Kirk
Role: Professor of European History
Email: tim.kirk@ncl.ac.uk
Tel:
0191 222 5078
Office Hours: Weds 10-12 Armstrong 1.40G
Aims and objectives can be found in the module catalogue
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/module-catalogue/
Schedule of Teaching:
Attendance:
Reading List:
12 3-hour seminars
Students are required to attend ALL lectures, seminars and tutorials.
Reading lists can be found using the link below
https://rlo.ncl.ac.uk/
Assessments
Assessment Weighting:
Assessment Weighting: The module is assessed by course work (four documentary commentaries,
each of 500 words) and one three-hour examination.
The course work is worth 25% (equally divided between the four exercises) and the exam 75%
Assessed Work
Seminar introduction:
Each student is expected to introduce at least one seminar discussion with a power point
presentation.
Training for power point will be provided outside the normal seminar slot in the first week of term,
and further help sessions will be available for those who need them.
Deadline for Assessed Work:
Documentary commentary 1: 17 October
Documentary commentary 2: 7 November
Documentary commentary 3: 28 November
Documentary commentary 4: 9 January
Assessed Work
Un-assessed Work: If you would like to write further documentary commentaries or practice essays for
the exam, please let me know and I can help you choose suitable examples from past papers.
Deadline for assessed work:
The deadline for submitting work is 12pm on the date stated above. Please complete an assignment
submission form, attach it to your work and place it in the drop box outside of the School Office. You
must also submit your assignment through Turnitin by 12pm.
Assignments must be submitted in hard copy and through Turnitin to be deemed as fully submitted.
Assignments are not given to the marker if they have not been submitted through Turnitin.
Any work submitted after 12pm will be recorded as late.
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If you wish to request an extension to the deadline for your submitted work, or to request any other
adjustment to the assessment for the module, complete a PEC form. PEC stands for Personal and
Extenuating Circumstances. Please note that extensions will only normally be granted in the following
situations:
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Debilitating personal illness supported by a medical certificate
Serious illness or death of a close relative
Participation in a University-approved scheme for which strict guidelines for extensions/extra time
will be issued
In the case of part-time or work-based students, unplanned and unavoidable work commitments
PEC forms can be collected from the School Office. For further information please contact the School
Office Manager, Mrs Pippa Milburn (pippa.milburn@ncl.ac.uk).
Exams:
The exam consists of a compulsory documentary commentary (gobbet) question and two essay
questions.
For the gobbet question you will be expected to write on two gobbets from a choice of six.
You will be able to choose two from about eight essay questions.
Look at past exam papers to get a feel for the structure of the exam.
Past Exam Papers
Past exam papers can be found at https://crypt.ncl.ac.uk/exam.papers/
Marking Criteria
For details of the criteria that module leaders take into consideration when assessing your work, please refer to
the Degree Programme Handbook.
Modifications in response to module feedback
Student feedback is collected via questionnaires and during Board of Studies and Staff Student Committees.
Feedback is taken into consideration when reviewing module content and structure.
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ORGANISATION OF THE COURSE
The purpose of a special subject in history is to look closely at a specific historical event,
development or narrowly defined period through the available primary sources; to establish what
kinds and what quality of historical evidence exists; and to examine the ways in which it has been
used by historians. This means that we will be using a combination of primary, secondary, and
historiographical material.
The main focus of this course is the relationship between state and society in Nazi
Germany, but we shall also be looking at the regime’s racial policy, its foreign policy, the war, and
the occupation of Europe. One of the central questions in this area is the tension between the
dramatic consequences of Nazi rule and the everyday experience of ordinary Germans. The corpus
of secondary literature on Nazi policy in the fields of social control, anti-Semitism, and foreign
policy is already vast, and there is a growing literature on popular morale, dissent and resistance,
accommodation and consent. The course will conclude with larger interpretative questions: Did the
Nazis bring about a social revolution and modernise Germany? Was Nazism part of a broader
fascist project to impose an authoritarian version of modernity on Europe as a whole? Did the
Nazis articulate popular prejudices and aspirations or impose a radical programme on a reluctant
Germany? Other questions, whether general or specific to the various topics for seminar discussion,
may be suggested by members of the group.
Attendance and preparation
You are expected to attend all twelve meetings unless there are good reasons (illness or compelling
personal circumstances) for not doing so. You will need to prepare for the seminar by reading both
from the primary sources for that week, and from the secondary sources listed in recommended
reading for each particular theme.
There is also a comprehensive reading list at the end of this booklet), for further reading.
Additional material may be suggested during the course.
Seminar presentations
Each member of the group will present at least one seminar introduction during the course of the
module.
The presentation should be a PowerPoint presentation, and the plan is to make these presentations
available to the whole group, either by posting them on Blackboard or by using ReCap. We will be
discussing this in the first meeting. There will be a PowerPoint training session organised in the
first or second week of term, outside the normal seminar slot. Everybody should attend this session,
which will involve designing a practice PowerPoint presentation on the Weimar Republic, based on
the content of the first seminar. There will also be refresher sessions for those who want them.
Presenting with PowerPoint should help you develop a range of transferable skills.
The presentation should contain brief pointers to the main issues raised by the topic, along with an
indication of useful reading (the sources you have used and found useful), and should end with
some questions to start off a discussion of the subject.
The presentation itself should last no longer than five to ten minutes, and its purpose should be to
draw the group’s attention to issues and to raise questions of discussion (rather than to
communicate information). You should not be reading out a narrative summary from the sheet as a
mini-lecture.
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The content of the papers should not be a substitute for preparation for the rest of the class, but a
starting point for a more general discussion. In the course of the discussion we should move from
general questions to a consideration of the documentary evidence.
You will be provided with a set of documents for this module. They will also be posted on
Blackboard, along with this guide.
Required and Suggested Reading
You will also find it useful, each week in addition to reading from the recommended secondary
literature, to read the appropriate sections of the documents in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey
Pridham, Nazism. A Documentary Reader, which is published in four volumes by Exeter University
Press (and where suggested, documents from other, similar, selective editions of sources). There
are several copies of all four volumes in the library. All four volumes will be useful for the course,
but if you are thinking of buying them it’s worth considering which volume you will find most
useful for your own work, and sharing the cost with a friend. It is also possible to buy second-hand
copies for considerably less than the published price. Abebooks.co.uk generally has some copies
of each of the volumes for substantially less. Documents from other collections are also
occasionally recommended in the seminar, and there is a list of further documentary collections and
other primary sources in the comprehensive bibliography.
The final part of each meeting will be based on class discussion of specific documents.
Although there is no particular ‘set text’ for the module, you will find Jane Caplan’s book Nazi
Germany (Oxford 2007) extremely useful. My book Nazi Germany (Palgrave 2007) is based on the
course. But you should read as widely and critically as possible rather than relying on any one
account.
As a starting point Neil Gregor, Nazism, is a useful collection of excerpts from secondary literature
on a number of themes, with a strong emphasis on work with an interpretative character.
Many of the extracts in Gregor serve to illustrate points made in Ian Kershaw, The Nazi
Dictatorship. This book is essentially an historiographical survey of important debates about
nature of the Nazi state and its policies.
There should be no problem with finding reading material: More has been written in English
about the Nazi dictatorship than virtually any other single episode in European history, and
the university library is exceptionally well-stocked with books on Nazism, fascism and
German history. You will, of course, have to look beyond German history (943). Books on
the war and the holocaust are often classified under general European history, and books on
fascism (including the history of the Nazi Party) are often on the Politics or Sociology shelves
in the library. Some of these will be reserved for use in the library only.
In addition the library now has a very large collection of e-books. Tread carefully: as these
come in publishers’ packages the Library’s acquisition of e-books has sometimes been
random, and the fact that it is in the library does not necessarily mean that an e-book is
recommended reading. Nevertheless this is an increasingly valuable resource. When you call
up some electronic books there will be reference to a charge. You will never have to pay for
an e-book found through the library catalogue. Similarly, you not worry about the library
bearing the cost. Demand is an efficient way for the library to find out what e-books it needs
to buy.
If you are unable to get hold of a copy of a particular book, which you need for a specific
purpose, you should reserve it. If it is missing you should report it to a librarian. In the
meantime, you may be able to find another copy in another library in the north-east (e.g.
Northumbria, Durham, the Lit and Phil., or a public library).
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Finally, some books containcollections of essays which you will find it useful for different themes.
Richard Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich; Michael Burleigh (ed.), Confronting the Nazi Past;
Jane Caplan (ed.), Inside Nazi Germany; Childers and Caplan (eds), Reevaluating the Third Reich;
David Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society.
In addition the library now has a very wide range of journals, now almost exclusively EJournals. Back-runs are available through JStor, but for the most recent work you will need
to go through the separate journal titles. Many journals frequently publish new work on
Nazism, among them German History, Central European History, Journal of Contemporary
History, Journal of Modern History, European History Quarterly.
The Journal of Contemporary History frequently has special issues, starting with the very first issue
in 1966, which was a special issue on fascism. The most recent is July 2010; 45 (3), a special issue
on concentration camps edited by Christian Goeschel and Nikolaus Wachsmann. You should
check these journals, and others, for material on specific themes or topics; and it is particularly
important to check the new journals as they come out, to make sure your work incorporates the
latest research findings.
Assessment
Assessment is by course work (25%) and examination (75%).
Each member of the group will be expected to deliver at least one seminar introduction using
PowerPoint. As a pilot this year the presentation will be assessed and the mark can be substituted
for that of one of the documentary commentaries if appropriate.
The presentation should last no longer than ten minutes. The purpose of this exercise is to stimulate
a discussion among the group, but it is also to ensure that you have had the opportunity to develop
the kind of communication skills you will need in a graduate profession.
The four documentary commentaries should be chosen from the source reader which will be
distributed to all students at the beginning of the module. You should work on documents related to
a theme you have already covered in the module, and try to spread your work across a range of
themes (rather than concentrating everything on one or two themes, e.g. youth, propaganda, antiSemitism. The deadlines are chosen with this in mind. The purpose of these exercises is for you to
practise writing documentary commentaries before the exam, but also to ensure that you get some
feedback on your written work that enables you to progress. So please take our feedback into
account when writing the next commentary.
Deadlines
Documentary commentary 1: 17 October
Documentary commentary 2: 7 November
Documentary commentary 3: 28 November
Documentary commentary 4: 9 January
The exam paper consists of a compulsory document section where you will be asked to comment
on two documents from a choice of about eight. You will then be asked to answer two essay
questions from a choice of eight. There are several years of past papers for the module, but
remember that the content and approach of modules changes, and there are no guarantees of
questions on any particular theme. When preparing for the exam you should start from the broadest
possible basis of understanding and knowledge of the period, not pick a limited number of ‘topics’.
NB: You may not write on a source in the exam if you have already written a documentary
commentary on that same source.
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Writing about documents: Who, what, why, when, where, and how?
Primary evidence is the basis of historical research and writing. This kind take all kinds of
forms – archival documents, private papers, published sources, visual and oral evidence, the
built environment and material culture. Most of the evidence that will be used here will be
text, and the following are some questions to bear in mind when reading the documents.
1. Who?
What is the provenance or authorship of the document? Was it produced by a public servant
or a bureaucrat, by a party or organisation, or by a private individual? Is it personal (a
memoir, letter or diary)?
What do you know about the type of organisation or person generally, or the particular
organisation or person? How reliable is the author? Is she aspiring for objectivity or making a
partisan point? (Don’t make assumptions about gender, social class etc.)
2. What?
What kind of document is it? (Act of Parliament, manifesto, memoir, diary, letter, statistical table,
visual image, building etc. etc.) What can we say about the nature of such documents? Is a
manifesto written to persuade, boast, manipulate? Is a memoir written to inform, record, entertain,
justify?
3. Why?
What was the reason for the document? Was it specifically written to persuade, deceive, inform,
mislead etc? Is it a routine record or a response to a specific problem, development, request,
incident? Who is being addressed?
4. When/where?
Establish the immediate context of the document. When was it written? Where? Is the date,
time or place important? (Was it written in ignorance of important simultaneous events, for
instance?) How does it relate to other documents and other kinds of document? If it is
legislation, for example, what was the response of the press / public opinion. If it is an event
reported in the press, are there other contemporary accounts (police reports, descriptions in
diaries or letters)? What was the impact or effect of the document?
5. How?
What can you say about the form of the document? Is the language formal, informal,
patronising, deferential, serious, gossipy, persuasive, clearly nonsense etc. etc.? Are there
contemporary political or cultural references which need to be explained? Is it metaphorical,
or allegorical? Does it address different readerships in different ways?
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Seminars
1. Introduction
The first part of the seminar will be used to work through arrangements for the module, including
the allocation of seminar presentations.
Nazism was not something that came as a bolt from the blue in 1933 and disappeared just as
quickly in 1945. Its long-term roots lay in the nineteenth century and its consequences have
persisted long after the end of the Second World War. The purpose of this seminar is to locate the
history of Nazism in its broader historical context without suggesting that the whole of German
history (and particularly the Weimar Republic) was a rehearsal for the Third Reich.
There are a number of historiographical positions to be aware of here. One of the extreme poles of
the discussion are characterised by the strong feeling expressed during and after the war that there
was some flaw in German history or in the German character. This view is reflected in the thrust of
A.J.P. Taylor’s The Course of German History. At the other extreme many commentators in
Germany itself, particularly those close to the post-war political establishment have been keen to
emphasise the exceptional nature of Nazism, play down its connections with the pre-war
conservative parties and misleadingly characterise 1945 as a ‘year zero’ in German history.
The following selection of reading covers the ‘pre-history’ of Nazism. Some of them (Eley, Evans)
address the problem of writing about Germany before 1930 without dwelling on what was to come.
Seminar Reading:
Neil Gregor, Nazism B: The Emergence of National Socialism. Section i (Wehler, Kocka,
Eley, Groh)
K. D. Bracher, The German Dictatorship Ch.1
Richard Evans, ‘The Emergence of Nazi Ideology’ in Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
Peter Fritzsche, ‘The NSDAP 1919-1934: from fringe politics to seizure of power’, in Caplan (ed.),
Nazi Germany
Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the Making of National
Socialism 1917-1945
G. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology
G. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses
J. Noakes, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony
G. Pridham, Hitler’s Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement in Bavaria
F. Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology
H-J Puhle, ‘Conservatism in modern German history’. JCH 13 (1978)
P. Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria
P. Pulzer, Germany 1870-1945
Richard Evans, Rethinking German History chs 2 &3.
Gordon Martel, Modern German History Reconsidered, esp. 1-6
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2. The Nazi ‘Seizure of Power’
The social constituency of Nazism is only one part of the story of the Nazis’ route to power, and
analyses of both party membership and electoral support need to be treated with caution, not least
because historians always have axes to grind. Although the party expanded dramatically between
1919 and 1933, and won the largest share of the vote in 1932, this does not mean that its
membership was either stable or representative of its supporters, that it ‘seized’ power as a popular
movement, or that it ever won an election (despite terrorising the country and especially the
opposition during the campaign of February 1933). Nevertheless a social profile of the party and its
supporters helps us to understand the political situation that Hitler’s government inherited, and is a
useful basis for understanding the regime’s basis of support after 1933.
The establishment of the Nazi dictatorship has been obscured by the Nazis’ own revolutionary
rhetoric, which propagated the image of a ‘seizure of power’, and this has been reinforced by the
demagogic Führer and docile masses of popular history. In reality, the erosion of parliamentary
democracy and constitutional government began in 1930, and many of the Nazis’ objectives were
shared by a broader constituency on the nationalist right (both within and outside other parties),
which was reflected in the largely unchanged composition of the cabinet after Hitler’s appointment
in 1933.
Paper 1: The Nazi Constituency
Paper 2: The National Revolution
Seminar Reading:
Gregor, Nazism B: The Emergence of National Socialism. Sections, ii and iii extracts 17-31
W S Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935
Helen Boak, ‘Mobilising Women for Hitler: the Female Nazi Voter’ in McElligott and Kirk,
Working towards the Führer
M. Broszat, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy
R. Bessel, ‘Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power’, in Bessel, Life in the Third Reich
R. Bessel, ‘The Nazi Capture of Power’, JCH 39 (2004)
T. Childers, The Nazi Voter. The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany 1919-1933
T. Childers (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency 1918-1933
T. Childers, 'The Social Bases of the National Socialist Vote' JCH, xi (1976), pp. 17-42
T. Childers, ‘Who, indeed, did vote for Hitler?' CEH xvii/1 (1983), pp. 45-53.
C. Fischer, Stormtroopers
C. Fischer, The Rise of the Nazis
Peter Fritzsche, ‘The NSDAP 1919-1934: from fringe politics to seizure of power’, in Caplan (ed.),
Nazi Germany
A. von der Goltz, Hindenburg. Power, Myth and the Rise of the Nazis
R. F. Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler ?
Ian Kershaw (ed.) Weimar: Why did German Democracy fail?
L. Kettenacker, ‘Hitler’s Impact on the Lower Middle Classes’ in Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
M. Mann, Fascists ch.5 ‘German Sympathisers’
A. J. Nicholls, Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
J. Sneeringer, Winning Women’s Votes: Propaganda and Politics in Weimar Germany
P. D. Stachura (ed.) The Nazi Machtergreifung
H. A. Turner, 'Big business and the rise of Hitler.' AHR (1969)
H. A. Turner (ed.) Nazism and the Third Reich esp.
D. Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
H. A. Winkler, ‘German Society, Hitler and the Illusion of Restoration, 1930-1933’ JCH 11
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3. The Nazi State
The nature of the Nazi state is a big subject for one seminar discussion, but we can make
some sense of the problem by isolating a number of important themes for particular focus: the
role of the party in a one-party state; the nature of dictatorship (personal or party); the
disparity between monolithic order and ‘polycratic’ disorder. In particular the figure of Hitler
dominates not only the history of the Third Reich, but that of modern Germany, and indeed of
Europe and the twentieth-century world. He was comprehensively mythologised by Nazi
propaganda in his own time, but historians, film-makers, popular commentators and fantasists
in general have added subsequent layers of mythology since 1945.
Paper 1. State and Party in the Third Reich
Paper 2. The Role of Hitler.
Seminar Reading:
Gregor, Nazism, ‘C: The National Socialist Regime i-iv
K. D. Bracher, The German Dictatorship and 'The Role of Hitler: Perspectives of Interpretation' in
Laqueur Fascism. A Reader's Guide
Broszat, The Hitler State
Alan Bullock, Hitler. A Study in Tyranny
Jane Caplan (ed.), ‘Recreating the Civil Service: Issues and Ideas in the Nazi Regime’ in Noakes
Government, Party and People; also: ‘National Socialism and the Theory of the State’ in Childers
and Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating, and ‘The politics of administration’ HJ 20 (1977)
William Carr, Hitler a Study in Personality and Politics
Ernst Fraenkl, The Dual State
M. Geyer, ‘The Nazi State Reconsidered’ in Bessel, Life in the Third Reich
Klaus Hildebrand, The Third Reich
I. Kershaw, The Hitler Myth. Image and Reality in the Third Reich
Ian Kershaw, Hitler (Longman Profiles in Power)
Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship (ch. 4‘Weak dictator…’)
Ian Kershaw, ‘Hitler and the Uniqueness of Nazism’ JCH, 39 (2004)
H. Mommsen, 'National Socialism: Continuity and Change', in Laqueur, Fascism. A Reader's
Guide (also in Mommsen, Weimar to Auschwitz); and ‘Reflections on the Position of Hitler and
Göring in the Third Reich’ & ‘Hitler’s Position in the Nazi System’ in Mommsen, Weimar to
Auschwitz [also in Childers and Caplan (ed.), Reevaluating the Third Reich].
J. Noakes, ‘The Nazi Party and the Third Reich: The Myth and Reality of the One-Party State’ in
Noakes, Government, Party and People in Nazi Germany
J. Noakes, ‘”Viceroys of the Reich”? Gauleiters 1925-1945’ in McElligott and Kirk (eds), Working
towards the Führer
J Noakes, ‘Hitler and the Nazi State: leadership, hierarchy and power’ in Caplan (ed.), Nazi
Germany
E. N. Peterson, The Limits of Hitler's Power
D. Welch, ‘Working towards the Führer’: charismatic leadership and the image of Adolf Hitler in
Nazi Propaganda’ in McElligott and Kirk (eds), Working towards the Führer
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4. Nazism and the Economy
Here, as with other aspects of the history of the Third Reich, we are confronted with a collection of
popular clichés and simplifications (the Nazis got rid of unemployment, Hitler built the autobahns)
and often rather abstruse disagreements among historians. What was the role of big business in the
rise of Nazism and in the policies of Hitler. What was the role of the Nazis’ ideological critique of
liberalism in the formulation and implementation of economic policy. Was there a primacy of
politics or economics in the Third Reich. Was Germany, despite everything, economically
unprepared for war?
Paper 1. Reconstruction and Economic Crisis
Paper 2. Four Year Plan
Paper 3. The War Economy
Seminar Reading:
W. Carr, Arms, Autarky and Aggression. A Study in German Foreign Policy 1933-1939
B. Carroll, Design for Total War. Arms and Economics in the Third Reich
Gustavo Corni, Hitler and the Peasants. Agrarian Policy in the Third Reich
E. Farquharson, The Plough and the Swastika
D. Guerin, Fascism and Big Business
P. Hayes, Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era
P. Hayes, ‘Polyocracy and Policy in the Third Reich: The Case of the Economy’ in Thomas
Childers and Jane Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
H. James ‘Innovation and Conservatism in Economic Recovery: The Alleged “Nazi Recovery” of
the 1930s’ in Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
T. Mason, 'Hitler's War and the German Economy. A Re-interpretation.' EcHistR 35 (1982),
Alan Milward, 'Fascism and the Economy' in W Laqueuer (ed.) Fascism. A Reader's Guide
F. Neumann, Behemoth. The Structure and Practice of National Socialism
R. J. Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932-1938
R J Overy, Goering. The Iron Man
R. J. Overy, ‘Germany, “Domestic Crisis”, and War in 1939’, PP 116 (1987)
R.J. Overy, ‘State and Industry in Germany in the Twentieth Century’ GH (1994)
J.D. Shand ‘The Reichsautobahnen: Symbol for the Third Reich’, JCH 19 (1984)
Alfred Sohn-Rethel, The Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism
F. B. Tipton, ‘The Economic Dimension in German History’ in G. Martel, Modern Germany
Reconsidered 1870-1945
Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction;
Adam Tooze, ‘The Economic history of the Nazi regime’ in Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
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5. Nazism and Society
Nazi ideology and propaganda envisaged a new order in Germany. The class conflict of the early
twentieth century would be replaced by a Volksgemeinschaft (‘national community’) which
transcended sectional interest, and rewarded talent on the basis of merit. The only condition for
inclusion in this new society was membership of the German ‘race’. Although no serious historians
suggest that there was a real social revolution in Germany sufficient to overturn old class,
confessional and regional allegiances, it has been suggested that the regime did have some success
in altering perceptions, creating the impression of new opportunities. Real social change did take
place on a massive scale, of course, throughout Europe and the industrialising world during the first
half of the twentieth century, and - not least in Germany – as a consequence of the two world wars.
This seminar will examine the experiences of industrial workers and young people in order to
establish the extent of the Nazis’ impact on society. Class conflict had to be overcome (or
suppressed) and industrial workers successfully integrated (or their opposition contained) if
the national community was to make any sense, and to that extent the regime’s relationship
with the working class was a pivotal one. Similarly, youth policy, and the response of young
people was important to a movement which invested a great deal in the ideas of youth,
rejuvenation and regeneration. If the older generation persisted in its allegiance to outdated
ideologies and institutions, the Nazis were confident that they could shape new generations in
their own image.
Paper 1. Workers
Paper 2. Youth
Seminar Reading:
Götz Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries: How the Nazis Bought the German People
P. Ayçoberry, The Social History of the Third Reich
R. Bessel 'Living with the Nazis: Some Recent Writing on the Social History of the Third Reich',
EHQ 14 (1984) pp. 211-20.
R. Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich
David Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933-1945
Martin Kitchen, Nazi Germany at War
Jeremy Noakes, ‘Leaders of the People? The Nazi Party and German Society’, JCH 39 (2004)
Detlev Peukert. Inside Nazi Germany. Conformity and Opposition in Everyday Life
Lisa Pine, Hitler’s National Community. Society and Culture in Nazi Germany (Part One)
T. Saunders, ‘Nazism and Social Revolution’ in G. Martel, Modern Germany Reconsidered 18701945
D. Schoenbaum, Hitler's Social Revolution
Jill Stephenson, ‘Inclusion: building the national community in propaganda and practice’, in
Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
Workers
Burleigh, Confronting, 1 (Herbert) and 2 (Siegfried).
F. L. Carsten, The German Workers and the Nazis
Crew, Society, 1 (Bartov), 2 (Lüdtke) and 7 (Herbert).
D. Geary, ‘Working-Class Identities in the Third Reich’ in Gregor (ed.) Nazism, War and Genocide
J. Gillingham, ‘Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler’s War’ in JSH, 15 (1981-1982)
Alf Lüdtke, ‘The “Honor of Labor”: Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National
Socialism’ in David Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933-1945
T. Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich
T. Mason, 'Labour in the Third Reich 1933-1939', PP XXXIII 1966
T. Mason, 'The Workers' Opposition in Nazi Germany' HWJ 11 1981
T. Mason, Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class
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S. Salter, 'Structures of Consensus and Coercion: Workers' Morale and the Maintenance of Work
Discipline 1939-1945' in David Welch, Nazi Propaganda. The Power and the Limitations
Stephen Salter, ‘Class Harmony or Class Conflict? The Industrial Working Class and the National
Socialist Regime’ in J. Noakes (ed.) Government, Party and People in Nazi Germany
Stephen Salter, ‘Germany’ in Stephen Salter and John Stevenson, The Working Class and Politics
in Europe and America 1929-1945
Tilla Siegel, ‘Renationalizing Industrial Relations: A Debate on the Control of Labor in German
Shipyards in 1941’ in Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
Gregor, Nazism, E: The ‘Seductive Surface’ of National Socialism
Documents:
Noakes and Pridham II, 223-224 (Trustees of Labour); 226 (DAF); 244 (work creation); 249
(shortage of skilled workers); 260-263 (Sopade reports)
Noakes and Pridham IV Ch. 43, (v).
Youth:
H. W. Koch, The Hitler Youth
H. Mommsen, ‘Generational Conflict and Youth Rebellion in the Weimar Republic’ in Hans
Mommsen, From Weimar to Auschwitz
Detlev Peukert ‘Youth in the Third Reich’ in R. Bessel, Life in the Third Reich
(D. Peukert, ‘Young people: for or against the Nazis?’ History Today, 1985)
Detlev Peukert, Inside the Third Reich
P. Stachura, ‘The ideology of the Hitler Youth in the Kampfzeit’, JCH 8 (1973)
David Welch ‘Educational Film Propaganda and the Nazi Youth’ in Welch, Nazi Propaganda
14
6. Coercion, Conformity, Opposition and Resistance
Images of the ubiquitous Gestapo and sinister SS dominate the popular representation of Nazi
Germany. In practice the police forces of the Reich were re-organised, and brought under central
control (albeit not without something of a power struggle). In practice the Gestapo was a smaller
organisation than is often imagined, reliant on denunciation as much as on detection.
Before 1933 some people were enthusiastic supporters and others opponents. Who was
persecuted by the Nazi police state (individuals, groups, organisations) and why? How
widespread was support for the regime after 1933? Did it increase or diminish (during the
war, after Stalingrad)? What appealed to people about Nazism, and what did they reject?
Were some groups more ‘immune’ (‘resistent’) to Nazism than others. To what extent did the
regime use coercion, and how far was it able to win consent and even enthusiastic approval
for its policies?
Paper 1. The police state
Paper 2. Insiders and outsiders
Paper 3. Resistance, opposition and compliance
Reading:
G C Browder, Foundations of the Nazi Police State. The Formation of Sipo and SD
David Clay Large (ed.) Contending with Hitler. Varieties of German Resistance in the Third Reich.
J. S. Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches
D.J. Dietrich, ‘German Catholics in the Third Reich: nationalism and religion’ in HEI, 16 (1993).
R Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society. Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945
Robert Gellately Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
M. Geyer and J. Boyer (eds.) Resistance against the Third Reich 1933-1990
G. Graf, ‘The Genesis of the Gestapo’, JCH (1987)
C. Hall, ‘An Army of Spies? The Gestapo Spy Network 1933—45’ JCH (2009)
R. Koehl, ‘The Character of the Nazi SS’, JMH (1962)
R.L. Koehl, The Black Order. The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS
H Krausnick and M Broszat, Anatomy of the SS-State
Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Gerhard Paul, ‘Omniscient Omnipotent, Omnipresent? Gestapo,
Society and Resistance’ in David Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933-1945
F R Nicosia and L D Stokes (eds.) Germans against Nazism: Nonconformity, Opposition and
Resistance in the Third Reich
Lisa Pine, Hitler’s National Community. Society and Culture in Nazi Germany (Part Two)
Lisa Pine, ‘Hashude: The Imprisonment of Asocial Families in the Third Reich’, GH (1995)
G. Reitlinger, The SS. Alibi of a Nation
Herbert G Ziegler, Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy. The SS Leadership 1925-1939
Nikolaus Wachsmann, Hitler’s Prisons. Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
Nikolaus Wachsmann, ‘The Policy of exclusion: repression in the Nazi state, 1933-1939’ in Caplan
(ed.), Nazi Germany
Michael Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation. The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main
Office.
15
7. Culture, Leisure and Intellectual Life
Nominally cultural conservatives with an ‘official’ taste for the banal imitation of classical
styles, the Nazis displayed an acute understanding of culture in the broader sense. The regime
exploited the power of the visual image in poster art, cinema and advertising. It understood
the possibilities for social discipline and the raising of consciousness in organised leisure and
particularly in sporting achievement and collective experience. And made full use of the
propaganda effect of theatre, rhetoric, choreography and set design on important public
occasions.
Paper 1. Culture and leisure
Paper 2. Ideology and scholarship
Seminar Reading:
Art and Power Exhibition Catalogue, Hayward Gallery, 1995
S. Baranowski, Strength Through Joy. Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich
M. Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards.
Paul. B. Jaskot, The Architecture of Oppression: the SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental
Building Economy
G. H. Herb, Under the Map of Germany: Nationalism and Propaganda 1918-1945
D. S. Hull, Film in the Third Reich
I. Haar, German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing 1919-1945
E. Leser, Nazi Cinema
J. Petley, Capital and Culture. German Cinema 1933-1945
J. Petropoulos, Art as Politics in the Third Reich
J. Petropoulos, The Faustian bargain
L. Pine, Hitler’s National Community. Society and Culture in Nazi Germany (Part Three)
R. N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis
A. G. Rabinbach, ‘The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich’ JCH (1976)
K. Semmens, Seeing Hitler’s Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich
Margit Szöllösi-Janze (ed.) Science in the Third Reich
J. D. Shand, ‘The Reichsautobahn. Symbol for the Third Reich’, JCH (1983)
D. Weinberg, ‘Approaches to the Study of Film in the Third Reich’, JCH (1983)
D. Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
D. Welch, The Third Reich. Politics and Propaganda
D. Welch, ‘Nazi propaganda and the Volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a people’s Community’
JCH, 39 (2004)
16
8. Gender, Reproduction and the Family
Nazi social attitudes were conservative in many respects. A woman’s place was in the home,
and emancipatory measures were reversed with the deliberate exclusion of women from many
areas of public life. On the other hand Nazi policy towards women was conditioned as much
by their eugenic project as by traditional social values, and their pragmatic approach to raising
the birth-rate and improving the race offended many more traditional conservatives.
Paper 1. Women’s organisations.
Paper 2. Women and Nazism
Seminar reading:
R Bridenthal et al. (eds.) When Biology Became Destiny
Gisela Bock, ‘Antinatalism, Maternity and Paternity in National Socialist Racism’ in Crew (ed.),
Nazism and German Society 1933-1945
R J Evans, 'German Women and the Triumph of Hitler', JMH 1976
Elizabeth Harvey ‘Visions of the Volk, German Women and the Far Right form the Kaiserreich to
the Third Reich’, Journal of Women’s History 16/3 (2004) [E]
Elizabeth Harvey, Women and the Nazi East
Kirsten Heinsohn, ‘Germany’, in K. Passmore (ed.), Women, Gender and Fascism in Europe
J. Hermand, ‘All Power to the Women, Nazi Concepts of Matriarchy’ JCH (1984)
Claudia Koonz, ‘Eugenics, Gender and Ethics in Nazi Germany: The Debate about Involuntary
Sterilization 1933-1936’ in Childers and Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
B. Kundrus, ‘Forbidden Company: Romantic Relationships between Germans and Foreigners,
1939to 1945’ in JHS 11/1-2 (2002)
Kate Lacy, ‘Driving the message home: Nazi propaganda in the private sphere’ in Abrams and
Harvey, Gender Relations in German History
T Mason, 'Women in Nazi Germany 1925-1940: Family, Welfare and Work', HWJ, 1976 (I) 74-113
and 5-32 (II).
Jeremy Noakes, ‘Social Outcasts in the Third Reich’ in R. Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich
Lisa Pine, Nazi Family Policy
Julia Roos, ‘Backlash against Prostituts’ Rights: Origins and Dynamics of Nazi Prostitution
Policies’ JHS 11/1-2 (2002)
E. Rosenhaft, ‘Women in Modern Germany’ in G. Martel, Modern Germany Reconsidered 18701945
Adalheid von Saldern, ‘Victims or Perpetrators? Controversies about the Role of Women in the
Nazi State’ in Crew (ed.), Nazism and German Society 1933-1945
Claudia Schoppmann, ‘National Socialist policies towards female homosexuality’ in Abrams and
Harvey, Gender Relations in German History
J. Stephenson, Women in Nazi Society
J. Stephenson, The Nazi Organisation of Women
M. Stibbe, Women in the Third Reich
Annette F. Timm, ‘Sex with a Purpose: Prostitution, Venereal Disease and Militarized Masculinity
in the Third Reich’, JHS 11 / 1-2 (200)
Gregor, Nazism, E: National Socialism and German Society ii
17
9. Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust
Anti-Semitism was restricted neither to modern Germany nor the Nazis. Cultural and religious antiSemitism was widespread in Europe for centuries, and led to pogroms, expulsions and
discriminatory legislation across the continent. The racial anti-Semitism in the late nineteenth
century was new and qualitatively different, and culminated in genocide. The holocaust almost
defies historical explanation, and yet has generated an enormous amount of intense historical
debate. Perspectives were long dominated by the dispute between ‘intentionalists’ who believed the
plan to exterminate the Jews as a people was present form the beginning, and ‘functionalists’ who
argued that the development of policy was far less straightforward. During the 1980s this debate
was eclipsed by the furore generated by conservative German historians seeking to establish a
‘usable’ national past for Germany by relativising the holocaust. This seminar will deal with the
origins and development of modern racial anti-Semitism and the initial Nazi measures against the
Jews before the war. It will also address the violent radicalisation of Nazi anti-Semitism from 1938,
and locate the mass murder (including the non-Jewish victims, and the non-Nazi and often nonGerman perpetrators) in the broader context of Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II.
Paper 1. Cultural and scientific racism
Paper 2. The origins and implementation of the holocaust
Reading:
G. Aly, Final Solution
M Berenbaum (ed.) A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis
C. R. Browning, Ordinary Men
C. R. Browning, Paths to Genocide
C. R. Browning, ‘Beyond “Intentionalism” and “Functionalism”: A Reassessment of Nazi Jewish
Policy from 1939 to 1941’ in Childers and Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
Burleigh, Confronting the Nazi Past: Wipperman, Aly, Stümke
M Burleigh and W Wipperman, The Racial State 1933-1945
Phlippe Burrin, Hitler and the Jews
L S Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews 1933-1945
H Graml, Antisemitism in the Third Reich
Gutman et al, Anatomy of Auschwitz
Ian Kershaw, 'The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich', Leo
Baeck Institute Year Book 25 (1980)
M Marrus, The Holocaust in History
Hans Mommsen, 'The Realization of the Unthinkable: The "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
in the Third Reich', in Hans Mommsen, From Weimar to Auschwitz
Berno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science:
Jeremy Noakes, ‘Social Outcasts in the Third Reich’ in Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich
R Plant, The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals
Robert N Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis
Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria.
K A Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards German Jews 1933-1939
G Sereney, Into that Darkness. From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder
Paul J Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics
Gregor, Nazism, E: National Socialism and German Society ii
18
10. German Foreign Policy and the Nazis
Debates about Germany foreign policy under the Nazis have been dominated by discussion of
Hitler’s own role, and not least by the issue of whether this was ‘Hitler’s war’, based on a
foreign policy implemented according to a pre-conceived plan; or whether there were
continuities between the two world wars, and above all similarities of expansionist objective,
particularly in the East.
Paper 1. German foreign policy before Hitler
Paper 2. Nazi foreign policy
Reading:
W. Carr, Arms, Autarky and Aggression
W. Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Re-armament
M. Hauner, 'Did Hitler want a World Dominion?' JCH 1978
K. Hildebrand, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich
A. Hillgruber, Germany and the Two World Wars
K. H Jarausch 'From Second Reich to Third Reich: The Problem of Continuity in German Foreign
Policy', JCH (1978) pp. 15-32.
V. Liulevicius, War land on the Eastern Front: culture, national identity and German
occupation in World War I
T. Mason, 'Some Origins of the Second World War' PP (1964)
T. Mason, ‘The Domestic Dynamics of Nazi Conquests: A Response to Critics’ in Thomas
Childers and Jane Caplan (eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
M. Michaelis, 'World Power Status or World Dominion' HJ (1972)
A. Milward, The German Economy at War
K-J. Müller, The Army, Politics and Society in Germany 1933-45. Studies in the Army's Relation to
Nazism
R. J. O'Neill, The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933-39
R Overy 'Germany, "Domestic Crisis" and War in 1939' PP 1987 (See also: David Kaiser, Tim
Mason, R. J. Overy, ‘Debate: Germany, “Domestic Crisis” and War in 1939’.
E. M. Robertson (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War
G. Stoakes, Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion: Nazi Ideology and Foreign Policy in the
1920s
A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War
Gerhard Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany. Diplomatic Revolution in Europe.
Gerhard Weinberg, ‘Foreign policy in peace and war’ in Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
19
11. World War II and the Nazi New Order in Europe
What were the causes of the war? Was it avoidable? Why did Germany lose?
What were the Nazis’ plans for Europe in the event of the German victory that was expected
between the fall of France in 1940 and the defeat at Stalingrad in 1943. Did the occupation of
Europe amount to anything more than brutal repression, plunder, enslavement and genocide?
What attempts were there to stabilise Nazi rule by German military and civilian occupation
authorities? What was the extent of resistance? Why did so many people collaborate?
Seminar reading:
M Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: the SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps
S Baranowski, Nazi Empire. German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler
O. Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941-45
O. Bartov, ‘The Conduct of War: Soldiers and the Barbarization of Warfare’ JMH (1992,
supplement) and Geyer and Boyer (eds.) Resistance against the Third Reich 1933-1990
Doris Bergen, ‘Occupation, imperialism and genocide, 1939-1945’ in Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
P. Burrin, Living with defeat: France under the German occupation 1940-44
D. Cesarani, Genocide and Rescue. The Holocaust in Hungary
A Dallin, German Rule in Russia 1941-45. A Study in Occupation Politics
W Deakin, The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of Italian Fascism
Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust
J T Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation. The Generalgouvernement 1919-1944
Elizabeth Harvey, Women and the Nazi East
A. Hillgruber, Germany and the Two World Wars
Alex J. Kay et al (eds), Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalisation
T. Kirk and A.P. McElligott (eds), Opposing Fascism. Community, Authority and Resistance in
Europe
R. L. Koehl, RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945
H. R. Kedward, Resistance in Vichy France
V. Liulevicius, War land on the Eastern Front: culture, national identity and German occupation
in World War I
R C Lucas, Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation 1939-1944
M Mazower, Hitler’s Empire
M. Michaelis, 'World Power Status or World Dominion' HJ (1972)
Bob Moore, Resistance in Western Europe
A. Milward, The German Economy at War
A. Milward, War, Economy and Society
K-J. Müller, The Army, Politics and Society in Germany 1933-45. Studies in the Army's Relation to
Nazism
R. J. O'Neill, The German Army and the Nazi Party 1933-39
R. Overy, ‘The Economy of the German “New Order”’ in R. Overy, Die Neuordnung Europas
N. Rich, Hitler’s War Aims
J Thiess, ‘Hitler’s European Building Programme’ JCH 13 (1978)
20
12. Revision
The seminar will be split into two sections: in the first part we will be looking again at specific
themes requested by members of the group. In the second part we will be looking at essay
questions and gobbets from past papers and answering the question or commenting on the extract
as a collective exercise.
As we do this it will be useful to look at some of the theoretical and interpretive perspectives
related to Nazis and more broadly to fascism and/or German history.
If you feel it would be useful to do practice exam questions I am happy to mark and give feedback
on as many as you want to write. Please make it clear whether or not you’ve done the work under
exam conditions (i.e. timed and without notes or books).
Where a number of students are interested in tackling the same theme or subject area it can be
useful to organise a revision group or group tutorial. If you would like to organise a group revision
tutorial just let me know and we can organise a time.
21
GUIDE TO READING
A. Primary Sources
1. Printed Primary Sources
Roger Griffin (ed.) Fascism
Martyn Housden, Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich
A. Kaes, M. Jay and E, Dimendberg (eds) The Weimar Republic Sourcebook
J. Noakes and G Pridham, Nazism 1919-1945: A Documentary Reader (3 vols.)
1. The Rise to Power.
2. State, Economy and Society 1933-1939
3. Foreign Policy, War and Extermination
4. The German Home Front in World War II
Alison Owings, Frauen
Benjamin Sax and Dieter Kuntz, Inside Hitler's Germany
Roderick Stackelberger and Sally A Winkle, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook
Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik
Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939 Second Series Vols. II-IV cover the depression
and the Nazi take-over of power. (Robinson Library)
International Military Tribunal, The Trial of the Major War Criminals (Nuremberg, IMT, 1949)
Michael R. Marrus (ed.) The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
D. C. Watt (ed.) Mein Kampf, translated by Ralph Mannheim
Hitler's Second Book
Hitler's Secret Conversations
T. R. Trevor Roper (ed.) Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944
W. Maser, Hitler's Letters and Notes
W. Domarus (ed.), Hitler's Speeches
A Kubizek, The Young Hitler I Knew
2. Diaries, Memoirs and Autobiographies
Elke Fröhlich (ed.) Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels (29 vols)
H Heiber (ed.), The Early Goebbels Diaries
F Taylor (ed.) J Goebbels, Diaries 1939-1941
High Trevor Roper, The Goebbels Diaries: The last Days
Konrad Heiden, Hitler's Rise to Power
Harry Kessler, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan
Victor Klemperer, The Klemperer Diaries 1933-1945
Franz von Papen, Memoirs
Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich; idem., Spandau. The Secret Diaries
C. Secondary Sources
I
Reference works
M Freeman, Atlas of Nazi Germany
M. Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust
T. Kirk, The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany
P. Stachura, Political Leaders in Nazi Germany
22
R. Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany
II
General Books
Pierre Ayçoberry, The Social History of the Third Reich
Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship
Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich. A New History
Jane Caplan (ed.), Nazi Germany
Richard Evans, The Third Reich in Power
Norbert Frei, National Socialist Rule in Germany. The Führer State 1933-1945.
Tim Kirk, Nazi Germany
Detlev Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany
III
Biographies
Alan Bullock, Hitler. A Study in Tyranny
Joachim Fest, Hitler
Ian Kershaw, Hitler [Longman Profiles in Power]
Ian Kershaw, Hitler (2 vols)
Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin. Parallel Lives
David Welch, Hitler
J. V. Lang, Bormann
R Overy, Goering. The Iron Man
Peter R Black, Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Ideological Soldier of the Third Reich (B)
Robert Gerwarth, Hitler’s Hangman. The Life of Heydrich
Peter Longerich, Heinrich Himmler
Bradley F Smith, Heinrich Himmler. A Nazi in the Making 1900-1926
R Manvell and H Fraenkl, Heinrich Himmler
Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide. Himmler and the Final Solution
Werner T Angress and Bradley F Smith, 'Diaries of Heinrich Himmler's Early Years',
JMH, 31 (1959)
Peter Loewenberg, 'The Unsuccessful Adolescence of Heinrich Himmler', AHR 76 (1971).
Robert Gerwarth, Hitler’s Hangman. The Life of Heydrich
Joachim Fest, The Face of the Third Reich (covers lives of Hitler and several prominent Nazis)
Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelman (eds), The Nazi Elite (Collection of biographical essays)
IV German History
V R Berghahn, Modern Germany. Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century,
William Carr, A History of Germany 1815-1945.
G. Eley, From Unification to Nazism
Mary Fulbrook, Germany 1918-1990: The Divided Nation
V The German Right before 1918
F. Carsten, Fascist Movements in Austria from Schoenerer to Hitler
R. Chickering, We men who feel most German
G. Eley, The Reshaping of the German Right
G. Eley, From Unification to Nazism
H. Glaser, The Cultural Roots of National Socialism
G. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology
G. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses
F. Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology
H-J Puhle, ‘Conservatism in modern German history’. JCH 13 (1978)
P. Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria
23
VI The Weimar Republic and Support for the Nazi Party before 1933
D. Abraham, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic. Political Economy and Crisis
S. Baranowski, The Sanctity of Rural Life: Protestantism, Agrarian Politics and Nazism in Weimar
Prussia; and idem, ‘The Sanctity of Rural Life: Protestantism, Agrarian Politics and Nazism in
Pomerania during the Weimar Republic’, GH, 9 (1991)
R. Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism
R. Bessel and M. Jamin, ‘Nazis, workers and the uses of quantitative evidence’ SH 4 (1979)
Richard Bessel, Nazism and War
M. Broszat, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy
F. L. Carsten, The Reichswehr and Politics, 1918-1933
J. Caplan, The Rise of National Socialism 1918-1933 in G. Martel, Modern Germany Reconsidered
1870-1945
A. Chanady, ‘The Disintegration of the German National People’s Party’ JMH 39 (1967)
T. Childers, The Nazi Voter. The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany 1919-1933
T. Childers (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency 1918-1933
T. Childers, 'The Social Bases of the National Socialist Vote' JCH, xi (1976), pp. 17-42
T. Childers, ‘Who, indeed, did vote for Hitler?' CEH xvii/1 (1983), pp. 45-53.
A. Dorpalen, Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic
W. Falter and R. Zintl, ‘The Economic crisis of the 1930s and the Nazi Vote’, JIH
J. E. Farqharson, ‘The NSDAP in Hanover and Lower Saxony 1921-1926’, JCH (1973)
C. Fischer ‘The SA of the NSDAP: social background and ideology of the rank and file in the early
1930s’, JCH 17 (1982)
C. Fischer, Stormtroopers: A Social, Economic and Ideological Analysis 1929-1935
C. Fischer, The Rise of the Nazis
C. Fischer (ed.), The Rise of National Socialism and the Working Classes in Germany
C. Fischer, 'Class Enemies or Class Brothers? Communist-Nazi relations in Germany 1929-1933',
EHQ xv/3 (1985)
P. Fritzsche, Rehearsals for Fascism: populism and political mobilization in Weimar Germany
P. Gay, Weimar Culture
Dick Geary, 'Nazis and workers', EHQ xv/4.
A von der Goltz, Hindenburg. Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis
R. F. Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler ?
R. F. Hamilton, 'Braunschweig 1932: further evidence on the support for National Socialism', CEH
xvii/1 (1984) pp. 3-36.
Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third
Reich
E. Kolb, The Weimar Republic
I. Kershaw (ed.) Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail
L. Kettenacker, ‘Hitler’s Impact on the Lower Middle Classes’ in D. Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism. White Émigrés and the Making of National
socialism 1917-1945
Herman Lebovics, Social Conservatism and the Middle Classes in Germany
J. A. Leopold, Alfred Hugenberg: the radical nationalist campaign against the Weimar Republic
Michael Mann, Fascists
T. Mason, 'National Socialism and the working class, 1925-May 1933' NGC, 11 (1977) pp. 49-93
A. P. McElligott, ‘Street Politics in Hamburg 1932-33’, HW (1983)
Anthony McElligott, ‘Dangerous communities and conservative authority: the judiciary, Nazis and
rough people, 1932-1933’ in Kirk and McElligott, Opposing Fascism
Detlef Mühlberger, 'The Sociology of the NSDAP: the question of working class membership.'
JCH, xv (1980), pp. 493-512.
P. Merkl, Political Violence under the Swastika. 581 Early Nazis
P Merkl, The Making of a Stormtrooper
A. J. Nicholls, Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
Detlev Peukert, The Weimar Republic
24
J. Noakes, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony
E. Rosenhaft, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
J. Sneeringer, Winning Women’s Votes: Propaganda and Politics in Weimar Gerrmany
Hans Speier, German White Collar Workers and the Rise of Hitler
P Stachura, Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic
P. Stachura, Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism
M S Steinberg, Sabers and Brown Shirts: The German Student's Path to National Socialism.
F. Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair
K. Theweleit, Male Fantasies
H. A. Turner, German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler
H. A. Turner, 'Big business and the rise of Hitler.' AHR (1969)
R. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism. The Free corps movement in post-war Germany 1918-1923
B. Weisbrod, ‘Economic power and political stability reconsidered: heavy industry in Weimar
Germany’ SH 4 (1979)
D. Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
The Transition from Democracy to Dictatorship
D Abraham, 'Constituting Hegemony. The Bourgeois Crisis of Weimar Germany', JMH,1979
W S Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930-1935
R. Bessel, ‘Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power’ in R Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third
Reich
M Broszat, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany
N. E. Hayward and D S Morris, The First Nazi Town (Aldershot, 1988).
Ian Kershaw (ed.) Weimar. Why did German Democracy Fail?
H. Mommsen ‘Heinrich Brüning as Chancellor: The Failure of a Politically Isolated Strategy’ and
‘State and Bureaucracy in the Brüning Era’ in Hans Mommsen, From Weimar to Auschwitz
P. D. Stachura (ed.) The Nazi Machtergreifung
D. Welch (ed.), Nazi Propaganda
H. A. Winkler, ‘German Society, Hitler and the Illusion of Restoration, 1930-1933’ JCH 11 (1976)
25
VII.
The Nazi Dictatorship
The Nazi Party
J. Farquharson, ‘The NSDAP in Hanover and Lower Saxony 1921-1926’ JCH 1973
M. Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders 1919-1945
Jeremy Noakes, The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony
D. Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party (2 vols.).
D. Orlow, ‘The organisational history and structure of the NSDAP, 1919-1923’, JMH 37 (1965).
D. Orlow, ‘The conversion of myth into political power: the case of the Nazi Party 1925-26’ AHR
1967
J. Nyomarky, Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party
G Pridham, Hitler's Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement in Bavaria, 1923-1933
Politics, Party and State
Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Consequences of
National Socialism.
K. D. Bracher 'The Role of Hitler: Perspectives of Interpretation' in W Laqueur (ed.) Fascism. A
Reader's Guide
Martin Broszat, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the
Third Reich
Jane Caplan, ‘Recreating the Civil Service: Issues and Ideas in the Nazi Regime’ in J. Noakes (ed.)
Government, Party and People in Nazi Germany
Jane Caplan, ‘National Socialism and the Theory of the State’ in Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan
(eds.), Reevaluating the Third Reich
J. Caplan, ‘The politics of administration’ HJ 20 (1977)
W Carr, Hitler. A Study in Personality and Politics
J. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich.
Ernst Fraenkl, The Dual State
Norbert Frei, The Führer State
M. Geyer, ‘The Nazi State Reconsidered’ in R Bessel (ed.), Life in the Third Reich
M. Housden, ‘Personal Rivalry in the Hitler State. A Case Study’, GH (1990)
Klaus Hildebrand, The Third Reich
Eberhard Jäckel, Hitler in History
I. Kershaw, The Hitler Myth. Image and Reality in the Third Reich
H. Mommsen, 'National Socialism: Continuity and Change', in W Laqueur (ed.) Fascism. A
Reader's Guide reprinted in Hans Mommsen, From Weimar to Hitler
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33
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S J Woolf (ed.) The Nature of Fascism
Abbreviations.
AHR
CEH
EHQ
EcHistR
EHR
ESR
GH
HEI
HWJ
JHI
JIH
JCH
JHS
JMH
JSH
NLR
PP
SEER
SH
American Historical Review
Central European History
European History Quarterly
Economic History Review
English Historical Review
European Studies Review
German History
Journal of the History of European Ideas
History Workshop Journal
Journal of the History of Ideas
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
Journal of Contemporary History
Journal of the History of Sexuality
Journal of Modern History
Journal of Social History
New Left Review
Past and Present
Slavonic and East European Review
Social History