• Some novels and plays seem to advocate changes in social or political attitudes or in traditions. Choose such a novel or play and note briefly the particular attitudes or traditions that the author apparently wishes to modify. Then analyze the techniques the author uses to influence the reader’s or audience’s views. Avoid plot summary.

Some novels and plays seem to advocate
changes in social or political attitudes or in traditions. Choose such a novel or play and note briefly the particular attitudes
or traditions that the author apparently
wishes to modify. Then analyze the
techniques the author uses to influence
the reader’s or audience’s views. Avoid plot summary.

• Leo Tolstoy in his novel The Death of Ivan
Illych uses the protagonist’s recognition of his own failed life of conformity to critique the shallow materialism and amoral values of 19 th century Russian society, in the process delivering a hopeful message of spiritual salvation.

• In a novel or play, a confidant (male) or a confidante
(female) is a character, often a friend or relative of the hero or heroine, whose role is to be present when the hero or heroine needs a sympathetic listener to confide in.
Frequently the result is, as Henry James remarked, that the confidant or confidante can be as much “the reader’s friend as the protagonist’s.” However, the author sometimes uses this character for other purposes as well. Choose a confidant or confidante from a novel or play of recognized literary merit and write an essay in which you discuss the various ways this character functions in the work. You may write your essay on one of the following novels or plays or on another of comparable quality. Do not write on a poem or short story.

• In a novel or play, a confidant (male) or a confidante
(female) is a character, often a friend or relative of the hero or heroine, whose role is to be present when the hero or heroine needs a sympathetic listener to confide in.
Frequently the result is, as Henry James remarked, that the confidant or confidante can be as much “the reader’s friend as the protagonist’s.” However, the author sometimes uses this character for other purposes as well. Choose a
confidant or confidante from a novel or play of recognized
literary merit and write an essay in which you discuss the
various ways this character functions in the work. You may write your essay on one of the following novels or plays or on another of comparable quality. Do not write on a poem or short story.

• In the novel The Death of Ivan Illych by Leo
Tolstoy, the servant Gerasim serves as confidant to the protagonist Ivan Ilych, providing Ivan with the compassion he so desperately needs as a dying man as well as proving to be a moral model for Ivan as he confronts the torment required for his own spiritual awakening.

• Both focus on a novel or play (major work).
• Both provide a focusing idea.
• Both require analysis based upon the focusing idea.
• Both require student to assess how author uses a technique.
• Both require student to explain how the device, idea functions in the work to create meaning.

• The open-ended prompt is a prompt designed to test the student’s ability to apply a broad theme or technique to a major work (novel or play of LITERARY MERIT) that the student has studied and about which the student has a solid working knowledge.

• Every AP Prompt requires the student to attend to four components of analysis.
• ARCHITECT– the who!
• TEXT—the what!
• TECHNIQUES—the how!
• EFFECTS—the why!
• (notice the cute mnemonic sound device?)

• The architect is the writer who created, carefully crafted, the written piece.
• The writer had intentions when creating the piece, effects that he/she wanted to convey to the reader.
• The architect’s intentions are revealed in the text by his use of technique.

• The text is all we have to discern the meaning of the piece, the author’s intentions and the effects of the writing we are studying.
• We approach the text as detectives, searching for the deeper meanings in it by paying close attention to it.
• All our theories regarding the effects of the writing must be found in the textual evidence.

• Techniques are the writer’s tools for creating the effects in the text he/she constructs. As an architect creates a building, so a writer constructs a text.
• Techniques include accepted methods and language tools that convey meaning.
• Common examples are figurative language techniques, rhetorical techniques, structural techniques.
• The techniques are the how of the writer’s craft.

• The Effects are the author’s intended impacts on the reader.
• Effects include thematic (ideas), sensual, emotional, physical, moral, even spiritual impacts that are focused and intentional.
• The effects are the ways in which the text MOVES us, stirs us, makes us think and feel.
• You may say the Effects are the reason, the deeper meaning that the author aims for, they are the SIGNIFICANCE of the piece.

• Choose a character from a novel or play of recognized literary merit and write an essay in which you (a) briefly describe the standards of the fictional society in which the character exists and (b) show how the character is affected by and responds to those standards.
In your essay do not merely summarize the plot.

• Architect (Who): ____________________
• Text (What): ________________________
• Technique (How): ____________________
• Effect (Why):
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________

• . Choose a work of literature written before
1900. Write an essay in which you present arguments for the work’s relevance for a society and/or person today. Avoid plot summary.

• Arthitect (Who): ___________________
• Text (What):_______________________
• Technique (How): __________________
• Effect (Why):________________________
• _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

• The significance of a title such as The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is so easy to discover. However, in other works (for example, Measure for Measure) the full significance of the title becomes apparent to the reader only gradually. Choose a work and show how the significance of its title is developed through the authors’ use of devices such as contrast, repetition, allusion, and point of view.

• Arthitect (Who): ___________________
• Text (What):_______________________
• Technique (How): __________________
• Effect (Why):________________________
• _____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________

• 1996. The British novelist Fay Weldon offers this observation about happy endings. “The writers, I do believe, who get the best and most lasting response from their readers are the writers who offer a happy ending
through moral development. By a happy ending, I do not
mean mere fortunate events -- a marriage or a last minute rescue from death -- but some kind of spiritual
reassessment or moral reconciliation, even with the self,
even at death.” Choose a novel or play that has the kind of
ending Weldon describes. In a well-written essay, identify the “spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation” evident in the ending and explain its significance in the
work as a whole.

• The Death of Ivan Illych by Leo Tolstoy, an unrelentingly realistic, even depressing portrait
of a man’s confrontation with his own mortality,
ending in Ivan Illych’s death, is the epitome of
the “happy ending” of which Fay Weldon speaks.
The protagonist’s pain, both physical and emotional, builds throughout the book, ending in
a crescendo of hellish suffering. Yet Ivan’s suffering and his horrifying death serve to help him realize his moral and spiritual shortcomings, eventually leading him to a transcendent spiritual awakening.

• Ivan’s final spiritual epiphany, a mere hour before
his death, is the result of an agonizing and misguided
fight to rescue himself from inevitable death. He has cancer, yet he denies its power to kill him, asserting that he is Ivan Illych and he cannot possibly die, as
Caius in the old syllogism must. All men die, yet Ivan is convinced he will not because he is an important man--a respected judge in the Russian courts, a man
who makes a 5000 ruble salary, a man who lives with propriety and the approval of society. He is convinced he is exceptional, as his entire life he has won at the game of social climbing, becoming a glowing success with high status and many material possessions.

• Indeed, Ivan uses his social success to obscure the truth about his moral deficiencies and his spiritual bankruptcy. He is the quintessential Everyman, the middle-class citizen who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing. He has become a mindless bureaucrat, buried in the easy life of the Russian legal
machine, a success in terms of money, power and prestige, who plays at his career and life as if both were a game. His work allows
him to don the officious mask, to lord it over clients, avoiding powerful feelings and the truth about himself. His profession is his shield against his wife’s carping dissatisfaction, the deaths of two of their children, the demands of being an accessible and caring
father. Beyond work, Ivan escapes in social life, enjoying cards with the boys to almost every other pursuit. The card game allows him a comfortable pastime with set rules and decorum. A life of
ease is his goal in work and in play, leaving him unable to confront real emotions, real relationships, and real loss.

• Buried in pleasant conformity, Ivan
essentially loses his own identity, his own soul.
So many years of conformity, of hiding behind his profession, his meticulously stylish apartment,
his social prestige as a prominent judge—in short all the illusions he once felt gave his life meaning and provided him with immense satisfaction fail him when cancer arrives to wrack his body and challenge his self-satisfied self image. He must now confront “it,” the “it” of
death, the “it” of his life’s lies, the “it” of truth.

• As death draws nearer and nearer, Ivan has to let go of the
lies, to see the truth, and accept death. The key to this transformation are the models others present him. Gerasim, Ivan’s servant, displays Christian love and charity, holding Ivan’s legs
upon his peasant shoulders for hours, comforting Ivan, telling him his is no trouble, that he hopes someone will do the same for him
one day, as “we all must die.” Ivan’s son also helps the dying man through his simple compassion. The son expresses true grief for his father’s plight, unconcealed, causing Ivan to see real humanity. It is, in fact, Volodya’s final act of tenderness as Ivan rests on his deathbed (kissing his father’s hand) which proves a catalyst for
Ivan’s spiritual epiphany. The boy’s compassion breaks through
Ivan’s self-pity and pain, causing him to realize he must stop thinking of himself and comfort his family. This spiritual
breakthrough of “doing unto others as we would have done unto us” is the crowning achievement of Ivan’s spiritual awakening.

In the end, Tolstoy’s ugly portrayal of a vain man’s journey to spiritual reassessment is beautiful
and satisfying, even “happy,” as in Weldon’s view. In his last moments of consciousness, Ivan reassesses his life, recognizing the waste of his years while simultaneously discovering the truth that redeems
him from his sins. This one moment of redemption makes Ivan’s life worthwhile in spite of the pain he endured in life and in death. Ivan Illych dies a truly happy man.

• FOCUS ON THE PROMPT’S FOCUS.
• The student is not expected to be able to quote the prompt directly, although having a memorized key quotation or two can sometimes come in handy.
• The student must be able to cite relevant, preferably specific details about characters, action, plot or other germane aspects of the work in the essay.

• The response must not retell (narrate) the story.
• Providing situational context related to analysis is not narration.
• The focus of the response is on analyzing the
meaning of the work in relation to the prompt’s focus.

• The better essay will incorporate a significant
meaning related to the prompt focus, not merely apply the prompt focus to the major work. It will also discuss why the author did what he/she did.

• Introduction: Covers the 4 ATTE components.
• Thesis: Specific, focused on prompt and expands on significant meaning (Effect)
• Body: Plenty of specific, lively detail that provides support for the thesis claim.
• Topic sentences: Point back to thesis with words and phrases, focus on Effect to explain the thesis claim.
• Conclusion: Reinforces the big idea (effect), keeps focus on the work’s overall impact in relation to the prompt focus and the particular significant meaning.