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AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays Name ___________________________________________ Date _________________________ Period _______ Chapter 6: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries MULTIPLE CHOICE _____ 1. Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of _____. A. spiritual harmonies B. the motion of atoms C. their relation to celestial vibrations D. mathematical relationships _____2. The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by ___. A. Isaac Newton B. Galileo Galilei C. Tycho Brahe D. Johannes Kepler _____3. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in ________. A. medicine B. natural history C. chemistry D. astronomy _____4. Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe? A. Tycho Brahe B. Nicolaus Copernicus C. Galileo Galilei D. Johannes Kepler _____5. Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries? A. Nicolaus Copernicus B. Isaac Newton C. Johannes Kepler D. Galileo Galilei _____6. Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction? A. René Descartes B. Francis Bacon C. Isaac Newton D. Johannes Kepler AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____ 7. Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and ________. A. modality B. God C. metaphor D. mind _____ 8. Hobbes saw human beings as ________. A. naturally docile B. basically good C. basically just D. self-centered, power-hungry creatures _____ 9. Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of ________. A. natural history B. medicine C. astronomy D. biology _____10. How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700? A. 1.5 to 2 million B. 2,000 to 3,000 C. 500,000 to 600,000 D. 70,000 to 100,000 _____11. What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women? A. 80 percent C. 50 percent B. 100 percent D. 10 percent _____ 12. In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by________. A. noble women C. elderly or widowed women B. merchant’s wives D. male barbers _____ 13. Baroque art first emerged in ________. A. Paris, France B. papal Rome C. Florence, Italy D. Buckingham Palace, London, England _____ 14. Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ________. A. he wanted to flatter his patrons B. looking for famous names, he could only think of the Medicis C. he was in love with a Medici noblewoman D. it was the custom to name heavenly bodies after living people AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____15. The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his views about strong central government in his book ________. A. Second Treatise of Government B. Leviathan C. Discourse on Method D. Gulliver’s Travels _____ 16. Baroque art became associated with ________. A. the Renaissance B. English nobility C. Roman Catholicism D. popular Protestantism _____ 17. Jonathan Swift’s satire of the new sciences was ________. A. Leviathan B. Gulliver’s Travels C. First Treatise of Government D. Letter Concerning Toleration _____ 18. Brahe’s assistant was ________. A. Francis Bacon B. René Descartes C. Johannes Kepler D. John Locke _____ 19. The scientist most known for his work on the laws of gravitation was ________. A. Tycho Brahe C. Francis Bacon B. Isaac Newton D. John Locke _____ 20. The most famous institution dedicated to the new sciences was the ________. A. Berlin Academy of Science B. Royal Society of London C. University of Paris D. French Academy of Science _____21. The woman who brought René Descartes to advise on the new science academy was _____. A. Queen Christina of Sweden B. Maria Cunitz C. Elisabetha Hevelius D. Maria Winkelmann _____ 22. The author of Pensées, published posthumously, was _________. A. Denis Diderot B. René de Chateaubriand C. René Descartes D. Blaise Pascal AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____ 23. Baroque art aligned with the ideas of the scientific revolution because it ________. A. paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural world B. departed from classic religious scenes C. depicted largely mathematical ideas D. was commissioned by the leaders of the new scientific world _____24. In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of earth’s place in the heavens combined the works of ________. A. Aquinas and Bacon C. Ptolemy and Aristotle B. Plato and Aristotle D. Socrates and Plato _____ 25. Which of the following is Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science? A. He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work. B. He did groundbreaking scientific research in which he suggested that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun. C. He proved Copernicus’s research incorrect and published his own geocentric findings. D. He proved that the moon and other planets revolved around the earth. _____ 26. Newton was a strong supporter of ________. A. empiricism C. divine guidance B. inspiration D. rationalism _____ 27. Many proponents of mechanism believed________. A. machines should do the work of humans B. human beings were machines, slaves to religion C. humans were machines whose purpose was to produce knowledge D. the world could be explained in mechanical metaphors _____ 28. Francis Bacon believed that________. A. the study of nature began with the articulation of general principles B. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition C. knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divine D. the best era of human history lay in antiquity _____29. According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by ______. A. becoming selfless and obeying others C. naturally being sociable B. taking part in a tacit contract D. embracing Christianity _____ 30. According to Pascal’s famous wager, ________. A. it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost B. it is best to live life to the fullest, regardless of your religious beliefs, and if God does exist, seek forgiveness near the end of your life C. it is best to believe that God does not exist so that if he does exist, you will be joyful rather than disappointed D. only one person in a hundred would be saved AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____ 31. Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts? A. The droughts causing famine, especially in Ireland, led to the death of many, and because the witches claimed to control the weather, they were to blame. B. Witches were primarily women, and because women bore children that were causing an economic and scientific panic, they were to blame. C. The corrupt government needed a distracter from the bad publicity, and because the same women that were suspected witches were spreading the news of corruption, politicians saw witch hunts as an answer to both their problems. D. Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic. _____ 32. The witch hunts ended because, among other things, ________. A. they threatened the social order B. Protestants were more preoccupied with the devil C. the power of words seemed greater after Gutenberg D. no judges were left _____ 33. Charles I’s employment of Rubens illustrated to the people of England that ____ A. baroque art demonstrated religious truths B. Charles opposed a monarchial government C. Galileo was incorrect and should be condemned D. Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathies _____ 34. The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was________. A. Pope Urban VIII’s tabernacle in Rome B. Charles I’s palace in London C. Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles D. Franz Joseph’s palace in Vienna _____35. Which of these first argued convincingly for the heliocentric model of the universe. A. Nicolaus Copernicus C. Johannes Kepler B. Isaac Newton D. Galileo Galilei _____ 36. Prior to 1600, the scientific world viewed Copernicus’s understanding of the universe with ______. A. full acceptance and approval C. caution and interest B. complete rejection D. religious outrage and condemnation _____ 37. How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists? A. It increased the range of physical observations. B. It required a new level of mathematical accuracy. C. It improved navigation. D. It required increased attention to scientific subjects. AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____ 38. In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked ________. A. Locke’s method C. the church B. the use of reason alone D. received truths _____39. The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an idea embraced by ________. A. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Descartes B. Hobbes, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke C. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes D. Bacon, in opposition to the ideas of John Locke _____ 40. The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as ________. A. forums for intellectual exchange B. political clubs C. social gatherings D. closely linked to universities _____ 41. The Enlightenment was the movement that________. A. held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science B. brought scientists and philosophers together to reconcile their differences on the state of the natural world C. attempted to interpret the events of scripture based on scientific observations of the natural world D. saw the growth of industry and the increase of manufacturing _____ 42. The book on astronomy by Maria Cunitz was ________. A. initially rejected by the scientific world B. recognized as her own work only after her husband added a preface C. considered an important accomplishment for a woman of her day D. widely read and distributed in universities _____ 43. According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ________. A. should be explained by scientists B. must be compatible because they shared the same author C. appear directly opposed on countless points and must be reconciled D. are inadequately explained by the Roman Catholic Church _____ 44. The scope of witchcraft persecutions shows that _________. A. the Catholic Church was losing its power B. the Protestant Reformation had run its course C. the wars of religion were over D. belief in witchcraft was common AP European History Period 1 Chapter 6 Worksheet & Essays _____ 45. The greatest example of empiricism is shown by the work of ________. A. Blaise Pascal B. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler C. Thomas Hobbes D. Ptolemy _____46. Opposing ________, it was natural that the scientific revolution would also often find itself in opposition to _________. A. reason; the church B. received truths; political authority C. the deductive method; empiricism D. scholasticism; universities _____ 47. Pascal’s attitude towards reason was that it was ________ . A. un-Christian B. of little use C. insufficient for grasping religious concepts D. superior to faith in understanding the world Short Answer: 1. Refer to the excerpt “Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise.” How do Descartes and Swift differ in their views on the value of science? What are the main points of difference? Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science 4 points 2. What ends—religious or secular did baroque art meet? How does the artwork of the time coincide with the natural sciences and changes in culture that existed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Explain. Topic: Baroque Art 3 points
