History of American Education
Coach Snell's 1st pd class
The mediocre
teacher tells.
The good
teacher explains.
The superior
teacher
demonstrates.
The great
teacher inspires!
~William Arthur
Ward
Early National Period
(1776-1840)
By Amanda and Kiley
Benjamin Franklin
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Born Jan. 17, 1706 in Boston.
He spent most of his extra time educating
himself.
He was the founder of the first public
library in Philadelphia.
He made a plan for a grammar school that
would teach English, provide knowledge,
and be full of hands-on objects.
The school never came about, because the
administrator did not want to put forth the
effort of making the school happen.
amanda ash
Thomas Jefferson
• Born Albemarle County, Virginia, April, 13,
1743.
• Created the University of Virginia at
Charlottesville
 provided electives for the students to fit
their academic needs
 also having the right to acquire
knowledge
 He surveyed the site, planned the
buildings, and was a supervisor during
construction
 Opened March 1825
• By doing this he set a basis for universities and
colleges to come.
amanda ash
Noah Webster
• Born in West Hartford, Connecticut in 1758.
• He mastered 20 languages.
• He is recognized in education for
writing,"The American Spelling Book."
• He is known as the world's greatest
lexicographer.
• A lexicographer is someone that writes,
compiles, or edits a dictionary.
• His greatest accomplishment was writing "An
American Dictionary of the English
Language."
amanda ash
Benjamin Rush
• He was one of the Founders of
Dickenson College.
• He was a big advocate for reforms,
his main reform was American
education.
• He made a speech entitiled,
"Thoughts Upon Female Education."
• This speech was a turning point in
the education of women for the
better.
The Land Ordinance of 1785
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The ordinance discussed how the
government would measure, divide, and
distribute the land it had acquired from
Great Britain at the end of the American
Revolution.
The land was divided and put up for sale to
settlers, because the government was
having money problems due to the war.
Division of Land: divided into townships or
city is 36 square miles, which were then
divided into one-square mile.
Each section recieved a number, and
Section 16 was reserved only for public
schools.
This was right in the middle of the town, so
that all children could go to school and
make it required.
The NorthWest Ordinance of 1787
• It includes the land in Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio,
and Illinois.
• This was a means of states joining the union through the
admission process.
• The government wanted to admit new states, instead of
expanding the existing states.
• Requirements
- had to have a population of at least 60,000
- had to have a governor, secretary, and three judges
- bill of rights
- a drafted states constitution
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Monitorial Instruction
During this time, education was not a
priority
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Many children were forced to work under
very challenging conditions.
• Children as young as 6 years old were
forced to work 12 hour shifts with no
breaks for 6 days a week.
• many children were treated as machines,
rather than children.
• Churches were trying hard to allow children
to have the right to education, but they were
losing their authority in society.
• Many people feared education because they
didn’t want to step outside their social
classes.
• Joseph Lancaster brought a system into
society trying to give children the education
they deserved. There would be a “monitor”
assigned that would help with crowd control.
This is where the word Monitorial came from.
•Although this program was not successful, it
opened a window for many more ideas to
come.
Kiley Jarck
Early American Colleges
•Two reason established: most were
established by religious denominations and
2nd- colleges were the pride in the community.
•Almost anyone could “found” a college- they
were very small.
•The ratio of college students to the population
in 1810 was 1 to 1500. The ratio in 1988 was 1
to 30. New England's population in the
nineteenth century was one and one-half
million.
•Less than 10 thousand students were
attending college
• Math, Moral Philosophy, Latin, and Greek
were labeled as the classical studies.
•The "Parallel Program" was perfected in
1828. It allowed more modern language,
science, political economy, and math.
Kiley Jarck
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Dartmouth College Case
Established in the year 1754 atLebanon,
Connecticut by Reverand Eleazar Wheelock.
Wheelock was a minister.
On December 13, 1769, a college "for the
education and instruction of Youth of the
Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing,
and all parts of Learning which shall appear
necessary and expedient for civilizing and
Christianizing Children as well as in all liberal
arts and sciences and also of English Youth and
any others" was established.
Wheelock decided to use his small log home
for the school which was later named after
William Legge. The first class consisted of four
students.
The New Hampshire legislature believed that
the majority of the funds to run the college
were from the public sector and that the
college should be a University and a public
institution.
The Dartmouth College case shows the
importance of the Supreme Courts' decisions.
Kiley Jarck
The Yale Report of 1828
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The issues in controversy include, 1.
Church versus state control of higher
education, 2. the value of the college
versus the university, and 3. classical
curriculum versus the principle of election.
The Yale Report of 1828 was a major
historical happening in the debate about
curriculum in education.
The Yale Report of 1828 was written
to challenge critics who were questioning
the authority of the curriculum..
Education had to act as parental control
mental discipline, and mental faculties.
Reform of curriculum began to change by
the end of the nineteenth century.
Kiley Jarck
Education In New Harmony, Indiana
•Established in 1825 and was an experiment in
cooperative living.
•Robert Owen founded the community in or to
provide a model town based on the principle of
common ownership.
•All people were to be treated the same and every
member was to be given the same opportunity for
education.
•Owen believed that getting rid of social classes
would benefit society most affectively.
•Industrial and agricultural classes were mostly
involved in this program.
•William MaClure (Owen’s associate) wanted to
better the lives of the working classes through
education.
•MaClure felt that every child must feel secure in
their enviroment before they can learn.
•By 1827 the experiment in New Harmony had
begun to fail because of disagreements between
Owen and MaClure over education and finance.
•In 1828 Owen was forced to sell New Harmony.
Kiley Jarck
Common School Period
1840-1880
Kimberly Long and Katie Farr
Horace Mann
Horace Mann
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"Father of American Education"
Born in Franklin, Mass. (1796)
Schooling lasted in period of eight
to ten weeks a year
He felt common school would be
the "great equalizer"
His Theory: crime and poverty
would surely decline if people had
the opportunity to get an
education
1827 - law establishing high
schools
1839- state of Mass. must have at
least a 6 month schol year
Kimberly Long Katie Farr
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Education Background:
o reading volumes of Franklin Town
Library
o Sophomore class of Brown University
(1816)
o maintained a thriving law practice
(Dedham and Boston)
o (1837) left his law practice to become
Secretary of Education
o (1848) U.S. House of Representatives
o (1852) President of Antioch College
Mary Lyon
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(1797-1849)
School teacher from Massachusetts.
An American pioneer and a remarkable
woman who founded the worldwide
model of higher education for women Mount Holyoke College
She was 17 when she aquired her first
teaching job at a summer school in
Shelburne Falls (1814). Her pay was 75
cents a week.
Even though money was scarce and she
had a busy schedule, she did anything
she could to further her education
She opened her school, Mount Holyoke
College, in 1837
Mary Lyon proved that women were able
to learn just as well as men
kimberly long and katie farr
The Catholic Controversy
kimberly long and katie farr
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From 1830 to 1850 more
than one millioin Catholic
immigrants came to the
eastern seaboard of the
U.S.
Discrimination in the U.S.
against Catholics led to the
development of the Catholic
School System
The reason for
discrimination is because
almost all schools were still
focused on the church and
controlled by Protestants
The only thing standing in
the way of Catholic schools
being built was a lack of
money
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Governor William H. Seward and Bishop
John Huges of New York both attempted to
help the Catholics.
Their efforts led to many riots, outbreaks,
and even deaths.
Denial for the request to use their own Bible
and prayers. The public schools left no
other alternative for the leaders of the
Catholic church. The schools had to be
built.
The McGuffey Readers
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In 1833, a small publishing company,
Truman and Smith, became interested in
school texts. They happened upon Rev.
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William Homes McGuffey.
First: Introduced the ethical code. (prompt,
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good, kind, honest, and truthful)
Second: 85 lessons of rading and spelling.
(History, Biology, Astronomy, Zoology,
botany, table manners, behavior toward
friends and family, attitude toward God,
the poor, the great, and the good)
Third:rules for oral reading. (junior high
level)
Fourth: intro. to good literature (highest
grades)
kimberly long and katie farr
Fifth: Exercises to increase articulation,
inflection, pitch, accent, rate, emphasis, and
gesture
Sixth: Composition, description, narration,
argumentation, and exposition.
All were White, Anglo-Saxon, Prostestant
Compulsory Attendance
• Compulsory Act of 1852 enacted by the state of Mass.
• ages 8-14 must attend school atleast 3 months out of each
year
• Penalty for not sending children to school- a fine not greater
than $20.00
• 1873, the law was revised- age limit reduced to 12, but
annual attendance was increased to 20 weeks per year
• Presently children are required to have a physical before
entering school and again before enrolling in high school.
They must also have a regulated number of immunizations
in order to control disease and attain the best level of health
for each child, thus helping to make them physically able to
attend school
kimberly long and katie farr
African American Education
• W.E.B DuBois:
o the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard
o Founder of NAACP and successful writer
o 19 books in his lifetime
o ended his life as a communist in Ghana
• Booker T. Washington
o born a slave in Franklin County, VA
o He taught newly freed African Americans to be teachers,
craftsmen, and businessmen
• They both made significant changes in the lives of African
Americans
kimberly long and katie farr
The Morrill Act of 1862
• Land Grant College Act
• Originally set up to establish institutions in
each state that would educate people in
agriculture, home economics,
meachanical arts, and other professions that
were practical at the time
• Bill was signed by Abraham Lincoln on July 2
• This gave each state 30,000 acres of public land for each
Senator and Representative. The land was to be sold. Then,
they were told to use that money to fun colleges in each
state.
• Made room for our growing and ever changing country
• Ensured that there would always be money to finance
educational facilities
Kimberly Long and Katie Farr
The National Education Association
• Started out as NTA in 1857 founded by 43 educators in
Philadelphia
• Now the largest educational association in the world
• "To elevate the character and advance the interest of the
teaching profession and to promote the cause of popular
education in the US"
• 1870 - NTA merged with National Association of School
Superintendents and the American Normal School
Association
• This combination formed the NEA
• Wants to benefit teachers and children, but also make the
education of all Americans better
• Became a union in the 20th century to represent the
members in salary and benefit negotiations
kimberly long and katie farr
The Kalamazoo Case
• In 1875, a lawsuit was filed in Kalamazoo, Michigan
• Collect public funds for the support for a village highschool
• The town had used taxes to support the school for 13 years
without complaint
• Townships were required by the law to maintain the schools
under threat of a large penalty for non-compliance
o schoolmaster
o 100 families - schoolmaster for a year
o 200 families - grammar schoolmaster
Kimberly Long and Katie Farr
Normal Schools
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July 3, 1839, 3 young women reported to Lexington, Mass. with hopes of attending
the first state school specifically established for teacher education (normal schools)
2 motives to provide public education:
o teach devote and moral principles
o educate for social, economic, democratic, and national reasons
The upper class thought a teaching education was not worthy of their attention
Teachers at the time were only paid $30 a month. So, common schools were in bad
shape because few thought it was worth it
Spread of normal schools is due to the 26 graduate of the 3rd Mass. Normal School,
1840.
They went on to become normal school heads as far as Illinois and Michigan
Kimberly Long and Katie Farr
Development of Kindergarten
• Consists of children ages 3 to 7 years
of age
• Programs range from half days to full
days
• This is usually the first step towards
developing independent social skills
• Objectives:
o social skills
o self-esteem
o academic ability
• 1st kindergarten was established to help children of poverty or who
had special needs
• Through play time children are able to learn to discriminate,
anazlyze, and solve problems
• 1872- kindergarten gained support from the National Education
Association
• 1884 - NEA established a department of kindergarten instruction
Kimberly Long and Katie Farr
Progressive
Period
1880-1920
Sarah Reeder & Kyle
Martin
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPAL
-There are more principals than any other administrative officers in education.
-Originally students of all ages and ability levels were in one classroom with one teacher.
- Their main focus is on leadership and the managing of the school. (Except Bitterman, whose main focus is
Instruction, Curriculum, and Assessment)
Sarah Reeder
&
Kyle Martin
Progressive Period: Business and
Industry
-As business and industry increased,
so did the amount of immigrants.
-Mr. Friedrich Winslow Taylor helped the
expansion of “efficiency movement”
-The school was viewed as a workplace and
learning considered as productivity.
-Teachers referred to as factory workers and
students as raw materials
-The children who could not be processed to
completion were considered as scraps.
-Due to the large size of immigrant families,
children were starting to work instead of go to
Sarah Reeder
school  lead to Compulsory Attendance
and Child
&
Labor Laws
Kyle Martin
Development of Superintendent
-Horace Mann developed a practical approach
to education where teachers are helped by
student aides or advanced students to teach
other students
- The first training program for
administrators was not established until at
Teachers College of Columbia University.
Until then administration was a part of
teaching.
- “Superintendent of Schools" came from the
“Superintendent of the Railroad and
(Industrial) Plant Superintendent.”
Sarah Reeder
&
Kyle Martin
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
TEACHERS
- The American Federation of Teachers, or the
AFT, is a union that goes along with American
Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial
Organization.
- The members in this union are teachers,
counselors, school custodians, and bus
drivers.
- It was formed in 1916.
- This formation was formed for teacher's to
have a say in what goes on.
- One of the main founders was
John Dewey.
Kyle Martin
&
Sarah Reeder
NEA: Committee of Ten
-Teachers saw high school as a college prep school, so that divided the
students, often based on economic, social, and ethnic backgrounds.
-Others believed high school was to prepare students for life so it had more
practical classes
- The National Education Association established a standardized curriculum to
keep this from happening.
-The Committee of Ten was headed by Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard
University.
-It is the NEA that suggested 8 years elementary and 4 years secondary
education.
-The classes included classical and Latin-scientific classes, and modern
language and English courses.
-The goal of high school was to prepare all students to do well in life.
Kyle Martin
&
Sarah Reeder
Division of the Schools Into Grades
- Schools use to be for the rich and smart kids.
- After the Revolotionary War kids were encourged to
go to school.
- The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 bought land to make a school for
all kids.
- One room schools usually holds 30 to 40 students.
- Teacher came acountable for there students and had
to take classes to better themselves.
- At first 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades were put
together and 4th through 8th were seperated.
- As population grew larger the need for bigger
schools came about.
Kyle
- Middle schools were added years later.
Martin
&
Sarah
Reeder
THE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION
- There are seven key points to Secondary
Education and they are:
1. Health
2. Command of Fundamental Process
3. Worthy Home Membership
4. Vocation
5. Civic Education
6. Worthy Use Of Leisure
7. Ethical Character
Kyle Martin & Sarah
Reeder
Manual Training Program
- Was first used to train engineers, but
spread quickly to education.
- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was one of the
main people educators turned to for help.
- Calvin M. Woodward made the first Manual
training class for boys.
- Some people didnt believe that training
should be taken place at school.
Kyle and Sarah
Child Labor Pictures
a demonstration by children
a boy working in a factory
children doing
agricultural work in
the South
Modern
Period
By: Hallye, Morgan,
Jessica
John Dewey
• Graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879
• 1884-1888 and 1889-1894 worked at University of
Michigan
• In 1888 he worked at University of Minnesota for
one term
• 1905 he worked at Columbia University until he
retired in 1929
Morgan Nash
John Dewey's
Accomplishment
s
• Recieved his phD from John Hopkins
University in 1884
• 1899 he was elected president of the
American Psychological Association
• 1905 became president of the American
Philosophical Association
Morgan Nash
Buses of the
Modern Period
An Early Motorized School
Bus
A Horse-drawn Bus
A School Bus from the
1950s
Morgan Nash
Brown v. Board of Education
• Case in 1951 that involved the 14th Amendment-denying
education in specific school due to race
• 14th states that no person, who is a citizen of the US should
have equal protection under the law and have the right to
life, liberty and property
• Parents tried to enroll there children
in school close to their homes
• Schools refused to enroll the
students and told them to enroll in
segregated schools
Hallye Jerkins
Ruling of Brown v. Board
• Parents filed a class action suit
against the Board of Education
of Topeka, Kansas in 1951
• Courts ruled that segregated
schools were inherently
unequal
• This decision overturned the
ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson in
1896
• This decision paved the way
to integration and the civil
rights movement
Hallye Jerkins
Education of Handicapped Children Act
• Twenty- one years ago: President Ford along with congress
passed legislation that was intended to inprove opportunities
for handicapped childern.
• This law provided that handicapped childern and adults ages
3-21 can be educated in the "least restrictive environment"
to maximum extent appropriate.
• Once a child's evaluation is complete and its determined
that the child is indeed is eligible for placement in special
education an Individual Education Plan (I.E.P)must be writen
to meet the needs of that child.
Jessica Dean
Education of Handicapped Childern
cont.
• The child has to meet some criterias
- the educational diagnosis category that best descrides a
child's disability.
- Whether a child has a phyiscal or mental disability that
substantially limits learning.
- strengths and weaknesses of a child in physical, emotional,
social, vocational and intellectual areas.
- Reasonable predictions of the child's academic, social and
vocational potential.
Jessica Dean
Education of Handcapped Childern
Cont.
• Parents should be provided training through a not-for-profit
agency to enable them to effectively with professionals in
meetings.
• this traing should enable parents to:
-better understandingnature and needs of the handcapped
conditions of the child.
-provide follow-up support for child's educational program.
Jessica Dean
Education of Handcapped Childern Pictures
Jessica Dean
Colonial Period
By Trevor and Patrick
The Hornbook
• The Hornbook is a wooden paddle with lessons
tacked onto it, and covered with a transparent horn.
• The paddle was 2 3/4" by 5" that the students wore
around their necks and waist.
• The transparent horn was used to laminate the
lessons and to keep them from getting spoiled.
• The Hornbook was used for many centuries after the
colonial period.
• As time went on hornbooks were made of many
different materials: ivory, various metals, and
cardboard.
Trevor
Massachutes Education Laws
• Massachutes act of 1642- Stated parents and masters of
children were responsible for their education
• Education was not in the mind of the foundind fathers but
became a necessity because people needed to be able to
read the colonial codes
• Law of 1647- Required towns of 50 or more families were
required to hire a schoolmaster
• -Town of a 100 or more families were required to hire a
grammar school master
patrick
Puritans
• A group from England who worked for religious,moral,
and social reforms
• To escape persecution the came to America
• Believe Bible is God's true law
• had over 100,000 people
• believed hard work was an honor to God and it would lead to
a prosperous reward
• The devil was behind every evil deed and everything that
went wrong
patrick
Harvard University
• Oldest insititution of higher learning in the United States
• 6 presidents are graduates
• in 1708 University President John Leverett was elected and
moved the college towards independence from the Puritan
church
Patrick
Latin Grammar School
• In the 1600's Puritan families were concerned that their very educated leaders
would die and they would be left without direction
• This caused them to stress a higher education for for every person
• They created Latin Grammar Schools and Harvard college
• The entrance exam to Harvard which was manditory for admission was
written in either Latin or Greek
• First Latin Grammar School was established in 1635
• Girls wernt allowed to attend
• The schools are the modern day equivelent to a high school
Trevor
Massachutes Education Laws
• Massachutes act of 1642- Stated parents and masters of
children were responsible for their education
• Education was not in the mind of the foundind fathers but
became a necessity because people needed to be able to
read the colonial codes
• Law of 1647- Required towns of 50 or more families were
required to hire a schoolmaster
• -Town of a 100 or more families were required to hire a
grammar school master
patrick
The Dame School
• Dame schools were like informal day care centers
• Parents would leave there childeren with a neighborhood
lady (Dame) who would teach the childeren their alphabet,
numbers, and prayers.
New England Primer
• Was a textbook used by children in
New England and in other
American Settlements
• It was first published in 1690 by
Benjamin Harris
• 5 million copies are sold
• In the 1700's schools were greatly
influenced by religion and they
believed children needed to learn
to read so they could study the
scriptures
• The New England Primer followed
a tradition of combining the study
of the alphabet with the bible
• The emphasis was on fearing God
and sin
• The "Now I lay do to sleep" prayer
originated from here
Trevor
EUROPEAN INFLUENCES ON
AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY
by:Tricia Warbington and Laura
Rodriguez
MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
laura =]
MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES
• What is a Medieval University?
• The "university" as an institution or entity was
established during the middle the ll00's, universities
broke into specialty areas, like Bologna - Law, Paris Theology, and Salerno - Medicine. Moreover universities
were a group of faculty not a group of buildings.
• medieval educators developed Scholasticism by around
the eleventh century
• students wore
on a daily basis was a cap and gown.
laura =]
Jan Amos Comenius
Jan Amos Comenius
• What has Jan Amos Comenius done for us?
• Jan Amos Comenius lived from 1592-1670.
• He was a Protestant Bishop who reformed the educational
system.
• his family died from a plague in 1604
• he was the first person to put pictures in text.
• He thought it was necessary for children to see what the world
looks like with the help of pictures.
• Comenius believed that schools should be organized in stages
from easy to hardest, He also thought teachers should be kinder
to the children instead of harsh.
tricia:]
FREIDRICH FROEBEL
FREIDRICH FROEBEL
• Who is Freidrich Froebel?
• Freidrich Wilhelm Froebel is best known as the founder of
kindergarten.
• Froebel's first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg
Germany.
• It had games, play, songs, stories,
and crafts to stimulate imagination and
physical and motor skills.
• The "spiritual mechanism" was the foundation of
early learning, according to freidrich.
• Froebel decided to call his school
kindergarten,which in German means
"child garden."
• He believed that teachers should be
respected people.
• The teacher should also be a sensitive,
open, and easily approachable person.
laura =]
JOHANN HERBART
JOHANN HERBART
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Who is Johann Herbart?
Johann Herbart is known as a German
Philosopher and educator.
Born in Oldenburg, and educated at theUniversity
of Jena.
• His belief was that educational methods should be based on
psychology and ethics.
• In 1805 Herbart was selected to be a professor of philosophy at
the University of Gottingen.
• Then in 1809 he left to to be a professor of philosophy in
Konigsberg.
• He returned to Gottingen in 1833, were he stayed until his
death.
tricia:]
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HERBERT SPENCER
• What has he done for us?
• was known as one of the leading Social
Darwinists of the 19th century.
• Spencer was an agnostic who believed that the only way to
gain knowledge
was through a scientific approach.
• He felt that religion was a futile
attempt to gain knowledge of the unknown.
• he was a noted non-conformist who detested authority and
strongly emphasized individualism
• He didn't believe in the public school system. His major
criticism of the school system was that it didn't prepare
children to live in the society.
TRICIA:]