UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Because of the increase in:
•
•
the necessity to be physically fit to perform at a competitive level
and
the need to promote healthy lifestyles
Information/Discussion
it is important that performers and coaches are able to:
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
1)
2)
3)
4)
design appropriate training programmes,
develop correct technique,
minimise the risk of injury,
optimise performance.
The knowledge of the structure and function of
the Body Systems is vital to this end.
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
A
The skeletal and muscular systems work
together to allow movement for physical
activity.
B
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems
work together to supply oxygen/ energy for
muscle contraction.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
•
There are 206 bones in a human skeleton
clavicle
cranium
mandible
scapula
sternum
rib
Information/Discussion
humerus
vertebra
radius
ulna
Practical Application
pelvis
sacrum
cocyx
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
Links
femur
patella
Diagram/Table
tibia
Activity
Show / hide bone names
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
Show / hide arrows
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
The skeleton has many FUNCTIONS when taking part in
physical activity. These include:
Information/Discussion
1)
2)
3)
Practical Application
4)
Links
5)
Providing SUPPORT for the movement taking place.
PROTECTING vital organs against impact and injury.
Producing RED BLOOD CELLS which help carry O2 (Oxygen) for
exercise.
Providing points for MUSCULAR ATTACHMENT – ORIGIN/
INSERTION.
Allowing MOVEMENT through the JOINT and LEVER systems.
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
IRREGULAR
(Provides support
and protection)
e.g. vertebrae
LONG
SHORT
(Provides effective
levers for
movement)
(Well adapted to
resist compression
forces and help in
performing fine
movements)
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
BONES
e.g. femur
Links
e.g. carpals
FLAT
Diagram/Table
(Protective function)
e.g. sternum
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
APPENDICULAR
Arms, shoulders, hips, legs
Information/Discussion
SKELETON
Practical Application
Links
Skull, spine, sternum, ribs
Diagram/Table
AXIAL
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
•
Physical activity stimulates the production of bone tissue to
compensate for the stresses of training.
•
If the intensity is too high, damage and injury of the bone can
occur e.g. shin splints.
•
Reduced stress results in bone weight and strength reduction –
ATROPHY – usually after a lay-off due to injury. It is important
to return to full training slowly, to allow the bones to adapt.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
JOINTS
• Joints enable the body to move.
• Joints are the place where 2 bones meet.
• Each type of physical activity will make particular demands on
certain joints
e.g. butterfly swimmers require a wider than natural range of
movement at the shoulder joint – ball and socket.
• Joints are structured for either STRENGTH or MOBILITY:
SHOULDER JOINT
HIP JOINT
Shallow cavity to
allow more
movement but is
less stable
Supports body
weight – is more
stable – less
movement allowed
Diagram/Table
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
•
•
Good joint mobility is often an essential requirement to good
performance in physical activity and has implications regarding
training programmes.
Joints can be classified according to the amount of movement
they allow:
Information/Discussion
1) IMMOVABLE / FIBROUS JOINTS
Practical Application
These joints are fixed and no movement is possible. Examples are found
in the skull and pelvic girdle – areas of the body where great strength is
required.
Links
2) SLIGHTLY MOVABLE / CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
Diagram/Table
There are small gaps between the bones at these joints, filled with
CARTILAGE to prevent grinding and enable slight movement. Examples
are found between the vertebrae and between the ribs and sternum.
Activity
3) FREELY MOVABLE / SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
The majority of joints in the body are synovial – they allow the
greatest range of movement.
The bones are linked by LIGAMENTS.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
There are 6 types of synovial joint, and each type has its own
characteristic range and type of movement.
They are designed to stop and prevent friction between the moving
bones.
Links
Examples are the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints.
Diagram/Table
Activity
These joints are important for physical activity – they are often put
under a great deal of stress (e.g. the knee), but are so designed to
be robust and withstand pressure.
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
FLEXION
– Reducing the angle at a joint
(bending).
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
EXTENSION – Increasing the angle at a joint
(straightening).
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
CIRCUMDUCTION – A circular movement, which combines flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction so that the
movement of the body-part describes a cone shape.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ROTATION – Is a circular movement
made by a joint.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ABDUCTION – Is the sideways movement at
the hip and shoulder joints
away from the body.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF MOVEMENT
ADDUCTION – Is movement at the hip and
shoulder joints towards the
body.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TYPE OF JOINT
BODY LOCATION
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
Ball and socket
Hip, shoulder
Flexion/ extension,
rotation, abduction,
adduction
Hinge
Knee, elbow
Flexion/ extension
Practical Application
Pivot
Neck
Rotation
Links
Condyloid
Wrist, ankle
Flexion/ extension,
abduction, adduction
Diagram/Table
Saddle
Base of thumbs
Flexion/ extension,
abduction, adduction
Gliding
Carpals (hands),
tarsals (feet)
Gliding movements – where 2
bones with flat surfaces slide on
each other – forward and back
with slight sideways movement
Information/Discussion
Activity
Revision
SECTION
B
SECTION
B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 – Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Ball and socket
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Hinge
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Hinge
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Pivot
Atlas
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Vertebrae
Links
Axis
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Condyloid
Condyloid
joint
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Movement
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Saddle
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Saddle joint
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Gliding
Gliding occurs
between the
small bones
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENTS, TENDONS AND CARTILAGE
Strong joints are essential for:
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
•
•
•
Coping with stress of physical activity.
Contributing to a healthy, active lifestyle.
Making skilled movements.
Links
Diagram/Table
Ligaments, tendons and cartilage provide the strength, mobility and
protection needed to help the joints, increase the flexibility and
provide a greater range of movement.
Activity
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
LIGAMENTS
•
Information/Discussion
•
•
•
CARTILAGE
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Ligaments are strong, fibrous, non-elastic bands of tissue which
attach bone to bone across a joint.
They control the movement and the stability of the joint.
They hold a joint in place.
They prevent unwanted movements at a joint.
•
•
•
•
Activity
Cartilage protects bone.
It is a tough, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones and acts as a
shock absorber.
It reduces friction between the bones.
Cartilage damage may occur over a period of time because of the
constant stress/ impact and twisting/ turning of physical activity.
Revision
Glossary
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
SECTION B
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
TENDONS
•
•
•
Information/Discussion
Tendons attach MUSCLE to BONE.
They are strong but flexible.
When muscles contract (shorten), they exert a pull on that tendon
which acts across the joint to make a joint move.
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Information
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
The structure of a knee joint showing the bones, ligaments,
tendons, muscle and cartilage involved
Tendon (this
joins muscle to
bone)
Muscle
Information/Discussion
Ball-shaped end to long
bone of leg or femur
(rounded ends to bones
ensure easy movement with
little friction)
Patella
(kneecap)
Practical Application
Synovial fluid (oils or
lubricates the joint helping
it to move more easily)
Cartilage (smooth,
slippery, reduces
friction, helps to
reduce shock)
Links
Show Bone
Diagram/Table
Show Muscle
Show Tendons
Activity
Show Ligament
Ligament
(tough strip of
tissue joining
bone to bone)
Tibia
Show Cartilage
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
1. Match the scientific name for the bones on the left of the table with the
common names by dragging them to the table. You can also drag the
numbers to the diagram of the skeleton.
Real Name
Common Name
pelvis
1
femur
2
cranium
3
mandible
4
phalanges
5
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
THIGH BONE
FINGERS/TOES
SKULL
JAW BONE
HIP
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
2. Class activity:
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
e.g. Set shot – Basketball (Teach and class practice)
a) Attempt to break the skill down into ‘PHASES’.
b) Construct a table, and for each phase:
(i) identify the moving joint;
(ii) name the type of movement;
(iii) identify the muscles that are at work.
Links
(For (iii), remind groups that muscles can only PULL. Also, a muscle
must span a joint if it is to move it – ORIGINS/ INSERTIONS).
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
3. Class activity:
e.g.
Hockey – group to identify the function of the following structures in a
warm-up:
Synovial fluid;
Ligaments;
Articular cartilage.
4.
Class to identify which muscles are agonists/ antagonists for the
following joint actions during the ‘PUSH’ in hockey:
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Extending the knee.
Flexing the elbow.
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
5. In a game of hockey e.g. identify when a player would use:
a) mainly FAST TWITCH fibres;
b) mainly SLOW TWITCH fibres.
Do different positions in a game of hockey place different
demands on muscle fibre demand, and if so, why?
Information/Discussion
Ball Games: Joint Movement
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
6. Work with a partner and identify basic body movements, joints and analysis of
specific movements from chosen activities.
7. Consider the factors affecting performance and participation e.g. age and
range of movement around a joint.
8. Identify the joints involved in, for example, throwing a ball (netball).
9. Identify the joints involved in, for example, kicking a ball (football).
10. Discuss the different types of movement around a joint.
11. Develop by pupils choosing their own activity and identifying movements at
joints.
12. The above links with ‘specific’ training sessions and ‘specific’ training methods
for sporting activity.
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 – Practical Application
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Analysis of Movement:
13.
In pairs, discuss basic movements and actions of joints.
14.
Activity and sport specific discussion regarding movement, muscles
and joint actions.
15.
Record movements and use for analysis/ discussion.
16.
Consider the link between desired movement patterns, skill and
sport specific fitness training.
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Links
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Muscular system
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system
Aerobic/ Anaerobic systems
Energy continuum
Training zones
Intensity/ duration of exercise
Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body
Long-term benefits of exercise on the systems of the body
Body types
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
1.
“Muscles and joints work together to produce and control movement”.
(i)
In the diagram below, which muscle contracts to cause the bending of
the knee? Is it:
a) the quadriceps or
b) the hamstring?
Information/Discussion
(ii)
What type of synovial joint is the knee joint and what type of movement
does it allow?
(iii)
What attaches bone to a bone to ensure stability of the joint?
Practical Application
Links
A
Diagram/Table
B
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
2. The diagram below shows the action of the upper arm muscle involved in
lifting a weight.
Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Biceps A
Information/Discussion
Biceps A
Triceps
B
Practical Application
Triceps
B
Links
Diagram/Table
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Activity
(iv)
(v)
In diagram 1, what is the movement upwards called?
Which muscle is shortening (contracting) to cause this upward movement, is
it A or B?
If the contracting muscle is the agonistic or prime mover, what is the relaxing
(flexing) muscle called?
In diagram 2, what is the downward movement called?
What attaches the muscle to a bone to help in movement?
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
3. “Good joint mobility is essential for efficient performance in most
sporting activities.”
Complete the following table:
Description of synovial
joint
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Name of synovial joint
(i) allows the widest range
of movement
(ii) permits movement in
only one plane
(iii)
Links
Type of synovial joint
Describe an example of a movement in sport which involves (a) flexion/
extension and (b) adduction/ abduction.
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
4. The diagram below shows the leg of a football player preparing to kick a
ball.
B
Hamstring group
Quadriceps group
Information/Discussion
A
Gastrocnemius
Practical Application
Ball
Links
(i)
Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)
in order to LIFT the lower leg in readiness to kick the ball?
(ii)
Which PRIME MOVER (AGONIST) muscle would need to CONTRACT (FLEX)
in order to KICK the ball?
(iii)
Identify the type of joint at the KNEE (A).
(iv)
Which joint, A or B allows most movement?
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
B
Hamstring group
Quadriceps group
A
Information/Discussion
Gastrocnemius
Practical Application
Links
Ball
(v)
What is the term used for muscles which RELAX to allow movement to take
place?
(vi)
What attaches muscle to bone in order for movement at the joint to take
place?
(vii)
What attaches bone to bone to give joints stability?
(viii)
The movement in the diagram is an example of which type of muscular
contraction?
Diagram/Table
Activity
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
5. The diagrams below shows the action of the leg muscle and joints
involved in a STANDING LONG JUMP. Study the diagrams and then
answer the questions below by completing the second column in the
table.
Information/Discussion
A
Practical Application
Links
B
Diagram/Table
Activity
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Bend
Jump
Show action
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
Muscles act in pairs, some contract while others extend.
Revisit diagram
(i) In diagram 1 the knee is bending ready
for take-off. Which muscle is contracting
to cause the bending? Is it A or B?
(ii) In diagram 2 the leg has straightened.
Which muscle is contracting to cause
this? Is it A or B?
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
(iii) If the contracting muscle is the
agonist or prime mover, what is the
relaxing muscle called?
(iv) What type of muscular contraction
occurs in both diagrams in order to
cause the movement?
(v) What type of joint is the knee joint?
Links
(vi) What type of movement does the
knee joint allow?
Diagram/Table
(vii) What attaches a muscle to a bone to
enable movement to take place?
Activity
(viii) What attaches a bone to another
bone in order to ensure stability of
movement?
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
6. Describe the movement at each joint
Positions
during a
forward roll
Knee
Hip
Flexed
Flexed
Shoulder
Elbow
Information/Discussion
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Using a grid like the one above, describe the type of movement at each position while:
● Running
● Diving – racing – front crawl
● Push pass (hockey)
● Any other activity of your choice
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
7. Label the diagram of a typical joint shown below
by dragging the labels to their appropriate places
BONE
Joint capsule – contains and
protects the joint structures.
Information/Discussion
Articular cartilage – protects ends
of bones by acting as a shock
absorber and reducing friction.
Practical Application
Synovial membrane – secretes
synovial fluid.
Links
Diagram/Table
Synovial fluid – lubricates the
joint, helping the bones move
more easily.
BONE
Ligaments – strong strap-like
structures which prevent too
much sideways movement.
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
8.
Explain, using examples from sport, what the different categories of
joints are and why we need them.
9. Complete the following table about the main categories of joints.
Category of joint
Extent of movement
Example of such a joint
Information/Discussion
Immovable
Vertebrae
Practical Application
Greater degree of
movement
Links
Sutures of skull
Synovial (freely movable)
Some movement
Slightly moveable
Hip, shoulder, knee, elbow
Very little movement
Diagram/Table
Activity
10. What factors affect the amount of movement possible at a joint?
Revision
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GCSE Physical Education
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
11. The diagram below shows the action of the upper muscle involved in
lifting a weight.
Study the diagrams and then answer the questions below.
(i)
(ii)
Information/Discussion
(iii)
Practical Application
Links
Biceps A
Triceps
B
(iv)
Which muscle is involved in bending the
arm?
Which muscle is involved in straightening
the arm?
Which type of movement is taking place at
the elbow joint?
This movement is an example of a third
order lever in action. Identify the pivot/
fulcrum and load/ resistance by dragging the
labels to the appropriate points.
Pivot
Diagram/Table
Load
Activity
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UNIT 1 - Activity
The Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
12.
(i)
Explain why synovial joints are so important for the sportsperson.
(ii)
Explain why it is important to train all the muscles acting on a joint.
(iii)
“Different synovial joints allow certain types of movement”.
Complete the table for both extension/ flexion and rotation.
Information/Discussion
Type of movement
Practical Application
Links
Diagram/Table
Activity
Name of
synovial joint
Location of joint
Sporting action
Flexion/ Extension
(increasing/decreasing the
angle between two bones)
Rotation
(A circular movement – part
of the body turns, while the
rest remains still. A turning
movement)
Revision
SECTION B
GCSE Physical Education
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