ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PROJECT
Natalie Garcia
Anatomy and Physiology
Period:4th
Start Date: 2/28/2013
Due Date: 3/8/2013
Endocrine System Diagram
Definitions
 Endocrine system- a body system that includes internal organs that secrete
hormones.
 Endocrine gland- ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly
into the blood or lymph.
 Hormone- chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, responsible for
specific regulatory effects on certain parts or organs.
 Target Cells- also called target organs is a given hormone that affects only
certain tissue cells or organs.
 Negative Feedback Mechanism- are the chief means of regulating blood levels
of nearly all hormones.
 Hormonal Stimuli- is when endocrine organs are prodded into action by other
hormones.
 Humoral Stimuli- changes blood levels of certain ions and nutrients can also
stimulate hormone release.
 Neural Stimuli- is when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and the target
cells.
 Hyposecretion- a production of bodily secretion at an abnormally slow rate.
 Hypersecretion- a excessive production of a bodily secretion.
Anterior Pituitary
 Location: It hangs by a stalk from the
inferior surface of the hypothalamus of
the brain, surrounded by the “turk’s
saddle” of the sphenoid bone.
 Hormones Released and their target cells
or organ: Growth Hormone(GH)- bones
and muscles. Prolactin(PRL)- Mammary
glands. Follicle-Stimulating hormone(FSH)
and luteinizing hormone(LH)- Testes or
ovaries. Thyrotropic hormone(TSH)Thyroid. Adrenocorticotropic
hormone(ACTH)- Adrenal cortex.
 Effect of Hyposecretion for the growth
hormone: During childhood it leads to
pituitary dwarfism. Body proportions are
fairly normal, but the person as a whole is
living miniature.
 Effect of Hypersecretion for the growth
hormone: During childhood it results in
gigantism. The individual can become
extremely tall up to 8 to 9 feet is common.
Posterior Pituitary
 Location: Hangs by a stalk from the inferior
surface of the hypothalamus of the brain,
surrounded by the “turk’s saddle” of the
sphenoid bone.
 Hormones Released and their target cells
or organ: Oxytocin- Mammary glands
and uterine muscles. Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)- Kidney tubules.
 Effect of Hyposecretion for ADH: It leads
to a condition of excessive urine output
called diabetes insipidus. People with this
condition are continually thirsty and drink
huge amounts of water.
Thyroid Gland
 Location: At the base of the throat, just inferior
to the Adam’s apple.
 Hormones Released and their target cells or
organ: Thyroxine and triiodothyronine- mainly
targets all cells in the body Calcitonin- bones
and kidney’s
 Effect of Hyposecretion for thyroxine: Causes
the lack of TH stimulation and if it occurs in
early childhood it results in cretinism which
causes dwarfism in which adult body
proportions remain childlike.
 Effect of Hypersecretion for Calcitonin:
Hypersecretion of calcitonin is known but is
believed that production is meager in elderly
adults which may explain the progressive
decalcification of bones that accompanies
aging.
Parathyroid Gland
 Location: Found on the posterior
surface of the thyroid gland, there are
two glands on each thyroid lobe.
 Hormones Released and their target
cells or organ: Parathyroid hormone or
parathormone (PTH)- bones, kidneys,
and intestine
 Effect of Hyposecretion for PTH: If
blood calcium levels fall too low
neurons will be overactive which
causes impulses to go to the muscles at
a fast rate that causes uncontrollable
spasms or tetany.
 Effect of Hypersecretion for PTH:
Severe hyperparathyroidism causes
massive bone destruction which can
cause bones to be very fragile and can
cause fractures at any time.
Adrenal Glands
 Location: They are curved over the tops of the
kidney’s.
 Hormones Released and their target cells or
organ: Epinephrine and norepinephrine-Fight or
flight mechanism, heart Glucocorticoidsinflammatory process Mineralocorticoids and
Aldosterone- kidney tubule Androgens- male sex
hormones estrogens- female sex hormones
 Effect of Hyposecretion for adrenal cortex
hormones: A generalized hyposecretion of all the
adrenal cortex hormones leads to Addison’s
disease and a major sign of the disease is a bronze
tone of the skin.
 Effect of Hypersecretion for the sex hormones:
Hypersecretion of sex hormones leads to
masculization, regardless of sex. A beard
develops and a masculine pattern of body hair
distribution occurs, among other things.
Pancreas Gland
 Location: Is close to the stomach in the abdominal cavity, is a mixed gland.
 Hormones Released and their target cells or organ: Insulin-about all body cells
Glucagon-liver
 Effect of Hyposecretion for one of the hormones: Without insulin, blood levels of
glucose rise very high which goes to the urine which leads to dehydration which is
the condition called diabetes mellitus.
 Effect of Hypersecretion for one of the hormones: When blood glucose levels fall it
can have hyperglycemic effect which can cause no glucose to get into the cells.
Pineal Gland/Body
 Location: Found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
 Hormones Released and their target cells or organ: Melatonin- gonads
 Function of melatonin: Is believed to be the “sleep trigger” that appears to be an
important role in establishing the body’s day night cycle. Also is believed to coordinate
the hormones of fertility and to inhibit the reproductive system.
Thymus Gland
 Location: In the upper thorax, posterior
to the sternum.
 What happens with the thymus gland
with age: with age it decreases in size
and is composed with fibrous
connective tissue and fat.
 Hormones Released and their target
cells or organ: Thymosin-white blood
cells
 Function of Thymosin: during childhood
the thymus acts as an incubator for the
maturation of a special group of white
blood cells that is important to the
immune system.
Female Gonads
 Location: In the pelvic cavity.
 Hormones Released and their target
cells or organ: Estrogens- uterus and
mammary gland Progesterone- muscles
of the uterus and mammary gland
 Function of the hormones: EstrogensStimulates the development of the
secondary sex characteristics in
females. Progesterone- Acts with
estrogen to bring about the menstrual
cycle which helps to prepare the uterus
to receive a fertilized egg.
 Effect of Hyposecretion for one of the
hormones: The hormones severely
damages the ability of a woman to have
a child and to bear children.
Male Gonads
 Location: Are suspended in a sac, the
scrotum, outside the pelvic cavity.
 Hormones Released and their target
cells or organ: Androgens-testes,
muscles Testosterone- testes, male
reproductive organs
 Function of the hormones: Androgensbegins process of puberty for a male
Testosterone-Causes the development
of the adult male sex characteristics
and the secondary sex characteristics.
Promotes growth and maturation of
the reproductive organs.
 Effect of Hyposecretion for one of the
hormones: With hyposecretion of
testosterone it causes the man to
become sterile.
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