The Plant Kingdom (Part I)
Kingdom Characteristics
Engage

Doom’s Day Vault Video
Explore

Plant Kingdom Lab
Explain
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Multicellular, Eukaryotic, AutotrophicPhotosynthetic
Plant Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell walls of cellulose
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
Cuticle: waxy waterproof coating
Plant Origin

First plants
1.
2.
3.
500 mya
Looked like mosses
Probably evolved from green algae
Cellulose cell walls
 Same type of chlorophyll
 Store excess food as starch

Evolution of Plants
(Cladogram)
Flowering
plants
Cone-bearing
plants
Ferns and
their relatives
Flowers; Seeds
Enclosed in Fruit
Mosses and
their relatives
Seeds
Water-Conducting
(Vascular) Tissue
Green algae
ancestor
Adaptations of Plants to Land
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Seeds (Dormant until water added)
Roots
Stems
Leaf – Autotrophic Organisms
Must Conserve Water (Stomata)
Reproductive Strategies
Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Plant Tissues
Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues
Leaf
Stem
Root
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Section 23-1
Plant Tissues
include
Dermal
tissue
Meristematic
tissue
includes
Epidermal
cells
includes
Xylem
includes
Tracheids
Vascular
tissue
Vessel
elements
Ground
tissue
includes
Phloem
Parenchyma
cells
includes
Sieve tube
elements
Companion
cells
Collenchyma
cells
Schlerenchyma
cells
1. The Seed
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External Structures
1. Seed coat
2. Hilum
3. Micropyle
Internal Structures
1. Embryo plant
2. Cotyledon
Germination – To Begin to Grow
2. Roots: Anchors Away

Functions
 Anchors the plant
 Absorbs water and minerals from soil
 Stores food
Primary Root

The first root to
develop from the
seed.
Secondary Roots

Develop from the primary
root and from themselves.
Tap Root System

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
Develops from the
primary root.
Reaches deep into the
ground
Helps the plant during
periods of drought.
Fibrous Root System

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
Develops when the
secondary roots
become the main
roots.
Shallow roots but
spread over a broad
area.
Helps prevent
erosion.
Epidermis
Endodermis
Root hairs
Ground tissue
(cortex)
Phloem
Xylem
Vascular
Cylinder
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Zone of
maturation
Zone of
elongation
Apical meristem
Cross Section of Plant Root
Root cap
(magnification: 40x)
The Root Tip
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Root cap
(Protects the root from
abrasion)
Apical Meristem
(Produces new cells for
growth)
Zone of Elongation
(Cells elongate allowing
the root to grow longer)
Zone of Maturation
(Cells develop into
tissues)
3. Stems: The Connector

Functions

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Connects the leaves with the roots
Displays the leaves for maximum sunlight
exposure.
Stores food
Minor photosynthetic ability
Contains vascular tissue
Phloem – transports sugars from leaves
 Xylem – transports water and minerals from roots

Comparing Primary and Secondary Growth of Stems
Characteristics Primary Growth
Secondary Growth
Where It Occurs At ends of plants
In stem
Effect on Plant
Increases plant length
Increases stem width
How It Is
Produced
By cell division in the
apical meristem
By cell division in
meristems other than
the apical meristem
Secondary Growth in Stems
A. Vascular cambium
appears
Cork
cambium
Cortex
Vascular
cambium
Pith
Primary
phloem
Secondary
xylem
Wood
Primary
xylem
Secondary
phloem
Primary
xylem
C. Mature stem
develops
Secondary Bark
phloem
Cork
Epidermis
Primary
phloem
B. Secondary
growth continues
Secondary
xylem
Layers of a Tree Trunk
Wood
Bark
Cork
Contains old,
nonfunctioning
phloem that
protects the tree
Xylem:
Heartwood
Contains old,
nonfunctioning
xylem that helps
support the tree
Cork Cambium
Produces
protective layer
of cork
Phloem
Transports sugars
produced by
photosynthesis
Xylem: Sapwood
Contains active xylem
that transports water
and minerals
Vascular Cambium
Produces new xylem
and phloem, which
increase the width of
the stem
4. Leaf - Autotrophic

Functions
 Carries on Photosynthesis
 Stores food
 Regulates transpiration through stomata
Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
Spongy
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard
cells
Internal Leaf Anatomy
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Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll
(chloroplasts)
Spongy Mesophyll
Vein (xylem and phloem)
Air Spaces
Lower Epidermis
Stomata
Guard cells
Sugar Transport in Phloem
Nutrient Transport


Occurs in PHLOEM
Pressure-flow hypothesis
5. Water Conservation

Cuticle


Waxy outer coating that
prevents water loss
Stomata


Openings for gas
exchange
Open to release water,
Close to conserve
Stomata
Stomata

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Guard cells regulate the
size of the stoma.
K+ (potassium ions)
enter the cells causing
them to fill with water.
This opens the stoma
when they become turgid.
A loss of K+ causes the
opposite to occur, and
they close when they
become flaccid.
Section 23-4
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed
Section 23-4
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed
Transpiration
Water Transport
1.
2.
Root Pressure
Capillary Action


3.
Adhesion – attraction between unlike
Cohesion – attraction between like
Transpirational Pull

Pulling water up through the vascular tissue
due to evaporation and capillary action
6. Reproductive Strategies
1.
Seeds

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2.
Contains an embryo
Contains a food supply
Covered by a protective coat
Spores

Single haploid cell with hard outer wall
Elaborate
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Xylem Demonstration
The Magic Toothpick
Linking Up Demonstration
Stomata Lab
Transpiration Lab
Evaluate