Hydrates
Compounds containing Water molecules
MgSO4
7H2O
Magnesium Sulfate heptahydrate
CaSO4
2H2O
Calcium Sulfate dihydrate
Ba(OH)2
CuSO4
Na2CO3
8H2O
5H2O
10H2O
Barium Hydroxide octahydrate
Copper II Sulfate pentahydrate
Sodium Carbonate decahydrate
Examples of Names and Formulas of
Oxoanions and Their Compounds - I
• KNO2
Potassium Nitrite
• Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium Nitrate
• LiClO4 Lithium Perchlorate
BaSO3 Barium Sulfite
Na2SO4 Sodium Sulfate
Ca(BrO)2 Calcium Hypobromite
• NaClO3 Sodium Chlorate
Al(IO2)3 Aluminum Iodite
• RbClO2 Rubidium Chlorite
KBrO3 Potassium Bromate
• CsClO
Cesium Hypochlotite
LiIO4 Lithium Periodate
Examples of Names and Formulas of
Oxoanions and their Compounds - II
• Calcium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfite
• Strontium Sulfate
Lithium Nitrite
• Potassium Hypochlorite
Lithium Perbromate
• Rubidium Chlorate
Calcium Iodite
• Ammonium Chlorite
Boron Bromate
• Sodium Perchlorate
Magnesium Hypoiodite
Examples of Names and Formulas of
Oxoanions and their Compounds - II
• Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2
• Strontium Sulfate SrSO4
• Potassium Hypochlorite KClO
• Rubidium Chlorate
RbClO3
• Ammonium Chlorite NH4ClO2
• Sodium Perchlorate NaClO4
Ammonium Sulfite
Lithium Nitrite
(NH4)2SO3
LiNO2
Lithium Perbromate
LiBrO4
Calcium Iodite
Ca(IO2)2
Boron Bromate
B(BrO3)3
Magnesium Hypoiodite Mg(IO)2
Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a) BaCl2 5 H2O
b) Magnesium Perchlorate
c) (NH4)2SO3
d) Calcium Nitrate
Determining Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
a) BaCl2 5 H2O
Ba+2 is the cation Barium, Cl- is the Chloride
anion. There are five water molecules therefore
the name is: Barium Chloride Pentahydrate
b) Magnesium Perchlorate Magnesium is the Mg+2 cation, and
perchlorate is the ClO4- anion, therefore we need
two perchlorate anions for each Mg cation
therefore the formula is: Mg( ClO4)2
c) (NH4)2SO3
NH4+ is the ammonium ion, and SO3-2 is the
sulfite anion, therefore the name is:
Ammonium Sulfite
d) Calcium Nitrate Calcium is the Ca+2 cation, and nitrate is the
NO3- anion, therefore the formula is:
Ca(NO3)2
Naming Acids
1) Binary acids solutions form when certain gaseous compounds
dissolve in water. For example, when gaseous hydrogen chloride
(HCl) dissolves in water, it forms a solution called hydrochloric acid.
Prefix hydro- + anion nonmetal root + suffix -ic + the word acid
hydrochloric acid
2) Oxoacid names are similar to those of the oxoanions,
except for two suffix changes:
Anion “-ate” suffix becomes an “-ic” suffix in the acid. Anion “-ite”
suffix becomes an “-ous” suffix in the acid.
The oxoanion prefixes “hypo-” and “per-” are retained. Thus, BrO4is perbromate, and HBrO4 is perbromic acid; IO2- is iodite, and
HIO2 is iodous acid.
Determining Names and Formulas of
Anions and Acids
Problem: Name the following anions and give the names and
a) I -
Solution:
a) I -
b) BrO3c) SO3-2
d) NO3e) CN -
formulas of the acid solutions derived from them:
b) BrO3c) SO3-2 d) NO3- e) CN -
Determining Names and Formulas of
Anions and Acids
Problem: Name the following anions and give the names and
a) I -
formulas of the acid solutions derived from them:
b) BrO3c) SO3-2 d) NO3- e) CN -
Solution:
a) The anion is Iodide; and the acid is Hydroiodic acid, HI
b) The anion is Bromate; and the acid is Bromic acid, HBrO3
c) The anion is Sulfite; and the acid is Sulfurous acid, H2SO3
d) The anion is Nitrate; and the acid is Nitric acid, HNO3
e) The anion is Cyanide; and the acid is Hydrocyanic acid, HCN
Names and Formulas of Binary Covalent
Compounds
1) The element with the lower group number in the periodic table is
the first word in the name; the element with the higher group number
is the second word. (Important exception: When the compound
contains oxygen and a halogen, the halogen is named first.)
2) If both elements are in the same group, the one with the higher
period number is named first.
3) The second element is named with its root and the suffix “-ide.”
4) Covalent compounds have Greek numerical prefixes (table 2.6) to
indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. The
first word has a prefix only when more than one atom of the element
is present; the second word always has a numerical prefix.
Determining Names and Formulas of Binary
Covalent Compounds
Problem: What are the name or chemical formulas of the following
chemical compounds:
a) Carbon dioxide b) PCl3 c) Give the name and chemical formula
of the compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms.
Solution:
a) Carbon dioxide
b) PCl3
c) The compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms
Determining Names and Formulas of Binary
Covalent Compounds
Problem: What are the name or Chemical formulas of the following
Chemical compounds:
a) Carbon dioxide b) PCl3 c) Give the name and chemical formula
of the compound formed from two P atoms and five O atoms.
Solution:
a) The prefix “di-” means “two.” The formula is CO2
b) P is the symbol for phosphorous; there are three chlorine atoms
which require the prefix “tri-.” The name of the compound is:
phosphorous trichloride
c) P comes first in the name (lower group number). The compound is
diphosphorous pentaoxide
( commonly called “phosphorous pentaoxide”)
Naming
Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that are called “saturated” hydrocarbons,
they contain only single bonds, no multiple bonds !
Alkanes have the general formula --- C n H 2n+2
Each carbon atom has four bonds to others atoms !
The names for alkanes all end in -ane
Alkanes are found in three distinct groups:
a) Straight chain hydrocarbons
b) Branched chain hydrocarbons
c) Cyclic hydrocarbons
Calculate the Molecular Mass of
Glucose: C6H12O6
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
Calculate the Molecular Mass of
Glucose: C6H12O6
• Carbon
6 x 12.011 g/mol = 72.066 amu
• Hydrogen 12 x 1.008 g/mol = 12.096 amu
• Oxygen
6 x 15.999 g/mol = 95.994 amu
180.156 amu
Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound
Problem: Using the data in the periodic table, calculate the molecular
mass of the following compounds:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide b) Ammonium sulfate
Plan: We first write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms
(or ions) of each element by its atomic mass, and find the sum.
Solution:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide
b) Ammonium sulfate
Calculating the Molecular Mass of a Compound
Problem: Using the data in the periodic table, calculate the molecular
mass of the following compounds:
a) Tetraphosphorous decoxide b) Ammonium sulfate
Plan: We first write the formula, then multiply the number of atoms
(or ions) of each element by its atomic mass, and find the sum.
Solution:
a) The formula is P4O10.
Molecular mass = (4 x atomic mass of P ) +(10 x atomic mass of O )
= ( 4 x 30.97 amu) + ( 10 x 16.00 amu)
= 283.88 = 283.9 amu
b) The formula is (NH4)2SO4
Molecular mass = ( 2 x atomic mass of N ) + ( 8 x atomic mass of H)
+ ( 1 x atomic mass of S ) + ( 4 x atomic mass of O)
= ( 2 x 14.01 amu) + ( 8 x 1.008 amu) +
( 1 x 32.07 amu) + ( 4 x 16.00 amu)
= 132.154 amu = 132.15 amu
(Figs. on p. 75)
Figs. on p. 75
(Figs. on p. 75)
Figs. on p. 75
Fig.2.25
Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures : has one or more visible
boundaries between the components.
Homogeneous mixtures : has no visible boundaries
because the components are mixed as individual atoms,
ions, and molecules.
Solutions : A homogeneous mixture is also called a solution.
Solutions in water are called aqueous solutions, and are
very important in chemistry. Although we normally think
of solutions as liquids, they can exist in all three physical
states.
Separating Mixtures
Filtration : Separates components of a mixture based upon
differences in particle size. Normally separating a
precipitate from a solution, or particles from an
air stream.
Crystallization : Separation is based upon differences in
solubility of components in a mixture.
Distillation : separation is based upon differences in volatility.
Extraction : Separation is based upon differences in
solubility in different solvents (major material).
Chromatography : Separation is based upon differences
in solubility in a solvent versus a stationary phase.
Fig 2D (P 77) Filtration
Fig 2E (P 77)
Crystallization
Fig.2.F
Fig.2.G
Fig.2.H
Fig.2.I
Fig.2.26