Cell Unit
Vocabulary & Class Notes
Six Life Processes of all living things
Living things…
1.
Take in nutrients
2.
Need and use energy to work
3.
Reproduce
4.
Grow
5.
Respond to the world around them
6.
Get rid of waste
Living or Not Living slides…
Cell Theory
1.
all organisms are composed of one or
more cells
2.
the cell is the basic unit of structure
& organization in organisms
3.
all cells come from pre-existing cells
3 Famous Scientists
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 As a hobby, he built magnifying lenses and used them
to build simple microscopes.
 He was the first person to see microscopic organisms.
Under his microscope, he studied pond water, saliva,
and even the plaque from his teeth.
 He saw tiny living creatures he called "animalcules".
He did not know it then, but the tiny animals were
bacteria!
3 Famous Scientists
Robert Hooke
 He discovered cells when looking at thin slices of
cork through a microscope.
 Latin for the word room is "cell".
 He saw a pattern of small rectangular boxlike
squares in the cork which reminded him of "little
rooms".
3 Famous Scientists
Ernest Just

He worked hard to get a college degree & majored
in biology. He worked in the Marine Biological
Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA

He discovered there were other parts of the cell
that did more than just what the nucleus did!

Just discovered that cell activity depended not just
on the nucleus but also on the cytoplasm (the fluid
that fills the cell). He changed the way scientist
thought about cells!
Vocabulary #1-8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Microscope - a tool that makes small objects appear larger
Balance - a tool that measure the amount of matter in an object (the
object’s mass)
Investigation - a procedure carried out to gather data about an object or
event
Inquiry - an organized way to gather information and answer questions
Experiment - a procedure carried out under controlled conditions to test a
hypothesis.
scientific method - series of steps that scientists use when performing an
experiment
hypothesis - a statement that provides a testable possible answer to a
scientific question
evidence - information, collected during an investigation, to support a
hypothesis
Vocabulary # 9-15
Cell - the basic unit of structure and function of living things
10.Microscopic - too small to be seen without using a microscope
9.
11.Organism
- any living thing that maintains vital life processes
12.Cell Membrane – the thin covering that surrounds and protects every
cell; lets nutrients in and wastes out
13.Nucleus – controls the cell’s activities: making, using, and storing food;
also known as the cell’s command center; contains the cell’s
chromosomes/genes.
14.Cytoplasm – a jelly-like material that contains organelles, small
structures that carry out the chemical activities of the cell
15.Protist - a simple, single-celled or multi-celled organism with a nucleus
and organelles
Vocabulary #16-19
16.Organelles
– the parts of the cell that float in the
cytoplasm
17.Mitochondria
– called the “powerhouses”, they release
energy from nutrients
18.Genes
– units that control most of the cell’s activities
19.Chromosomes
– threadlike structures in the nucleus that
contain information about the characteristics of the cell.
Cell Raps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8&feature=share
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8
Song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg
Watch “A Tour of the Cell” 14:16, http://www.neok12.com/video/CellStructures/zX03620f4546616c01075e41.htm
Vocabulary #20-25
20.Cell
Wall – supports and gives shape to the cell
21.Chloroplasts
– contains chlorophyll that uses sunlight,
carbon dioxide, and water to make food (sugar)
22.Nuclear
Membrane – protects the nucleus
23.Vacuole
– stores nutrients, water, and waste materials
24.Mitosis
– the process by which a cell divides to form two
cells
25.Moneran
- a single celled organism that does not have a
membrane bound nucleus.
Plant Cell
Vacuole
(Blue)
Cell Wall (Brown)
Cell
Membrane
(orange)
Nucleus (red)
Mitochondria
(purple)
Cytoplasm
(yellow)
Chloroplast
(green)
Plant cells

cell membrane is very thin and is
a living part of the cell.

cell wall is thick and is a
nonliving part of the cell

make their own food in the
chloroplasts

contain vacuoles that are much
larger than those that are in
animal cells.
Watch video on plant cells 10:27
http://www.neok12.com/video/CellStructures/zX0b6d405946736e755a466b.ht
Animal Cell
•Nuclear Membrane
•Cell membrane
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm
•Chromosomes
•Vacuoles
•Endoplasmic
reticulum
•Mitochondria
•Gogi Body
•Ribosome
Animal Cell

Most animal cells have a nucleus.

have a jell-like material outside the
nucleus called cytoplasm

surrounded by a cell/plasma
membrane, which holds the cell
together and lets substances pass in
and out of the cell

There are many kinds of animal cells
Watch video animal cell 11:35:
http://www.neok12.com/video/CellStructures/zX51520e51736670717f756b.htm
DNA - carries the genetic information for a cell and is a set of
instructions that tells the cell what to do or be.
Chromosome – a single long molecule of DNA.
Cells are Building Blocks
Organism
There are around 2.5 billion cells in one of your hands. If every cell in
your hand was the size of a grain of sand, your hand would be the
size of a school bus.
There are over 200 cell types in the body!
There are many different kinds of cells!
They all do
specific job
for special
purposes.
Each and
every one is
important and
is part of a
larger organ
system.
BrainPop video “Cell
Structures”
https://www.brainpop.
com/science/cellularlif
eandgenetics/cellstruct
ures/
Single-Celled Organisms
3 types:
1.Animal like Protist
• amoeba, paramecium,
euglena
1.Plant like Protist
• diatoms & euglena
1.Bacteria
• type of moneran
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
1. Animal like Protists (Protozoan):

Have a nucleus

don’t have chlorophyll (can’t make their own ________)

they “eat” other small organisms (algae & bacteria)

Classified by the way they move and search for food

Examples of Animal like Protists:
1.
Amoeba - move by having their cytoplasm push against the cell
membrane at a certain place
2.
Paramecium - move by hair-like structures
3.
Euglena- move by a tail-like structure that goes in a circular
motion
Amoeba Cool Fact!
Predators - they stretch
out their cytoplasm to
surround prey & then break
it down into nutrients
Parasites - harm other
organisms by feeding off
of them
Amoeba
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
2. Plant-like Protists (Algae):
 have
chloroplasts, a cell wall, & make their own food
 eyespot
 Many
used for sensing light and dark
are found floating in the ocean or water
 Examples
of plant like protists:
1.
Diatom
2.
Euglena (yes, plant like too!)
Diatoms
Diatoms – single celled organisms that are plant like.
Diatoms have chloroplasts and make their own food.
This type of algae produce a lot of Earth’s oxygen.
They are also produce a lot of food for ocean life.
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
3. Bacteria:

Bacteria are a type of Moneran (cell wall, no nucleus)

Quick Fact! Moneran is from “monosa” a Greek word
meaning solitary, single, alone

Most don’t have chlorophyll

Smallest of all monerans & found everywhere

Some bacteria are beneficial and some are harmful

Bacteria are classified by their shape: round, rod-shaped,
and spiral-shaped.
Cilia and flagella are used to
help the cell move itself.
Digestion
Cheese
Decomposition
Bacteria Video:
https://www.brainpop.com/scienc
e/cellularlifeandgenetics/bacteria/
Diseases like:
Lyme disease
anthrax
tetanus
food poisoning
acne
pneumonia
strep throat
scarlet fever
cilia
flagella
Multi-Cellular Organisms

Cells that work together to perform a certain function
form a tissue

Tissues work together to form organs

Organs are several kinds of tissue working together for the
same function

We will learn about 7 organ systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Digestive
Circulatory
Nervous
Respiratory
5. Muscular
6. Skeletal
7. Excretory
Vocabulary #26-28
26.Tissue
- group of cells that work together to pre a certain
function.
27.Organs
- a group of tissues that work together to perform
a certain function.
28.Organ
Systems - groups of organs that work together to do
a job for the body.
4 Types of Tissues
1.
2.
Epithelial Tissue

covers & protects your body

in your skin & lines internal organs
Muscle Tissue

Helps the body move

contract when they receive signals from the brain
(longer/shorter when you move)

Take up most of your body mass
4 Types of Tissues continued:
3.
4.
Connective Tissue –

helps the body move (bones, cartilage, tendons,
ligaments, & blood)

Tendons - connect bones to muscles

Ligaments - connect bones to bones

Blood
Nervous Tissue - carry messages from the brain to other
parts of the body

found in brain, spinal cord, & nerves
A Closer Look at BLOOD!
Plasma
•
•
Mostly water
delivers nutrients &
removes wastes from cells
Red Blood Cells
•
delivers oxygen
White Blood Cells
help fight diseases
Platelets
help clot blood
Blood is a connective tissue!
1. Digestive System

Breaks food down into chemical nutrients that body
cells need for energy, growth, and repair

Chemical nutrients are made in the stomach,
pancreas, gallbladder, and small intestines

Digestive System process =>
1.
Mouth-chew food into smaller pieces & glands produce
saliva
2.
Esophagus
3.
Stomach - acid & other chemicals break down food
4.
Small intestines – lined with villi

5.
Nutrients pass into the blood through the walls of the villi
in the small intestines
Pancreas & gall bladder – complete digestion
2. Circulatory System

One of the most vital systems

Includes the heart, blood vessels, & blood

Blood vessels include arteries, capillaries, & veins

The circulatory system transports oxygen,
nutrients, & wastes throughout the body

Circulatory System process =>

Arteries - blood leaves the heart

Capillaries - very tiny

Veins – return blood to the heart
Arteries-red
Veins-blue
3. Nervous System

Directs other systems’ activities &
connects all the tissues and organs to your
brain

The organs in the nervous systems are:


neurons - use chemicals & electricity to
send messages

brain & spinal cord - main control centers
and process all messages
Nervous systems 2 main parts =>
1.
Central nervous system – brain & spinal
cord
2.
Peripheral nervous system – sensory organs
(eyes, ears, fingers, nose, mouth)
4. Respiratory System

The lungs are made up of epithial &
connective tissue

Respiratory System process =>
1.
Nose/Mouth - tiny hairs filter the air
2.
Throat - Larynx & Pharynx
3.
Trachea
4.
Bronchi - tubes that branch to the
lungs
5.
Lungs
6.
Alveoli - oxygen moves into the
blood, while carbon dioxide moves
into the lungs to be exhaled
5. Muscular System

Muscles are a type of connective tissue

Types of muscle:
1.
Skeletal – work in pairs to contract &
straighten, we can control these muscles
2.
Smooth – walls of body organs
3.
Cardiac – walls of the heart
*smooth & cardiac muscles are involuntary-we can’t
control them

Tendons move bones
6. Skeletal System


Babies have more bones than adults!

Babies have around 306 bones

Adults bones fuse together to end up
with 206 bones
Skeletal Systems includes:

Bones – blood cells are produces inside the
largest bones

Cartilage – spongy tissue that cushions the end
of bones

Ligaments - hold bones together
7. Excretory System
Excretes (or rids the body of) wastes by removing
solid waste and urine
 This process balances the amount of water and
salts in our bodies
 Excretory System process =>




Ammonia is created as a waste of cell functions
Liver converts ammonia into urea
Kidneys filter the urea and creates urine
The organs in the excretory system are kidneys
(main organ), ureter, bladder, urethra
 Kidneys have filter magic & keep us hydrated!
 pulls harmful molecules out of your
bloodstream and leaves the good ones
 If you are dehydrated, chemical signals are
sent to your kidneys to reabsorb as much water
as possible - less urine is created and your body
loses less water
