CHAPTER NO.
TITLE
1
Introduction
2
Definitions
3
Scope - Applicability and Exclusions
4
Registration and its advantages
5
Management Responsibility
6a
Skills and Competencies
6b
Capability Enhancement
7
Communication
8
Equipment
9
Service Providers
10.a
Field Guidelines for Trekking
10.b
Field Guidelines for Camps and Courses
10.c
Field Guidelines for Rappelling and Valley crossing
10.d
Field Guidelines for Mountain Biking
11
Risk Management
12
Critical Incidents and Complaints Re-dressal
13
Document Revision Mechanism
14
Leave No Trace (LNT)
15
Reference Documents and Templates
16
Aqua sports
17
Aero sports
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND PREFACE
1.1
Preface
Today, there is a steady rise in outbound adventure .
Karnataka with its varied natural resources and a
considerable number of adventure enthusiasts is a voracious
consumer of adventure . Adventure is an activity which has
inherent risk, resulting in an uncertain outcome. Whether an
adventure activity has a perceived risk or a real risk, it has an
appeal that draws people. Besides the thrill that adventurers
seek in facing and overcoming danger, there are other benefits
that adventure is seen to have in aspects like educational and
therapeutic value. Under the circumstances safety becomes
an issue in its own right, and it is important that adventure
activities are conducted in a way which minimizes risks
and yet provides the undeniable benefits of participation.
1.2
Introduction
While devising any policy towards regulating adventure
activities like trekking, rock climbing and mountaineering in
Karnataka, it is necessary to comprehend the nature and scope
of the activity being conducted. Karnataka is blessed with two
major mountain ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, in
addition to a long coastline. Almost throughout the year
adventure activities, especially land-based adventure activities
are conducted by hundreds of organizations catering to
thousands of participants across age groups. These
programmes are of varied nature, addressing different goals
related to
leisure, education
including personal
development and therapy.
1.3
Purpose of this Document
Broadly:
This Document aims at contributing to continuous
enhancement of safety in land,aqua and aero adventure
activities
by bringing
in
clarity
about mandatory
requirements and stating
guidelines which will help
organizations, and individuals as stakeholders
in
an
adventure event, operate safely and in ease outdoors.
1.4. Specifically: This Document
• Aims at contributing to capability enhancement
of organizations and individuals. It strives to create an
adequate level of
conceptual clarity behind
recommendations included in guidelines. Such clarity
not only fosters uniformity in operations – especially in
risk mitigation – but also empowers individuals in
responsible roles to take safe decisions, which is
significant given the nature of ‘adventure’ along with its
direct interaction with the natural elements, inherent risk
and uncertainty in outcome.
• Believes that such guidance contributes to
having robust foundation
for operations
and
enables organizations and individuals to take on
bigger challenges in a manner which is responsible
toward safety of people under various environments.
• Will contribute to enhancing the selfawareness of organizations and individuals, and
facilitate aspirations for enhanced risk management
in all operations, with a focus not only on ‘safety’
but also ‘comfort’.
• Aims at contributing to ‘educating’ members of
the public in order to help them make
informed
decisions about participation in various adventure
based programmes.
• Aims at inspiring willingness to follow these
guidelines through conceptual understanding. This
Document believes that its guidelines and
recommendations.
Does Not
•
Intend to hamper any adventure activity,
nor does it intend to curb the participation of
outdoor enthusiasts either in extent or in numbers.
• Curb
the freedom
or
the capacity
of
individuals – especially those in responsible roles – to
exercise judgment or take decisions. On the contrary, this
Document will help in enhancing judgment of such
individuals thereby empowering them for safer and more
effective decision- making.
• On the whole, this document strives to strike
the crucial balance between helping minimizing risk in
adventure operations and empowering organizations
and individuals to
undertake varied kinds of
programmes as well as aspire for bigger challenges in a
responsible manner.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Organisation- Any adventure or allied business entity be it
a partnership,private ltd,clubs or a sole propritorship or an
Non profit organisation which conducts adventure related
activities.This is an inclusive definition but not an exhaustive
one.
2.2 Service Provider- Includes Directors,Partners or Sole
Proprietor or head of an NGO and their heirs,executors etc.
This is an inclusive definition and not an exhaustive one.
2.3 GETHNAA- GENERAL THIMMAYA NATIONAL
ACADEMY OF ADVENTURE having its office in
Nrupathunga Road Bangalore -560001. Includes its
Directors,officails and representative where applicable.
2.4 Mangement- refers to the management of the organisation.(
refer 2.1 for definition of organisation)
2.5 IMF- Indian Mountaineering Foundation an organisation
based out of New Delhi.
2.6 Apex Body- Refers to GETHNAA
CHAPTER 3
SCOPE, APPLICABILITY AND EXCLUSIONS
3.0
The ‘Safety Guidelines’ are applicable to the ‘Land,Aqua
& Aero based Adventure Activities’
3.1 The list of activities for which the ‘Safety Guidelines’ are
applicable.
3.2 Except Himalaya:
•
Scrambling
•
Short treks
•
Multi-day Treks
•
Adventure Camps for Kids / Adults
•
Rock Climbing Courses
•
Rock Climbing Expeditions
•
Valley Crossing Expeditions / Camps
•
Rappelling (Abseiling) Camps / Events
•
Waterfall Rappelling Camps / Events
•
Experiential Learning Programs
3.3 Himalaya:
•
Adventure Camps for adults / kids
•
High Altitude Treks
•
Peak Climbing (Mountaineering) Expeditions
•
Exploratory Treks / Expeditions
3.4 Other Geographical Areas: (Eg. Deserts, Sea Coasts, Rock
faces)
•
Desert Trekking
•
Coastal Trekking
3.5 Exclusions - The following Adventure Activities’ are
excluded from ‘Safety Guidelines’ .
•
Caving
•
Mountain Biking
•
Motor Sports
3.6 Type of Organizations conducting the above Adventure
activities, to whom the ‘Safety Guidelines’ are applicable.
SL.
TYPE OF ORGANIZATION
APPLICABILITY
1
Un-Registered commercial / non-commercial organizations
organizing adventure activities for general public.
Mandatory.
2
Un-Registered
Individuals
organizing adventure
activities of commercial / non- commercial nature for
general public.
Mandatory.
3
Registered Profit Making / Commercial Organizations
organizing adventure activities
Mandatory.
4
Registered
Non-Profit
Making
/ Voluntary
Organizations organizing adventure activities for their
members and general public.
Mandatory.
5
School, Colleges or other type of Institutions which
organize adventure.
Mandatory.
6
Organizations imparting Experiential Learning.
Mandatory.
7
Individual adventure lovers enjoying adventure activities on
their own.
Not mandatory. Refer this document’s guidelines for safety
8
Families / Family members enjoying adventure activities on
their own.
Not mandatory. Refer this document’s guidelines for safety
9
Group of Friends enjoying adventure activities on their own.
Not mandatory. Refer this document’s guidelines for safety
10
People working in hilly areas in fields like
Medical aid and education.
Not Applicable
11
Pilgrims going to e.g., hilltop temples and other religious
locations.
Not Applicable
12
People engaged in Surveys in mountainous regions.
Not Applicable
CHAPTER 4
REGISTRATION
4.0 The Service Provider shall ensure that the Organization is
registered as applicable, and its membership valid throughout
the time period of its operation. The Service Provider shall
ensure that the Organization is registered with GETHNAA
Karnataka)
4.1 Advantages of Registration
• To ensure that the field of adventure activities is
regulated appropriately.
• To ensure competence of operators and other
service providers.
• To ensure safety of all participants as the primary
concern.
• To take practices in the field of outdoors to the
highest professional level through regulation and
guidance, equal to the best in the world.
• To ensure that better and more consistent
information on the adventure tourism sector is regularly
collected, collated and disseminated to all stakeholders.
4.2 Advantages to Service Providers
• To provide a single window clearing mechanism
for all adventure related activities.
•
Provides a Norm for Insurance Claims.
• In case of an emergency quick response from the
government bodies.
4.3 Registration of the Organization with APEX BODY
The process of registration of the Organization with apex body
is as follows
• Organization shall furnish required information
in the prescribed format to apex body along with
• Management’s commitment on implementation
of Safety Guidelines in the Organization.
• Apex
Body
shall
review
the furnished
information and their commitment and register the
Organization as ‘Member’. The registration is valid
initially for one year and then valid for three years.Apex
Body shall reject the application in case the furnished
information
and commitment
are
found to be
inadequate.
• During
the period
of
registration,
the
organization shall furnish details on annual basis on
‘High Risk’ activities carried out along with assurance
from the Management on implementation of Safety
Guidelines. In case the information provided is not
adequate,
Apex
Body
shall
request
the
Organization for required information to substantiate
their claim for implementation of Safety Guidelines in the
Organization.
• Apex Body shall cancel the registration in case
Organization fails to substantiate their claim regarding
implementation of Safety Guidelines in the Organization.
4.4
Registration procedure
• All companies/individuals/clubs/ or any other
forms of organization need to register at the office of
General Thimayya National Academy of Adventure,
Department of Youth empowerment and Sports. State
Youth Centre, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore 560001.
• Registration can also be done through the district
Youth Empowerment offices of respective district
•
Registration must be done in the required format.
• Registration validity lasts for a year and can be
renewed thereafter.
CHAPTER 5
MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
5.0 The Organization shall drive implementation of safety
guidelines for adventure activities by implementing
recommendations stated in this document, in order to
minimize the risk associated with adventure.
The organization shall demonstrate its intent for
environmental impact through appropriate practices derived
from ‘Leave No Trace’ principles as well as its intent for
enhancing capabilities.
5.1
Management shall ensure
Implementation of review mechanism for review and develop
a healthy culture of review-learn-implement-show. The
Organization shall ensure feedback / complaints from the
Participants as well as Leaders and Instructors with respect
to Safety and analyze the same. The Organization shall take
appropriate actions in order to prevent recurrence of the same.
5.2 Management shall implement mechanism for Complaint
Handling in order to ensure effective redressal.
5.3 Management shall ensure the review shall include
analysis of accidents, incidents in order to determine root
cause and take actions to prevent the same. The organization
shall communicate the details of analysis to GETHNAA for
circulation of information to all concerned in the field.
5.4 Management shall ensure that
Internal audits are conducted to ensure that the ‘Safety
Norms’ are implemented effectively in the Organization and
corrective actions are initiated on the
‘Review Findings’ if
any.
• The management shall nominate a person or
group of persons to conduct internal review in order
to ensure implementation of Safety Guidelines in the
activities conducted. The review activity shall be done
on sample basis and shall include review of records as
well as discussions with the concerned persons
• The Reviewer shall record the discrepancies, if
observed, as findings and shall report the same to the
Management.
• The Management shall ensure root analysis and
initiate actions so the same discrepancies do not recur in
future.
• The Organization shall conduct internal reviews
at least once in Six months.
5.5 The Management of the Organization shall demonstrate
its commitment to adopt and implement best and safest
practices in all its workings by
•
declaring aims and objectives
• ensuring compliance with statutory and legal
requirements
• adopting
operating
procedures
which
consistently minimize risk to people, environment and
equipment
• interacting in a safe and healthy way with the
cultural and social environments, in all of its areas of
operations
•
ensuring deployment of appropriately trained
staff in sufficient numbers whenever adventure
programmes are carried out
• using appropriate equipment which has been
maintained and logged for use
• adopting
risk
management
practices
appropriately: preparing for regularly encountered risks
through equipping staff/members with knowledge,
training and equipment
• Empowering staff/members for being effective
in risk management for minimizing unforeseen risks
• providing appropriate training to staff/members
in routine work in order to deliver program expectations
while minimizing risks
• providing appropriate training to staff/members
to handle emergencies
• establishing effective emergency response
procedure and deploying resources in anticipation
• providing support and back-up to staff/member
handling emergencies
• having robust review and feedback processes,
complaint handling process, and critical incident review
process
•
conducting periodic Organizational reviews
• Setting up effective communication processes
within the Organization, with other Organizations for
networking and with program participants to fulfill
objectives while minimizing risk.
5.6 Records for Verification:
• Periodic review and feedback records, reports of
Internal audits
• Demonstrate action taken on
feedback points
review and
• Continuous
improvement
manifesting
in
measurable performance criteria and feedback received
from staff/members as well as program participants
CHAPTER 6A
SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES
6.0 The Organization shall have clearly defined skill sets
and competencies which will facilitate smooth and effective
functioning
to
deliver program expectations while
consistently minimizing risk in all its operations
6.1 It is to be noted that the different competencies mentioned
here will primarily serve to
6.1.1 Create
awareness of the comprehensive
skills
required
to execute
the several roles
that bear
responsibility towards maximizing the effectiveness of
healthy and safe practices while retaining the charm and
benefits of adventure activities, and
6.1.2 Help Organizations and individuals to decide on
directions of growth that will point at requisite training
inputs required, given the continuous thrust
towards
maximizing safety
SKILLS REQUIRED CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO
TWO BROAD CATEGORIEs
TECHNICAL SKILLS
PEOPLE SKILLS
6.1.3 The areas of responsibilities which will require this set of
multiple skills can be listed as follows:
• Programme design (based on, say, terrain
difficulty, participant profile, programme- goals, concepts
like outdoor education, etc.)
•
Risk Management – across functional areas
• Group leadership -- with clarity in roles like
escorts, instructors and leaders
• Equipment purchase -- maintenance and repairdiscarding
• Logistics – especially for organized programmes
in remote areas
• Communication – within Organization, with
programme participants & public and during critical
incidents
• Management & Administration -- including
finance and legal aspects.
NOTE:
• The following list of skills and competencies is
adapted from the UIAA Model Training Standards for
Voluntary Leaders and Instructors – please note that this
list is to be used only as a reference list, ‘indicative’ of
what is desirable and recommended.
• The following list of skills and competencies also
take cognizance of three criteria that would be relevant to
forming a specific skill-set for a particular role:
i) Qualification
ii) Experience
iii) Training
6.2
SKILLS
6.2.1 Specific Activity Expertise
• Courses undertaken and evaluations from
same
(e.g. rock
climbing, basic
&
advance
mountaineering, search-and-rescue, etc.)
•
Knowledge & Technique, including of equipment
• Experience, primarily of personal trips and
expeditions
• Any noteworthy achievement or experience (e.g.
awards, published material)
6.2.2 Mountain Environment
• Knowledge about geography and geology of
Western Ghats, Himalaya, etc.
• Experience in practices in conservation and
protection: socio-cultural-ecological
• Experience in application of Leave No Trace
Principles through appropriate practices
6.2.3 Weather
• Basic understanding of weather in the
Eastern/Western Ghats/Deccan platen , Himalaya, etc.
• Comprehension of consequences of weather
factors on various groups
• Ability of interpreting signs of changes in
weather which might be of concern to group
6.2.4 Orientation & Navigation
• Familiarity with the Eastern/Western Ghats
/Deccan plateau, Himalaya etc. terrain
– ability to
navigate in
all
kinds
of conditions, ability to
estimate distances, ability to apply the concept of microroute-finding
• Familiarity with navigation techniques and
equipment, Map reading and use of maps, Use of compass
for route finding with the help of maps, Use of compass
for organizing games relevant to diverse age groups and
program requirements, Use of map and compass for
planning, preparation and realization of routes .
6.2.5 Risk Management in mountains
• Comprehensive grasp and approach to risk
management practices; ability to execute role as stated in
Organization’s emergency response mechanism
• Ability to relate organization’s accepted field
practices to organization’s core values as well as
program designs
• Knowledge and techniques needed to safeguard
groups in camps and terrain outside camps, taking into
consideration objective hazards
6.2.6 Search & Rescue
• Knowledge of appropriate rescue equipment
and other needs for proposed activity or program.
• Ability to independently take charge of
emergency situations, deploy resources and manage
others
•
Ability to administer first aid
• Ability to effectively use communication systems
set up by one’s organization for handling emergency
situations
6.2.7 Leadership
• Courses undertaken
outdoor leadership)
•
(leadership
workshops,
Has demonstrated high self awareness
• Ability and experience in leading teams and
groups
•
Flexibility of leadership styles
• Presentation skills, especially in the context of
briefing for activities and programmes
•
Organization and control of group
• Ability to adapt a program to suit different group
profiles
• Grasp of and ability to balance diverse needs that
can arise during operations
• Personal
resourcefulness,
approachability
traits
like
resilience,
assertiveness, communication,
6.2.8 Teaching/instructing
• Courses undertaken (e.g. instructor training,
teaching skills, coaching- mentoring)
•
Knowledge of subject matter
•
Knowledge and skill of teaching techniques
• Knowledge about and experience in having
worked with different groups; this is especially important
for groups of children
• Ability to assess effectiveness of knowledge/skill
being transmitted, and to be flexible in one’s role to
enhance effectiveness if necessary
• Knowledge and skill of evaluation for various
purposes.
6.2.9 Anatomy and physiology
•
Characteristics of proposed activity/program
• Physical preparation required for an activity or
program
•
Diet considerations
•
Physical fitness for an activity or program
•
Fatigue and recuperation in the mountains
•
Effects of weather
• Ability to prevent emergencies and to administer
first aid when necessary
6.2.10
First Aid
• Status of first aid certification: whether it is a
‘wilderness first aid’ certificate and whether it is current
• Experience of having administered first aid in
remote situations
6.2.11
Organizational and Managerial Skills
• Ability to plan, organize and implement things
that go beyond the immediate task-level demands
•
•
teams
Initiative in taking lead in organizing events
Ability to streamline individual efforts within
• Alignment with organizational values, goals and
culture
6.2.12
Legal Matters
• Knowledge of responsibilities and legislations
relevant to undertaken activity/project
•
Knowledge of rights of operations
•
Knowledge of issues related to insurance
• Knowledge
operations
of
legalities
related
to
rescue
6.3 The following table mentions the skill sets required for
a few key program varieties most often undertaken by
Organizations and individuals from Karnataka.
To arrive at adequate skills sets for a variety of roles, the
following table is to be used in conjunction with a) the list of
skills stated above, to choose one or more specific points
listed under each skill- head, and b) content of the syllabi
for a variety of adventure programmes mentioned elsewhere
in this Document.
Programmes
Chief Instructor
Leader / Instructor
Junior Leader
Hike in
Eastern Ghats
Western Ghats
Nilgiris
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation.
Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue.
Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy and
physiology.Legal Matters relating to rescue
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation.
Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy
and
Specific Activity
Expertise.
Orientation & Navigation. Teaching/instructing.
Anatomy
and physiology First Aid
Hike in
Himalaya
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation.
Risk
Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue. Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy
and physiology. Legal Matters relating to rescue
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation.
Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue. Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy
and physiology
Specific Activity.
Expertise.
Mountain Environment.
Weather.
Orientation & Navigation.
Leadership.First Aid
Basic
& advance Rock Climbing courses
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation. Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue. Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy
and physiology. First Aid (strongly recommended).
Organizational and Managerial Skills. Legal Matters
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment.
Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue.
Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy and physiology.
First Aid strongly recommended).
Specific Activity. Expertise. Mountain Environment.
Leadership.First Aid
Adventure- based camps for children
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation. Risk
Management
in mountains. Search & Rescue. Leadership.
Teaching/instructing. Anatomy and physiology.
First Aid (Strongly recommended). Organizational
and Managerial Skills. Legal Matters.
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation & Navigation. Risk Management in mountains.
Search & Rescue. Leadership. Teaching/instructing. Anatomy
and physiology. First Aid (strongly recommended). Legal
Matters.
Specific Activity Expertise. Mountain Environment. Weather.
Orientation
& Navigation.
Risk Management in mountains. Leadership.
Teaching/instructing.First Aid
6.4
Records for Verification
• Competency Records of Chief Instructor, Leaders/
Instructors, Junior Leaders/ Instructors should be maintained
in an orderly manner and should be submitted to the apex
body when asked.
CHAPTER 6B
CAPABILITY ENHANCEMENT
6.5 The Organization shall ensure continuous improvement
in functioning which leads to greater efficiency, minimum risk
and hence, maximum efficacy in meeting program needs.
6.6 The Organization shall look at the following entities when
considering capability enhancement:
Training and Development of staff/members (TaD)
The TaD requirements can be broadly classified as follows:
6.6.1. Hiking skills for travel in Western Ghats and
Himalaya
•
On-trail
•
Off-trail
•
Scrambling
•
Snow travel
•
Glacier travel
•
River crossing
•
Orienteering
• Environment safety (natural and socio-cultural
environments)
6.6.2. Steep terrain travel
•
Rock climbing
•
Bouldering
• Traditional climbing, on pinnacles and big walls
in Himalaya
• Environment safety (natural and socio-cultural
environments)
6.6.3. Extreme Himalayan adventure
• Hiking on routes involving extreme altitude
and/or terrain and/or weather (e.g., winter ventures)
•
Exploration of new routes
•
Peak climbing expeditions
• Environment safety (natural and socio-cultural
environments)
6.6.4. Search & Rescue
•
Challenges of Terrain
•
Relevant tools and equipment
6.6.5. First aid and extended care
•
Basic first aid Courses
• Wilderness First aid Courses (which have
‘extended care’ as an inherent component) skills (i.e. soft
skills)
• Outdoor Leadership short-duration Workshops
and long-duration Courses
6.6.6 Special note on specific skills required for conducting
adventure camps for children:
Training modules by resource persons like child psychologists
and educationists to address
•
Communication
•
Teaching techniques
•
Supervision of children on sites
•
Relevant first aid aspects for children
• Difference in role execution as leaders/instructors for
different age groups (8-14 years, 15-17 years and 18+ years)
NOTE:
Since it becomes impractical to have all
staff/members get trained through external resources, it is
recommended that 1 or 2 persons with willingness & potential
get trained outside to become an ‘internal resource’ for
spreading knowledge and skills within the Organization.
PLEASE NOTE: The category of training is relevant to those
who are involved in it . ( i.e Eg for a Trainer involved in
trekking excluding Himalaya 6.6.1,6.6.2,6.6.4,6.6.5 are
applicable)
6.7 Information on a few courses available in India, and
also the syllabi for some short duration courses.
• Basic & Advance Rock Climbing Courses General
Thimayya National Academy of Adventure
•
Basic & Advance Mountaineering Courses
Nehru Institute of Mountaineering Uttarkashi
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering & Allied
Sports, Manali.
•
Search and Rescue Courses
Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Uttarkashi
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering & Allied
Sports, Manali
•
Method of Instruction Courses
Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Uttarkashi
Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering & Allied
Sports, Manali
•
Basic and Advance First Aid Courses
Red Cross (in multiple locations)
St. John ambulance (in multiple locations)
Home Guard (in multiple locations)
First aid Courses
Wilderness Medicine Institute of NOLS, Ranikhet
International Red Cross
Indian Mountaineering Foundation
Quality of one’s judgment increases through
•
Education, training, reading, networking
•
Practice, reflect on experiences, learn, predict,
implement, …
•
Use coaches and mentors
•
Use feedback in a self-development plan
CHAPTER 7
COMMUNICATION TO PARTICIPANTS, AND OTHERS
The
Organization
shall
ensure
that the right
information is communicated to the Participants of events
and outings.
The
information
provided
by
the
Organization regarding the Event or Outing will be useful
for the Participants to assess the risk levels, level of physical
activity involved, which is helpful for the Participants to take
informed decisions on participation.
The Organization shall request Participants for mandatory
disclosures for certain High altitude events / outings, such
as fitness Certificates from Registered Medical
Practitioners.
The
Organization
shall communicate
with
other
Organizations by networking,
Government Authorities,
as appropriate and also have Communication channels within
its own authorities and members.
7.0
Guidelines
Organization shall maintain open communication
as follows:
•
within the Organization
•
with program participants
the public
coming in from
•
with other outdoor organizations by networking
•
with requisite government authorities
•
Communication within Organization
• Statement of goals & objectives,
communicated to staff/members for alignment
• Plans for adventure
communicated to staff/members
• Role
responsibilities,
programmes,
to be
to
be
definitions
along
with
to be communicated to staff/members
• Updates in equipment technology, risk
management practices, legalities and other relevant
developments, to be communicated to staff/members
• Facilitating review & feedback between
staff/members for individual and organizational growth
7.0.1 Communication with program participants coming in
from the public
• Program information to be communicated with
potential participants well in advance: key parameters like
nature of natural elements, grade of difficulty, fitness
expectations, qualification
organizational information
of
leadership
team
and
• Program details to
confirmed participants:
terrain quality, grade of difficulty and inherent risk,
fitness preparation, role clarity and expectations during
program, kit-list, timelines with route
details and
itinerary, emergency contact information
• Pre-programme information should clearly
state limitations existing in the programme (like
possible aborting of progress due to weather/terrain
related changes, lack of electronic – communication due to
lack of coverage and non-availability of helicopter rescue).
• Details of logistics and communication to be
documented and shared with participants and parents of
participating children. This document will especially
make a mention of a) emergency response plan and b)
one/two telephone numbers of the Organization and
name
of
person
to
be
contacted
for
updates/emergencies/etc.
• Briefing prior to an activity: activity information,
safety rules & norms, role clarity of all persons present
along with expectations from participants, instruction (if
necessary) along with demonstration, idea about possible
consequences of not sticking to expectations and safety
rules & norms, obtaining acknowledgement of
understanding key points of briefing
• Continued instruction during activity to coach
and mentor for safe and enjoyable performance of
participants
• Feedback: For operations and to individuals that
participants have interacted with.
7.0.2 Communication with other outdoor organizations for
networking
• Exchange of ideas and best practices, sharing
success stories and analyzed data on critical incidents to
learn from each other
• Seminars and discussion forums, especially on
topics related to risk management and organizational
development
• Contribution to associate-initiatives that help
enhance overall effectiveness and safety in outdoor
operations
• Network on a wider spectrum – with overseas
organizations in order to facilitate technologyknowledge-transfer and exchange programmes for
staff/members
7.0.3 Communication with requisite government authorities
•
Compliance related: finance, taxation, legal
• Actively seeking information on developments
related to outdoors and schemes that benefit outdoor
organizations
• Actively contribute in State initiatives that work
toward the betterment of adventure operations, especially
those related to minimizing risk
•
Records for Verification
• Evidence of Communication with Participants
providing necessary information as per the Guidelines.
CHAPTER 8
EQUIPMENT STORAGE, MAINTENANCE AND
INSPECTION
8.0
The Organization shall implement a mechanism to
maintain its equipment.This shall include Preventive
Maintenance, Storage Conditions, Frequency and mechanism
for Inspection of equipment, replacement criteria, method
for disposal of outdated and damaged equipment and
criteria for Quality Purchases.
8.1
Storage of Equipment
All technical equipment used in the delivery of Adventurous
Activities must be designated as ‘Fit for Purpose’ by an
appropriately qualified ‘technical advisor’. In addition,
following care must be taken for storage of equipment.
• It should be used and stored in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• It should be visually checked by a qualified
person on each occasion before they are used.
• The use of the equipment should be monitored
and recorded in a log book.
•
It should be tested periodically.
• Proper records relating to each equipment in
the store must be maintained.
These records should include - Date of purchase, Discard date
(shelf or
usage life as per manufacturer’s guidelines),
Checking and testing policy, Checking & testing records,
Name and signature of person carrying out checks & tests.
• It should be stored in a well-ventilated area out
of direct sunlight (UV).
• Any contact with harsh or corrosive
substances (e.g. acids) is prohibited. If you are unsure
about the condition of your gear, retire your equipment.
• Never store gear in a damp place where mold
can develop (damp closets, bags and waterproof
containers with moisture inside). For long-distance travel,
beware of moisture in containers during transit, in ports
or airports, especially in salty environments.
8.2 Maintenance of Equipment
In broad terms this can be divided into:
8.2.1 Non-technical equipment
Camp cookware, waterproofs, hats, gloves, walking boots,
rucksacks, fleece tops and bottoms, orienteering kit, maps &
compasses.
Management
of
non technical
equipment
can be a
relatively easy , but it is a time consuming task i.e. Cleaning
and drying after use, carrying out small repairs or making
decisions on when to discard /replace items when they
have reached the end of their useful life.
The
condition
of non-technical items may have
implications for the comfort of the user but may not
have major safety implications. An individual without high
levels of experience or technical skill could reasonably make
decisions on the item’s suitability.
8.2.2. Technical equipment including Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) must adhere to
EN/UIAA standards.
Mountain Sports: Harnesses, ropes and other climbing gear
including equipment for artificial rock walls and all associated
equipment. Any other equipment designed for adventurous
activities in which specialist training is normally required.
Technical equipment needs regular maintenance over and
above the checks carried out prior to or after each use. Items
may need adjustment by a qualified person before each use
and for some items (eg climbing ropes), careful logging of
each use. Failure or inappropriate use of an item is likely
to have a direct impact on the safety of the individual user.
The management of technical equipment requires a higher
level of skill, knowledge and experience and should only be
undertaken by individuals who are trained and qualified in
the activity that the equipment relates to and/or have
had technical training in relation to the specific tasks
involved in its maintenance and management. Washing
Recommendations for washing are indicated for each product
family.
8.2.3 Drying
• Remove your gear from packs after each
activity, even if cleaning isn't necessary.
• Let all your gear air-dry away from UV sources
(ultraviolet rays).
• Avoid proximity to heat sources such as
direct sunlight, wood fires, or a radiator
8.3 Inspection- The gear should be checked before using it for
any of the adventure activities.
8.4
Retirement Criteria
Retiring products at the end of their lifetime .
Organization makes sure to retire your gear when necessary. A
product must be retired when:
• It is over 10 years old and made of plastic or
textiles
•
It has been subjected to a major fall or load
•
It fails to pass inspection
•
Its reliability is in question
• Its entire history is not known (e.g. found or
second-hand product)
• When it becomes obsolete due to changes in
legislation, standards, technique or incompatibility with
other equipment, etc.
Warning: destroy retired equipment to prevent further
use.
8.5
Verification
•
Quality of Equipment used
•
Equipment Log
CHAPTER 9
CONTROL OVER SERVICE PROVIDERS
The Apex body shall exercise adequate control over its
Service Providers in order to minimize risks associated with
the activities conducted by the organization.
The
Organization should ensure that the safety aspects and quality
of their programs are not compromised by utilizing
outsourced services from service providers. The mechanism
shall include criteria for selection of Service Providers,
Communication regarding Organization’s expectations on
Safety aspects, including clarity about liabilities. The
organization shall issue written Work orders to its Service
Providers for Critical Services with respect to Safety.
9.0 The Apex Body shall determine criteria for selection of
its Service Providers and ensure they are selected based on
these stipulations.
9.1.1 Where outsourced services are obtained for the conduct
of
adventure activities, the service provider should, if
possible, be registered as proposed by GETHNAA Guide
lines.(Ref Section 4)
9.1.2 In case of an unregistered outsourced service provider
(who could have been registered in the respective
states/countries), the contracting organization should ensure
that the outsourced service provider has the individuals
involved in delivery of the adventure activities and who meet
the skills and competency criteria proposed by GETHNAA
Guide lines. The said individuals are conversant with the
risks associated with that activity, know the activity locality
thoroughly, and have the requisite permits, if any, to operate
in the area.
The SOPs for the activity outsourced should be explained
to, understood by and agreed by the outsourced service
provider. The detailed briefing / explanation
should
include best and safe practices,
risk
evaluation and
mitigation,
participant
instructions,
instructor/participant ratio, action plan in case of mishap
or a near-miss, communication and evacuation plans etc.
There should be complete clarity regarding the respective
roles and responsibilities of the contracting organization
and outsourced service provider, especially with regard
to first aid, emergency communication and evacuation.
9.2
•
Records for Verification
Work Orders issued to Service Providers
CHAPTER 10
FIELD GUIDELINES FOR TREKKING
10.0 Activity Covered: Trekking, Scrambling and Hiking at
High altitude, Desert, Coastal, Western Ghats and other
geographical areas.
10.1 Instructions: Trekking, Scrambling and Hiking in the
geographical areas.
• Every Trek / Hike needs to be graded depending upon the
level of difficulty.
Method suggested is as follows:
A : Very strenuous hike/ trek and with technical difficulties.
B : Strenuous hike/ trek and/or with some technical difficulty.
C: Easy hike/ trek with no technical difficulty foreseen
• A Leader, Co-Leader and Supporting Leaders are
to be appointed as per the requirement based on the
difficulty level of that particular trek/hike.
• Organizers and Leaders need to be aware of
access restrictions of the specific area and they are
expected to seek advice and permissions as necessary.
• Leaders are suggested to have sufficient
knowledge of and expected to respect local tradition and
show
interest in the social history to provide a
stimulating and interesting trek / hike.
• A copy of the detailed planning including details
of the members of the group & the route taken will be
kept in the office of the organization.
• It is expected from the leader to act as the role
model for the participants.
• It is of vital importance that the instructions
given to the participants are followed by the leaders
themselves.
• Leaders will hold the relevant qualification or
equivalent Area Specific basic knowledge.
• It is strongly suggested that a Leader has certain
skills and qualifications as explained in the “Skills and
Competencies Recommended by GETHNAA.
10.2
Participant to Leader Ratio :
Apart from Leader and co-leader, the availability of support
leaders will determine the group size. The ratio will vary with
the grade of the trek. The standard ratio is as under:• Grade ‘C’ treks - 8:1 (maximum group size has no limit as
long as this ratio is maintained)
• Grade ‘B’ treks – 5:1 (maximum Group Size 25 including
leaders)
• Grade ‘A’ treks – 3:1 (maximum Group Size 25 including
leaders)
10.3 Information to be obtained from participants:
It is strongly advised to gather following information from the
Participants at the time of enrolment for treks.
•
Name of the participant
•
Phone no.
• In Case of Emergency (ICE) Contact Number
•
Address
•
Email Address
•
Previous hiking etc. experience
•
Blood group
•
Relevant medical history
10.4
Trek Summary:
A gist of the various aspects ivovlved are highly recommended
to organize a safe Trek and to improve communication and
comfort levels between the Organization and Participant.
10.5 Pre Trek Brief by Organisers to Participants: It would
include following points
•
Name of the Trek
•
Date and Duration of the Trek
•
Contribution / fees charged
•
Inclusions and exclusions in the amount charged
• General instructions to participants regarding
how to walk on a trail and on difficult patches.
• Check with participants for their area of expertise
which can be helpful to the group during the trek in
general and a crisis in particular.
• Important: These brief /relevant points are to be
repeated at regular intervals as necessary.
• It is advisable to create a mechanism for PostTrek Review and Analysis that will help to make future
activities safer and more enjoyable.
10.6 Instructions: Trekking at High Altitude.
• In case of High Altitude Treks it is essential to
consider and follow 'IMF Guidelines' (Refer
www.indmount.com).
10.7 Instructions: Trekking in the Desert (Additional
guidelines for Desert Trekking)
• Drinking water: Carry 5 Litres per person for a
full day's hike, and even more on exceptionally hot days.
Water sources may not be available on the trails or in
campgrounds. Natural water sources are few and
unreliable, and in some cases maybe contaminated.
• Flash floods: Be sure to check the weather
forecast in advance, otherwise these may catch you
completely by surprise.
• Weather: Hot days and cold, windy nights rule
this region. It is advisable to plan the trek accordingly and
wear suitable clothing. Sudden changes in climatic
conditions need to be anticipated, hence a regular tracking
of weather is advised.
• Complex Orientation: Due to lack of physical
landmarks and uniformity of the land, it is advisable to
follow only marked trails and use defined campsites.
• Avoid touching or eating the plants if you are
unsure of the species of plants ,as they could be fatal .
Plants like Cactii will be thorny so avoid unnecessary
contact with it.
CHAPTER 10 .2
FIELD GUIDELINES FOR CAMPS AND COURSES
10.8 Activity Covered: Adventure Camps / Rock Climbing
Courses / Adventure
Camps at High Altitude
Instructions:
• All technical equipment must be logged in/out
of stores, checked for damage before and after use and any
defects reported. Return all equipment to the equipment –
in - charge after the session. Appropriate technical
equipment will be used and logged for use. Refer
“Equipment” (Ref Chapter 08)
• Check that all participants and instructors are
suitably clothed and equipped.
• Periodic headcount of the group members is
necessary
• Helmets must be worn by participants and
instructors while the activity is being conducted and also
when present in the activity area.
• There will be an appropriate supervision of
participants around the activity area.
• It is advisable to create a mechanism for PostActivity Review and Analysis that will help to make
future activities safer and more enjoyable.
• Adequate Water availability needs to be
confirmed and it’s management and use needs to be
defined.
• Food supplied during camp needs to be adequate
in Quality and Nutritional Value, easy for digestion and
sufficient in Quantity.
• For a Multi Day Camps strict Hygiene and
Cleanliness Protocol needs to be established.
• Adequate Sleeping arrangements need to be
made. In case of staying in Tents, availability of Clean,
Waterproof ,Strong , sufficient in number is essential.
Similarly, clean, warm and appropriate size Sleeping Bags
are to be made available.
10.9 Additional SOPs ( Standard Operating Procedure) for
Camps at High Altitude
• It is highly recommended that the Instructors
must possess experience, skills and knowledge about:
•
The process of acclimatization
• The symptoms and treatment for mountain
sickness
• Emergency procedures in the event of acute
mountain sickness
• A Doctor who is familiar with Altitude Related Illness
would be ideal if present in the Camp but at the very least
advance arrangements need be made for medical help.
Advance arrangements should be made for evacuation
assistance in case of emergency.
CHAPTER 10.3
FIELD GUIDELINES FOR RAPPELLING AND VALLEY
CROSSING
10.10 Activity Covered: Rappelling Camps and Events, Valley
Crossing Camps and Events.
10.11 Instructions:
• Select the best site according to weather forecast
and safe access.
• A Chief Instructor (Overall In-charge) and other
Instructors are to be appointed as per the requirement
based on the difficulty level of that particular Rappelling
/ Valley Crossing Activity.
• A copy of the detailed planning including details
of location and the members of the group will be kept in
the office of the organization.
• It is strongly suggested that Chief Instructor
possesses Soft Skills (e.g. communication skills, teaching
skills to impart instructions, etc.) and Hard Skills (e.g.
Technical Training such as Rope Fixing) as explained in
the “Skills and Competencies” recommended by
GETHNAA in Chapter 6a.
10.12 Participant to Instructor Ratio :
• As this is Potentially Hazardous Activity a high
ratio of 5:1 (Maximum Group Size 25 including
Instructors) is recommended.
10.13 Information to be obtained from participants and
Students:
It is strongly advised to gather following information from the
Participants at the time of enrolment for Camp / Event.
•
Name of the participant
•
Phone no.
•
In Case of Emergency (ICE) Contact Number
•
Address
•
Email Address
•
Previous hiking etc. experience
•
Blood group
•
Relevant medical history
10.14 Event / Camp Review:
A simple review of the activities is highly recommended to
improve standards and processess.
10.15 Pre Camp / Event Brief by Organisers to Participants:
It would include following points
•
Nature of the Camp / Event.
•
Contribution / fees charged.
•
Date and Duration of the Camp / Event.
•
Inclusions and exclusions in the amount charged.
• Location and Details of Camp / Event in terms of
Objective and Safety Hazards.
•
Potential Risks and Difficulties.
• Departure and Arrival Time: It will also include
mode of transport
•
Brief Program: Tentative schedule, expected time
log.
• Rules & Regulations of the Organization for
conducting the activity.
•
Expected dress code.
•
Kit list of items for participants.
• Emergency contact numbers: The numbers in
case family members of the participants want to enquire/
inform in case of emergency.
Important: Request to Participants to leave a printout of this
Pre- Camp / Event brief with someone at home.
10.16 Introductory Brief by the
participants
Chief Instructor to the
• Self Introduction, Declaration that the Chief
Instructor is the authority during the Camp / Event.
• Roles and responsibilities of instructors and
participants
•
Brief Introduction of the Organization
•
Declaration of other instructors
• Identification of hazards expected during the
activity.
• Information on the procedures and sequence to
be followed during the activity
•
Information on calling signals during the activity
• Request participants to inform the leaders about
any discomfort they are facing at any point of time during
the activity Time schedule.
•
Geographical information
• Ask participants to disclose any specific medical
problem like epilepsy, asthma, hypertension, diabetes etc.
10.17
Respect Wildlife
• Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow
or approach them.
• Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages
their health, alters natural behaviors and exposes them to
predators and other dangers.
• Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations
and trash securely.
•
Control pets at all times or leave them at home.
• Avoid wildlife during sensitive times, mating,
nesting, raising young or winter.
10.18
Be Considerate of Other Visitors
• Respect other visitors and protect the quality of
their experience.
•
Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail.
• Step to the downhill side of the trail when
encountering pack stock.
• Take breaks and camp away from trails and other
visitors.
• Let nature’s sound prevail. Avoid loud voices
and noises.
10.19 Records for Verification
•
Review records
•
Records of Personal Feedback
MOUNTAIN BIKING GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES FOR MOUNTAIN BIKING INSTRUCTORS
10.20 Instructors Requirements
Have the following skills/ Knowledge :
10.20.1 Perquisites
Should have completed a first aid course- Provided by
GETHNAA or any other recognized body.
• One person per group of 8 riders must be
accompanied by a Qualified Instructor.
• Basic knowledge and practical ability of how to
address minor Injuries like, bruises, scratches, pains,
sprains, aches, allergies.
Should be insured for high risk sporting activity
•
Done by any recognized Insurance body
•
His/Her Insurance policy must include activities
that will be performed during a mountain biking course.
Should have an emergency evacuation plan
• Must have knowledge of what needs to be done
during any/all emergencies
• Must have knowledge of the exact procedure and
process to follow in case an alternative emergency team
needs to be called from surrounding areas.
10.20.2 Essentials
Techniques And skills
•
Endurance riding and its requirements,
•
Climbing uphill posture and techniques,
•
Downhill riding posture and techniques ,
•
Braking techniques.
•
Should be able to successfully navigate his/ her
mountain bike through the various levels of terrain.
Nutritional requirements for the riders
•
Food and water requirements related to short
and long distance riding.
•
Pre-empting Nutritional requirements for and
riders and ensuring dehydration and other food related
injuries will not occur.
Trail building and maintenance basics
•
Basic skills related to trail signs and markers,
•
Building
maintenance.
sustainable
trails
and
there
•
Water flows and basic understanding of the
Geology of the area.
Equipment understanding , repair and maintenance
• Safety standards of equipment like –Bicycles,
helmets, gloves, shoes ( cycling specific ).
•
Should also posses the skills to solve all
mechanical issues that may occur on a bike which threaten
the safety of the equipment, eg- Braking problems .
• Regular maintenance and care of equipment to
ensure future riders are safe.
10.20.3Minimum Equipment requirements for the instructors.
•
•
front
•
A mountain bike
Minimum of 100mm Travel of suspension in the
Tyres of size – 26”,27.5” or 29”
• Tyre width – 1.95 or broader width.
equivalent in alternatives standards)
( or
• Helmet which adhere to Snell, ISI, DOT, OR
other international standards. A full face helmet must be
used in case of Downhill or Endure related riding camps.
• Gloves – Of full finger length in order to protect a
rider from injuries.
•
Basic First AID kit.
10.20.4 Optional Requirements for riders
• Knee and Elbow pads – In order to protect rider
sin case of falls
• Back pack or back support - In order protect
against back injuries.
10.20.5 Other Activities like those mentioned in trekking must
also be followed by both the participants and the instructors :
• LST or follow all principles of the Leave No Trace
Program.
•
Follow all regulations as stated above.
10.21 MOUNTAIN BIKING DO’S AND DON’TS
Do’s
•
Acquire basic Cycling skills.
• Receive proper training and acquire basic skills.
Have basic knowledge in the equipment used.
• Examine the equipment of the bicycle before
setting off.
•
Properly wear a helmet
• Have proper means of making emergency calls.
Bring a whistle or a mobile phone.
• Always keep alert and take note of the changes in
the weather and terrain .
• Have good rest & plenty of water; keep physical
strength for return or onward journey. Pay attention to
sunscreen protection or keep warm.
• Inform a reliable friend or a family member of
your destination, time of return or onward journey and
ways of contact with your companions.
Don’ts
•
Panic in the event of accidents.
•
Misuse the equipment provided
•
Under rate the weather changes.
CHAPTER 11
RISK MANAGEMENT
The Organization shall implement
process of Risk
management which helps to identify, assess and mitigate or
minimize the Risk factor, which is always present in adventure
activities. Risk management maximizes the ability to
deliver
on objectives, promotes sound decision making,
works to safeguard participants and organizers including the
wellbeing of leaders, instructors and guides and contributes to
meeting community and Government expectations for an
accountable and responsible way of conducting adventure
activities.
The Organization shall prepare an Emergency Response Plan
for high risk activities. The Management shall review and
approve ‘Emergency handling and Response Plan’ prior to
commencement of the event or outing.
11.0
Following procedure is recommended for Risk
Management:
•
Define objectives of the program/activity .
• Study the relevant rules and regulations specific
to the country/region that the programme is going to
happen. Ensure that all requirements, especially statutory
ones, are complied with.
• Identify the potential risks and classify by
evaluating consequences of the assessed Risk into
categories; Low, Moderate, High, Extreme.
• Risks are further classified as Loss or
Damage to Property, Damage to Environment, Physical
Injury and/or Personal Emotional Injury .
•
Determine the acceptance level of Risk involved.
• According to classification of Risk, necessary
infrastructure is introduced such as requisite equipment,
competent leaders and instructors. It should also involve
necessary external agencies such as Insurance Companies
for monetary compensation to limit the monetary damage
to the participants and organizers.
• It is necessary to consistently monitor and
document the Emergency
• Handling Mechanism(mentioned below) is to be
followed during and after the crisis by the overall
supervisor.
11.1
All participants in an activity can be classified into four
categories
• Novice: almost total lack of knowledge,
unaware of possible consequences
• Apprentice: basic awareness, but needs
guidance for decision making
• Competent: has enough knowledge to take
routine decisions but may need directions in crisis.
• Expert: Competent and has sufficient
knowledge and confidence to guide the Risk
Management Procedures; can plan for and prevent adverse
consequences
11.2
Risk Management is further complemented by setting
criteria for participation and conduction of a program /
activity:
Level of Risks
Involved
Accepted level of Competency for
Participation
Types of Activities with involved
Risk
Low
Novices and Apprentices need not to be accompanied
For Example easy short or multiday treks, Adventure camps,
easy high
Moderate
Novices and Apprentices need to be accompanied by
Competent and Experts
e.g. Moderately difficult Short or Multiday Treks, High
Altitude Treks, Rock climbing Courses, Easy
High
Novices are completely excluded. Few Apprentices mey be
allowed
e.g. Difficult Short or Multiday Treks, High Altitude Treks,
Rock Climbing Expeditions
Extreme
Novices and Apprentices are completely excluded. Competent
are accompanied by one or two Experts.
Very Difficult Rock climbing or
Mountaineering Expeditions etc.
11.3 Emergency Handling Mechanism is described as follows:
• Evaluation (Assessment): qualified person or
persons (Expert) specifically designated for the
responsibility of evaluation or assessment and taking a
decision about the Emergency Response .
• Mechanism of Responding to Emergency can use
the following path.
• Making sure the inclusion and availability of
Necessary Equipment for Search, Rescue, Evacuation and
Communication in the Group.
• Making sure the arrangements for Providing
First Aid and or Medical Assistance is in place.
• Making sure that each group has with it requisite
amount of ‘emergency cash’ to help in handling
emergency situations.
• Communication and Reporting Mechanism will
be taken care of by the inclusion and availability of
communication equipment e.g. walkie-talkie sets.
• Also it will ensure the inclusion of specific
support persons e.g. Mail Runners, in case of very remote
locations for quick communication and reporting to the
outside world.
INCIDENT
RESPONSE
Regular outdoor occurrences (e.g. Blisters, Thorn Prick etc)
Response Level 1: address the issue. Requisite treatment
given.
Minor Injuries / Incidents
(e.g. Sprains, wounds etc)
Response Level 2: Qualified First Aider addresses the issue
and administers treatment. External help sought if necessary.
Serious Injuries (but not life threatening) where evacuation of
the casualty is necessary.
Response Level 3: Qualified First Aider addresses the issue
and administers treatment. External help sought if necessary.
Evacuation procedures acted upon.
Fatal / Near Fatal Incidents
Response Level 4: Leader along with Qualified First Aider
addresses and evaluates, Emergency Handling Procedures are
implemented. Communication and Evacuation procedures
acted upon.
11.4 Organization shall prepare pre-determined ‘Emergency
handling and Response Plan’ for all high risk activities, which
is pre-approved by the management of the organization. This
plan is inclusive of
• Response Protocol assigning responsibilities and
Roles of the qualified individuals such as Rescuers, First
Aiders, Communicators, Supervision etc and to determine
the path of handling the crisis.
• Rescue and Evacuation Protocols and Procedures
clearly defining the steps to be taken in case of a crisis.
•
11.5
Post Incidence Debrief and Review.
Records for Verification
•
Emergency Response Plan which is pre-approved by the
management
CHAPTER 12
CRITICAL INCIDENTS AND COMPLAINTS
In case of any accident or Critical incident, GETHNAA
shall nominate a team to analyze the situation and analyze
the root cause.
Organization shall co operate with GETHNAA team and help
them in their analysis. Organization shall take appropriate
actions in order to prevent the recurrence of the incident.
GETHNAA may forward the details of the incident and
actions initiated for its prevention to other members
with the objective to extract learning from the incident.
In case of receipt of complaint regarding violation of
Safety Norms from any participant or any other person,
GETHNAA may nominate a team for analysis of the
situation. The Organization shall co operate with the team and
take appropriate actions based on the recommendations of
the GETHNAA team.
CHAPTER 13
DOCUMENT REVISION MECHANISM
1.0
Changes to the Safety Guidelines
The sections in the ‘Safety Guidelines’ are dynamic in
nature and can be revised on the basis of suggestions from
the user community.
The Organizations shall send their requests to the A.O
GETHNAA suggesting making amends to the document.
Documents with details and justification.
GETHNAA shall review the suggestions and appropriate the
change if satisfied. In case the suggestions are accepted,
GETHNAA shall amend the concerned Section and forward
the same to all the concerned with amended Version status.
GETHNAA shall maintain current versions of all sections of
this Safety Guidelines. These will also be available for
download online.
2.0
The Organization shall receive the revised section of the
document and ensure appropriate versions are adopted for
performing adventure activities.
Reference Documents and Templates
16.1
Notes for Reference
16.2
Template - CRTICIAL INCIDENT REVIEW
16.6
Template - ROUTE AND DESCRIPTION PLAN Note:
These are a few sample ‘notes for reference’ and
‘templates’. Further versions of this Document will have
more comprehensive sets. Organizations may also develop
their own notes and templates from the content of
training programmes and books.
• Emergency response mechanism - As explained
in the “Risk Management
Recommended by GETHNAA”
• Finally seek confirmation
understood the instructions
•
if
they
have
Take signatures on Risk certificate or disclaimer.
• Inform participants about availability of a
medical kit
Important: Procedural Instructions and suggestions are to be
repeated as many times as necessary.
• All technical equipment must be logged in/out
of stores, checked for damage before and after use and any
defects reported. Return all equipment to the equipment–
in-charge after the session.
Rock Climbing Instructors requirement:
•
Should be able to Climb a Minimum grade of
6’a’.
• Should have knowledge of the most common
belay practices.
• Should be able to Check and verify Equipment as
per UIAA Norms.
• Should have completed an Instructors course/
route setters course recognized Institutions as specified
above.
•
Should have completed a first Aid course.
• Should have appropriate
practical skill of Anchoring and Knots.
knowledge
Climber Equipment:
Mandatory –
Helmet to be used for Rock climbing activity
-Ropes for climbs above 15 feet.
-Harness for climbs above 15 feet.
- A Crash Mat must be used for all activity below 15 feet.
- Belay Devices and a trained Be-layer
- First Aid kit.
and
Recommended
• Rock Climbing Specific shoes to ensure reduction
of foot injuries.
•
Chalk powder to help grip the rock better.
Appropriate technical equipment will be used and logged for
use.
• Check that all participants and instructors are
suitably clothed and equipped.
• Periodic headcount of the group members is
necessary
• Helmets must be worn by participants and
instructors while doing the activity and also when present
in the activity area.
• There will be an appropriate supervision of
participants around the activity area.
• It is advisable to create a mechanism for PostActivity Review and Analysis that will help to make
future activities safer and more enjoyable.
• A rescue kit and system will be readily available
at each rappeling point and valley crossing site. The
rescue kit must be sufficient to, depending on the
situation, allow the instructors to reach, to retrieve an
incapacitated participant.
• All instructors must
mastered rescue techniques.
have practiced and
• In case of Rappelling activity a special care to be
taken that the end of the rope must be knotted to prevent
rappeling off the end.
• In case of Valley Crossing activity if Tyrolean
Traverse Technique is used, the wire rope of adequate
diameter is to be used with a backup system.
CHAPTER 14
PRINCIPLES OF ‘LEAVE NO TRACE’ (LNT) FOR
OUTDOOR ETHICS
The
Organization shall induct LNT principles into
its
organizational culture
through
consistent
implementation of relevant practices and reviews.
14.1
Background
Wilderness Ethics is to
enjoy Natural ecosystems
without harming or impacting them. Millions of outdoor
enthusiasts have shared the dream of sustainable outdoor
recreation.
The
outdoors
fraternity all over the world
full
heartedly embraced the “LNT Principles” and supported
imbibing and implementing them in the outdoors. LNT are
the principles and we need to derive appropriate practices
to be effective for a particular environment, especially in the
Indian context, natural and socio-cultural aspects.
To learn more and be effective implementers of the LNT
principles, the LNT Master Educator, Trainer and Outreach
Program
can be completed
to achieve
the relevant
certifications. It is strongly recommended to implement the
LNT principles
while
conducting
Trekking,
Mountaineering and other land based adventure and nature
activities organized in Karnataka.
14.2
Principles of Leave No Trace
14.2.1 Plan and Prepare
• Know the regulations and special concerns for
the area you’ll visit.
• Prepare for extreme weather, hazards and
emergencies.
•
Schedule your trip to avoid times of high use.
• Visit in small groups. Split lager parties into
groups of 4-6.
•
Repackage food to minimize waste.
• Use map and compass to eliminate the use of
rock cairns, flagging or marking points.
14.2.2 Travel and Camp on Durable Surface
• Durable surfaces include established trails and
camp sites, rock, gravel, dry grasses or snow.
• Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet
/ 60 meter away from lakes, streams.
• Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a
site is not necessary.
•
Concentrate use on existing trails and campsites.
• Walk in a single file in middle of the trail, even
when wet or muddy.
• Keep camp site small. Focus activities in the areas
where the vegetation is minimal or absent.
14.2.3 In pristine areas
• Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites
and trails.
•
Avoid places where impacts are just beginning.
14.2.4 Dispose of Waste Properly
• Pack it in. Inspect your campsite and rest areas
for trash or spilled foods. Pack out all trash, leftover food,
litter and dispose them in appropriate area ( dustbins
when you return to the city )
• Deposit Solid Human waste in holes dug 6 to 8
inches / 15 to 20 cm deep at least 200 feet / 60 meters
from water, camp and trails. Cover and disguise the cathole when finished.
• Pack out
products.
toilet paper and other hygiene
• To wash yourself or dishes, carry water 200 feet /
60 meter away from streams or lakes and use small
amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained
dishwater.
14.2.5 Leave what you find
• Preserve the past: observe, but do
cultural or historic structures and artifacts.
not touch
• Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as
you find them.
• Avoid introducing or transporting non-native
species.
•
Do not build structures, furniture or dig trenches.
14.2.6 Minimize Campfire Impacts
• Campfires can cause lasting impacts to the
backcountry. Use light weight stove for cooking and enjoy
a candle lantern for light.
• Where fires are permitted, light fires in with an
understanding of the surroundings and clear up all traces
before you leave.
• Keep fires small. Only use sticks from the
ground that can be broken by hand.
• Burn all wood and coal to ash, put out campfires
completely.
• Brief Info of the Objective of the trek / hike:
about the places to be visited and potential Risks and
Difficulties
• Departure and Arrival Time: It will also include
mode of transport
• Brief Program: Tentative schedule, expected time
log (e.g. 4 hrs climb etc)
• Rules & Regulations of the Organization for the
conduct of the activity
•
Expected dress code
•
Kit list of items for participants
• Emergency contact numbers: The numbers in
case family members of the participants want to enquire/
inform in case of emergency.
Important: Request to Participants to leave a printout of this
Pre-Trek brief with someone at home.
14.2.7 Introductory Brief by the leaders to the participants
• Self Introduction, Declaration that the leader is
the authority on the trek.
• Roles and responsibilities of leader and
participants
•
Brief Introduction of the Organization
•
Declaration of Co-Leader and Support leaders
•
Identification of hazards expected on route
• Request participants to inform the leaders about
any discomfort they are facing
•
Information about the importance of Hydration
• Information about blisters and hot spots and
how to avoid them
•
Time schedule of the trek
•
Geographical information
• Ask participants to disclose any specific medical
problem like epilepsy, asthma, hypertension, diabetes, etc.
•
Safety of people
•
Safety of environments
•
Social behavior - communication with villagers
•
Emergency response mechanism.
etc.
• Finally seek confirmation if they have
understood the instructions
•
Take signatures on Risk certificate or disclaimer.
• Inform participants about availability of a
medical kit
•
Information on calling signals
CHAPTER 15
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS & TEMPLATES
Acclimatization
As one gains altitude, there is lower and lower atmospheric
pressure which results in lesser and lesser oxygen available
for breathing. Acclimatization involves the body adjusting to
this decreased lower oxygen content in the thinner air.
The body starts this ‘adjusting process’ as soon as a person
starts gaining altitude. The person has to just support his/her
body as it starts the adjusting process.
This adjustment by the body involves the following:
•
Increased heart rate (pulse)
•
Increased respiratory rate
•
Lack of appetite
•
Mildly disturbed sleep
•
level)
Breathlessness on activity (earlier than at sea
•
Slight edema possible (face, hands, legs)
•
Mild lassitude
•
Headache – AMS starts!
The support that the person has to provide to his/her body:
• Hydrate adequately – keep sipping water, 45 liters/day
•
Eat well – appropriate diet, timely input
• Manage layers appropriately – feel warm
and comfortable! Sleep warm!
•
Rest appropriately and adequately
• Get fresh air, especially when in camp –
walk around in the evenings, keep tents ventilated
• Pace yourself while hiking – walk while you
can talk!
• Monitor self and others – General feeling
Shortness of breath at rest Quality of urine Food
intake Quality of sleep Evening activity Tent
ventilation Sleeping bag use Hotspots while walking
Hygiene – personal and community
• Prompt action to address signs and
symptoms of AMS
In case of AMS, here is a checklist which might help a person
understand what action is to be taken to help patient recover:
•Water
How much water have you drunk?
How have you been drinking in the last few days? (Sipping or
gulping huge quantities)
How much water has been passed out?
Was your urine clear or colored?
•Food
What have you been eating?
How frequently? When was the last that you ate? What?
When was the last you pooped? Quality?
Do you experience nausea?
Have you vomited?
Do you have any allergy?
•Layers
How are you feeling? Feeling warm?
Are your clothes dry?
Have you been sleeping warm?
•Pace
How has the pace been for you? Too fast? Too slow?
Are you feeling short of breath even at rest?
How were you feeling through the last few days’ of altitude
gain?
•Fresh air
Have you been staying inside tents in the evenings? Evening
walks?
Has your tent been ventilated adequately?
CRTICIAL INCIDENT REVIEW
Name of Organization Event/Programmer
____________________ Location
description
Leader
_______________Co-leader
_________________________________________
Incident
:
_______________________________________________________
_______
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
Learning
:
_______________________________________________________
_______
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
___________________________________________________
_______________
Action recommended to prevent
Incident in future :
recurrence of such an
_______________________________________________________
________________
_______________________________________________________
________________
_______________________________________________________
________________
_______________________________________________________
________________
_______________________________________________________
________________
_______________________________________________________
________________
CHAPTER 16
AQUA SPORTS
There is an infinite number of sports involved in water. Some
of the sports includes traditional swimming and some of them
with mechanised paddling like kayaking, canoeing, rafting,
sculling, rowing and motorized activities like powered boat,
cruise boat, jet ski.The motorized activities help in towable
activities such as water ski, bumpy ride, water surfing, banana
boat, fly fish, gliders, sumo suit .Recreational sports like wind
surfing, kite surfing, water surfing, wave surfing, wakeboard,
skiing etc. It also involves Recreational diving activities like
snorkeling, scuba diving and other under water sporting
events.
16.1POTENTIAL HAZARDS DURING WATER SPORTS
16.1.1 Heat Exhaustion/ Heat Stroke
In a very hot environment, failure to replenish in time the
water and salt that is lost through sweating may result in heat
exhaustion which in turn results in excessive rise in body
temperature, the body temperature regulation mechanism may
not be able to function properly, thus resulting in a heat stroke.
16.1.2 Safety Measures
• Drink plenty of water before/after water sports
activities.
• Wear permeable clothing
protection to protect the body.
with
sunscreen
• Take periodic rests as appropriate during the
activity.
• Watch for signs of illness. Inform your
companions at once on any signs of sickness or uneasiness
and get to the shore for rest and treatment without delay.
16.1.3 First Aid Targets
• Move the victim to a cool and shady area to
avoid furhter depletion in water and salts in the body .
• Help the victim to lower body temperature as
quickly as possible.
•
Seek medical assistance.
16.1.4 Hypothermia
A heavy shower or strong gusts of wind during water sports
may result in a fall in body temperature, thus causing
hypothermia.
16.1.5 Safety Measures
• Do not participate in any water sports when you
are hungry and tired.
• Pay attention to the change in weather and
evaluate the temperature of the wind to decide whether it
is necessary to wear a wet suit or warm clothing.
• Avoid consumption of alcoholic beverages,
which will facilitate a loss of body temperature, before
taking part in water sports .
• Bring along spare warm clothing and highenergy food like chocolates.
• Closely monitor any drastic drop in body
temperature. Get back to the shore as early as possible if
necessary to restore energy and keep warm.
• Once back to the shore for rest,change into dry
clothes to mitigate the drop in body temperature.
16.1.6 First Aid
•
Prevent further loss of body heat.
• Help the victim to get warm and to retain normal
body temperature.
16.1.7 Common Injuries
The most common water sport injuries include sprains,
dislocation of joints, laceration and crush injuries. Falling in to
the water due to loss of balance may result in crush injuries.
Crush injuries to the head are more serious and may lead to
unconsciousness.
16.1.8 Safety Measures
• Ensure you have enough rest & sleep before any
of the activities.This will maintain vitality and keeps you
vigilant.
• Warm up before the activity to maintain elasticity
of muscles and flexibility of joints.
• Receive proper and formal training to acquire the
right techniques and skills.
• Put on suitable protective gear such as nonslippery shoes, gloves and helmet.
• Never attempt to do more than you can handle.
During practice, follow the safety guidelines.
• When falling in to water, try to protect your face
and head with your arms.
• Remain calm and be alert. Don’t rush to
resurface.
• When resurfacing in water , protect your head
with one hand while the other hand stretches towards the
water surface to feel for any obstacles.
16.1.9 First Aid Targets
• Clear the airway of the unconscious victim or
keep him/her in a supine position for recovery.
• Ensure the person is breathing.
respiratory resuscitation if necessary.
Perform
• Maintain
blood
circulation.
Perform
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if necessary.
•
Control bleeding.
•
Treat for shock.
•
Stabilize the fracture.
16.1.10 Thunderstorm
Participants of water sports activities should note that
lightning usually strikes the apex of the tallest object on the
sea/river such as the mast of ships and boats.
16.1.11 Safety Measures
• Pay attention to the signals onshore, including
public announcements and flag signals.
• Upon sighting of lightning in the nearby waters,
the centre's will hoist the red flag immediately and stop all
the activities.
• Dinghy sailors should immediately check
whether their life jackets or buoyancy aids have been
properly buckled and make sure all accessories that will
come off easily such as rudder and dagger board are
securely attached. Then overturn the dinghies gradually
and drop the masts in to the water, with the the hull
facing up. Lie prostrate on the hulls.
• Windsurfers should drop the sails in to the water
immediately and prostrate on the board to avoid being
sruck by lightning .
• Canoeists should raft together along the
shoreline. Remain calm and wait for assistance to get back
to the shore.
16.1.12 Rain storm
Rainstorms are usually accompanied by strong gusts of wind,
blurring everything on the sea. The currents in river mouths
and water outlets will be turbulent.
16.1.13 Safety Measures
• When the amber or red rainstorm signal is
communicated by the department, the centre's will review
whether the activities should proceed in light of the actual
circumstances.
• If participants have difficulties in returning to the
shore, they should, sail their crafts close to the shore to
avoid staying in the middle of the water and keep away
from any dangerous places.Besides, they should remain
calm and wait for assistance.
16.1.14 Damage of Equipment
There are designated personnel responsible for the
maintenance and repair of equipment in the centres. However,
accidents may occur occasionally during water sports causing
damage to the equipment. In most cases, participants can
follow certain precautions to help themselves. Under certain
circumstances participants have to rely entirely on others for
rescue.
16.1.15 Safety measures
• Check all the equipment before setting off. In
case of irregularities, replace or repair as soon as possible.
• Assess whether the equipment on board is
suitable for the prevailing weather and sea conditions.
• Correctly assemble the equipment. Do not
modify.
• Check whether the boat is fitted with backup
power, e.g. backup paddle (for dinghies only)
• Receive relevant training and learn the skills. The
water sports centres will provide training courses of
various categories and levels including those teaching selfrescue methods in times of equipment failure and
navigation skills.
• If the boat is running out of control or has a
power break down, stay calm and try to keep the boat
stationary in a safe location. Summon assistance from
other participants or rescuers by any means including
maritime distress signals.
• If any equipment is found to be damaged after
activities, centre staff should be informed immediately for
repair.
• Don’t abandon your boat at will. A boat is
definitely larger than a human being and is easier to be
noticed by rescuers.
16.1.16 Loss of Balance
The potential hazard of losing balance is that participants may
fall in to the water, hit himself against hard objects and get
hurt. If a boat sailing at high speed comes to a halt abruptly
and capsizes, or if the sailor fails to keep his balance due to
strong external forces, he may easily be thrown forward. In the
absence of any psychological preparation, the sailor may hit
against hard objects like the hull or the mast.
16.1.17 Safety measures
• Adequate rest is a pre-requisite before taking
part in any water sports. It helps you enjoy the activity
and stay alert.
• Protect your face and head with your arms when
you lose balance.
• Keep calm and be alert, do not hurry to get to the
water surface.
• When resurfacing, protect your head with one
arm and extend the other to check whether there is any
obstacle on the water surface.
16.1.18 Blown offshore or Deviated from Designated sailing
area
Offshore winds may be stronger than expected and the boat
may easily be blown offshore.
16.1.19 Safety measures
• Avoid participating/conducting water sports
where offshore winds are likely to be present.
• If necessary, accompany other boats so that help
can be sought.
• Windsurfers should choose small sails in light of
the onshore wind conditions; dinghy sailors should reef
their sails before setting off; canoeist should conduct their
activities near the shore.
16.1.20 Cut by rope: Hands maybe cut or burnt by ropes
(such as the mainsheet)while taking part in water sports
particularly in strong wind.
16.1.21 Safety Measures: Put on gloves when taking part in
water sports .
16.1.22 Entangled in Rope/Hit by rope: Dinghy sailors may be
entangled or obstructed by a rope.
16.1.23 Safety Measures: Put away unwanted rigs after fixing
a sail.
Carry a folding knife to cut off the rig if you cannot untie
yourself after being entangled. Wear a cap to prevent injury to
your eyes and face.
16.1.24
Trapped inside a capsize boat: Under certain
circumstances, participants may be trapped in a capsized boat.
16.1.25 Safety Measures: Learn the skills of boat recovery
before taking part in water sports and ensure that you can
handle a capsized boat with the proper procedures.
If the boat capsizes stay calm and conduct a head count before
recovering the boat.
16.1.26 Head Injuries caused by hard objects in a capsize
Boat:
16.1.27 Safety measures: Must check the depth of the water
and the presence of any foreign objects around before
practicing boat recovery.
Wear protective helmet when taking part in water sports
activities in shallow water or areas where underwater
condition is unknown.
16.1.28
International Regulations for the prevention of
Collisions at Sea
• You should not only pay attention to your own
safety ,but also obey the rules of the road during water
sports .Some of the basic rules and common situations are
:
• When encountering another boat, pay attention
to the tacks of both boats to verify if they are headed for a
collision .
• When two boats are on the same tack continued
sailing may lead to possible, collision the windward boat
should keep clear of the leeward boat.
• When two boats are on the opposite tacks and
continued sailing may lead to a possible collision, the boat
on the port tack should keep clear of the one on the
starboard tack.
• When one of the boat is overtaking another, the
faster boat must keep clear of the one being overtaken.
• Power boats should give way to boats driven by
wind or manual force. The latter should give way to
vessels out of control, vessels with limited control and
fishing boats.
• The boat that has the priority for continued
sailing should keep its course and speed. But must be
prepared to give way to avoid collision if another boat
does not alter its course in time.
•
safety.
If in doubt, always give way first for the sake of
16.1.29 Maritime Distress Measures
• In times when maritime help is needed , keep
calm stay on the boat as far as practicable and raise and
lower arms at each side of the body slowly and
repeatedly.
• If you are unable to get back on the boat, hold
the boat as a floating support with one hand, and raise the
other hand straight above the sea in a fist to signal for
help.
• If a waterproof whistle is available, signal with
yours hands and blow the whistle simultaneously in order
to draw attention for help.
• If there is nothing which can produce any sound ,
cry out and tap the boat to call for help immediately.
• If you see anyone giving these signals, please
inform the rescue personnel or under safe circumstances,
provide assistance as far as possible.
• Precautions for fluctuations in weather such
as sudden wind shifts, lightning flashes and choppy
water. These are indicators tha a storm is brewing. Bring a
portable radio to check weather reports.
• Bring extra gear that you may need, and protect
your gear in a watertight pouch or a container that floats.
Gear should include:
•
A flashlight
•
Extra batteries
•
Matches
•
A map of your location
•
Flares
•
Sunscreen
•
First aid kit
• Check your boat, equipment, boat balance,
engine and fuel supply before leaving.
• Don't drink when boating, alcohol impairs your
judgment, balance and coordination. More than 50 percent
of drowning result from boating incidents involving
alcohol.
• Look for the label: Use of approved life jackets
for all participants involved is imperative.
• Develop a float plan. Any time you go out in a
boat, give a responsible person details about where you
will be and how long you will be gone. If the boat is
delayed because of an emergency, becomes lost, or
encounters other problems, you want help to be able to
reach you.
• Find a boating course in your area. These courses
teach navigation rules, emergency procedures and the
effects of wind, water conditions and weather.
• Watch the weather: Monitor the local weather
conditions and prepare for electrical storms by watching
local news programs. Stop boating as soon as you see or
hear a storm.
16.1.30 Personal Watercraft (Jet Ski)
• Learn to swim. The best thing anyone can do to
stay safe in and around the water is to learn to swim. This
applies to anyone participating in any water sport or
boating activity.
• Familiarize yourself with local laws and
regulations. Some states have special laws governing the
use of personal water craft (PWC) which address
operations, registration and licensing requirements,
education, required safety equipment and minimum ages.
• Operate your PWC with courtesy and common
sense. Follow the traffic pattern of the waterway. Obey nowake and speed zones.
• Use extreme caution around swimmers and
surfers. Run your PWC at a slow speed until the craft is
away from shore, swimming areas and docks. Avoid
passing close to other boats and jumping wakes. This
behavior is dangerous and often problematic.
• Make sure approved life jackets are worn by the
PWC's operator and any riders.
• Ride with a buddy. PWCs should always travel
in groups of two or three. You never know when an
emergency might occur.
•
Alcohol impairs your judgment, balance and
coordination. You should not operate a PWC while
drinking alcohol.
16.1.31 Sail boarding and Windsurfing
•
Always wear an approved life jacket.
• Wear a wet suit in cold water to prevent
hypothermia.
• Take a swim course. You need good physical
strength and swimming ability.
• Take
instructor.
windsurfing
lessons from
a
qualified
• Know local weather conditions. Make sure the
water and weather conditions are safe. Because water
conducts electricity, stop swimming, boating or other
activities on the water as soon as you see or hear a storm.
Heavy rain can make certain areas dangerous.
16.1.32 Surfing
•
Take lessons from an experienced instructor.
•
Wear a wet suit when in cold water
•
Never surf alone.
• Learn to swim. The best thing anyone can do to
stay safe in and around the water is to learn to swim. This
includes anyone participating in any water sport.
• Familiriaze yourself with the local weather
conditions. Make sure the water and weather conditions
are safe. Because water conducts electricity, stop
swimming, boating or other activities on the water as soon
as you see or hear a storm. Heavy rain can make certain
areas dangerous.
16.1.33 Water Skiing
•
•
shape.
Wear an approved life jacket.
Be sure the boat and ski equipment are in good
• Always turn the motor of the boat completely off
when you approach a fallen skier.
•
Watch the water ahead of you at all times.
• Have an extra person aboard to watch and assist
the skier.
• Run parallel to shore and come in slowly when
landing. Sit down if coming in too fast.
•
Use proper hand signals to signal boat operator.
•
Do not ski at night or in restricted areas.
• Learn to swim. The best thing anyone can do to
stay safe in and around the water is to learn to swim. This
includes anyone participating in any water sport.
• Track the local weather conditions. Make sure the
water and weather conditions are safe. Because water
conducts electricity, stop swimming, boating or other
activities on the water as soon as you see or hear a storm.
Heavy rain can make certain areas dangerous.
16.2 Instructors Qualifications & Responsibilities
16.2.1 Life saving Techniques (LST):
The entire staff of the water sport centre who are directly
involved with the operations must be LST certified. It is
desirable that personnel indirectly connected also qualify in
the First Aid and CPR modules of the LST course so that they
can render help in an emergencies.
16.2.2 Powerboat Handling Certification (PBH):
All powerboat/ water scooter/ jet ski drivers must hold PBH
certification from any govt authorised institute or Serang from
port department certification or its equivalent international
certification.
Note: Validity of above certification shall be renewed.
16.2.3 Boat Parasailing:
The boat driver must have a remote control powerboat
handling [PBH- R (LEVEL 3)] certification. In addition, he
must have a minimum of 20 supervised launches before
handling operations independently.
16.2.4 Waterskiing & Fun Rides Using Powerboat:
Must hold PBH and LST certification. In addition, he should
have conducted water-skiing operations under controlled
supervision on at least five occasions. He should be thoroughly
conversant with standard hand signals used between driver
and skier.
16.2.5 Jet Ski/ Personal Watercraft (PWC):
Must hold PBH and LST certifications from a recognized
institute or its equivalent. In addition to this basic seamanship
qualification, he should also undergo Jet Ski conversion course
conducted by govt authorised institute.
16.2.6 Windsurfing & Dinghy Sailing:
The water sport centre should have at least one staff member
holding certification from a recognized institute or from the
national governing body of the respective Water sport with
adequate proficiency. Proof of participation in national/ Navy
Sailing regattas can also be considered equivalent to a
proficiency certificate.
16.2.7 Kayaking and Canoeing:
The water sports centre should have at least one staff member
holding certification from a recognized institute or from a
national governing body of the respective Water sport with
adequate proficiency. Proof of participation in National/ Navy
regattas can also be considered equivalent to a proficiency
certificate.
16.2.8 Scuba Diving:
Dive Instructor: The dive centre should employ at least one
Dive Instructor certified by internationally recognized agencies
viz. E.G. PADI, CMAS, NAUI, BSAC and SSI.
16.2.9 River Rafting:
The River Guide must hold valid certification of competency
from recognized institute or a national governing body
recognized by the MOT. He must also hold a Life Saving
Technique (LST) certification or an equivalent certification
from respected national governing body.
They must complete two familiarization runs under
supervision before the commencement of each season and
before undertaking commercial runs. Minimum age for guides
is 18 years.
16.3 COMMON RESPONSIBILITY
•
All Instructor:
•
Should be qualified in the concerned
field.
•
Should
be
Techniques/Rescue.
qualified
in
Life
Saving
•
Should be trained and certified in FIRST AID
COURSE
•
Should be always with their team members.
•
Should be ready with activity before the start.
•
Should strictly inform team member to wear
approved life jackets.
•
Should take full responsibility of the team
member.
•
Should follow all safety Norms.
16.4 Flag signals for Water Sports Centre
Windsock: means the centre is open.
Red flag: means it will be dangerous to carry out any water
sports activities. All water sports activities should stop
immediately .All participants are required to return to the
centre's as soon as possible.
Yellow flag: The weather is beginning to worsen or there is
danger in offshore waters. Hence, all water sports activities
should be carried out in the waters near the shoreline.
Chequered (N) Flag : means the time for the current session of
water sports activities is ending soon or the next session has to
yet to begin.
Dive Flag to be flown at the Dive site and on Dive Boats, No
other motorized boat should come within 30meters of a Dive
Flag
16.5 River rafting ordinances
•
Class I Rapids
•
Class II Rapids: Novice
•
Class III: Intermediate
•
Class IV: Advanced
•
Class V: Expert
•
Class VI: Extreme and Exploratory Rapids
16.5.1 INTRODUCTION
This code has been prepared using the best available
information and has been reviewed by a broad cross-section of
White water experts. The code, however, is only a collection of
guidelines; attempts to minimize risks should be flexible, not
constrained by a rigid set of rules. Varying conditions and
group goals may combine with unpredictable circumstances to
require alternate procedures. This code is not intended to serve
as a standard of care for commercial outfitters or guides.
16.5.2
PERSONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
PREPAREDNESS
AND
• A natisfartory level in swimming with the
ability to fore underwater scenarios
• Be a competent swimmer, with the ability to
handle yourself underwater.
• Wear a life jacket. a snugly-fitting vest- life
preserver offers back and shoulder protection as well as
the flotation needed to swim safely in white water.
• Wear a solid, correctly-fitted helmet. This is
essential in kayaks or covered canoes, and recommended
for open canoeists using light straps and rafters running
steep drops.
• Do not boat out of control. Your skills should be
sufficient to stop or reach the shore before it is too late. Do
not enter a rapid unless you are reasonably sure that you
can run it safely or swim it without injury.
• White Water Rivers contain many hazards which
are not always easily recognized. The following are the
most frequent killers.
• High Water. The river's speed and power
increase tremendously as the flow increases, raising
the difficulty of most rapids. Rescue becomes
progressively harder as the water rises, adding to the
danger. Floating debris and strainers make even an
easy rapid quite hazardous. It is often misleading to
judge the river level at the put in, Since a small rise in
a wide, shallow place will be multiplied many times
where the river narrows. Use reliable gauge
information whenever possible, and be aware that
sun on snowpack, hard rain, and upstream dam
releases may greatly increase the flow.
•
Cold drains your strength and robs you of
the ability to make sound decisions on matters
affecting your survival. Cold-water immersion,
because of the initial shock and the rapid heat loss
which follows, is especially dangerous. Dress
appropriately for bad weather or sudden immersion
in the water. When the water temperature is less than
10 Centigrade a wetsuit or dry suit is essential for
protection if you swim. Next best is wool or pile
clothing under a waterproof shell. In this case, you
should also carry waterproof matches and a change of
clothing in a waterproof bag. If, after prolonged
exposure, a person experiences uncontrollable
shaking, loss of coordination, or difficulty speaking,
he or she is hypothermic, and needs your assistance.
• Strainers. Brush, fallen trees, bridge pilings,
undercut rocks or anything else which allows river
current to sweep through can pin boats and boaters
against the obstacle. Water pressure on anything
trapped this way can be overwhelming. rescue is
often extremely difficult. Pinning may occur in fast
current, with little or no White water to warn of the
danger.
• Dams, weirs, ledges, reversals, holes, and
hydraulics. When water drops over a obstacle, it curls
back on itself, forming a strong upstream current
which may be capable of holding a boat or swimmer.
Some holes make for excellent sport. Others are
proven killers. Paddlers who cannot recognize the
difference should avoid all but the smallest holes.
Hydraulics around man-made dams must be treated
with utmost respect regardless of their height or the
level of the river. Despite their seemingly benign
appearance, they can create an almost escape-proof
trap. The swimmer's only exit from the “drowning
machine” is to dive below the surface when the
downstream current is flowing beneath the reversal.
• Broaching. when a boat is pushed sideways
against a rock by strong current, it may collapse and wrap.
this is especially dangerous to kayak and decked canoe
paddlers; these boats will collapse and the combination of
indestructible hulls and tight outfitting may create a
deadly trap. even without entrapment, releasing pinned
boats can be extremely time-consuming and dangerous. to
avoid pinning, throw your weight downstream towards
the rock. this allows the current to slide harmlessly
underneath the hull.
• Boating alone is discouraged. The minimum
party is three people or two craft.
• Asess your boating ability, and don't attempt
rivers or rapids which lie beyond that ability.
• Be in good physical and mental condition,
consistent with the difficulties which may be expected.
Make adjustments for loss of skills due to age, health,
fitness. Any health limitations must be explained to your
fellow paddlers prior to starting the trip.
• Be practiced in self-rescue, including escape from
an overturned craft. The Eskimo roll is strongly
recommended for decked boaters who run rapids Class IV
or greater, or who paddle in cold environmental
conditions.
• Be trained in rescue skills, CPR, and first aid with
special emphasis on the recognizing and treating
hypothermia. It may save your friend's life.
• Carry equipment needed for unexpected
emergencies, including foot wear which will protect your
feet when walking out, a throw rope, knife, whistle, and
waterproof matches. If you wear eyeglasses, tie them on
and carry a spare pair on long trips. Bring cloth repair
tape on short runs, and a full repair kit on isolated rivers.
Do not wear bulky jackets, ponchos, heavy boots, or
anything else which could reduce your ability to swim.
• Despite the mutually supportive group structure
described in this code, individual paddlers are ultimately
responsible for their own safety, and must assume sole
responsibility for the following decisions:
• The decision to participate on any trip. This
includes an evaluation of the expected difficulty of
the rapids under the conditions existing at the time of
the put-in.
• The selection of appropriate equipment,
including a boat design suited to their skills and the
appropriate rescue and survival gear.
• The decision to scout any rapid, and to run
or portage according to their best judgment. Other
members of the group may offer advice, but paddlers
should resist pressure from anyone to paddle beyond
their skills. It is also their responsibility to decide
whether to pass up any walk-out or take-out
opportunity.
• All trip participants should consistently
evaluate their own and their group's safety, voicing
their concerns when appropriate and following what
they believe to be the best course of action. Paddlers
are encouraged to speak with anyone whose actions
on the water are dangerous, whether they are a part
of your group or not.
•
Boat and Equipment Preparedness
• Test new and different equipment under familiar
conditions before relying on it for difficult runs. This is
especially true when adopting a new boat design or
outfitting system. Low-volume craft may present
additional hazards to inexperienced or poorly conditioned
paddlers.
• Be sure your boat and gear are in good repair
before starting a trip. The more isolated and difficult the
run, the more rigorous this inspection should be.
• Install flotation bags in non-inflatable craft,
securely fixed in each end, designed to displace as much
water as possible. Inflatable boats should have multiple
air chambers and be test-inflated before launching.
• Have strong, properly sized paddles or oars for
controlling your craft. Carry sufficient spares for the
length and difficulty of the trip.
• Outfit your boat safely. The ability to exit your
boat quickly is an essential component of safety in rapids.
It is your responsibility to see that there is absolutely
nothing to cause entrapment when coming free of an
upset craft. This includes:
• Spray covers which won't release reliably or
which release prematurely.
• Boat outfitting too tight to allow a fast exit,
especially in low volume kayaks or decked canoes.
This includes low-hung thwarts in canoes lacking
adequate clearance for your feet and kayak foot
braces which fail or allow your feet to become
wedged under them.
• Inadequately supported decks which
collapse on a paddler's legs when a decked boat is
pinned by water pressure. Inadequate clearance with
the deck because of your size or build.
• Loose ropes which cause entanglement.
Beware of any length of loose line attached to a White
water boat. All items must be tied tightly and excess
line eliminated; painters, throw lines, and safety rope
systems must be completely and effectively stored.
Do not knot the end of a rope, as it can get caught in
cracks between rocks.
• Provide ropes which permit you to hold on to
your craft so that it may be rescued. The following
methods are recommended:
• Kayaks and covered canoes should have
grab loops of 1/4” + rope or equivalent webbing
sized to admit a normal-sized hand. Stern painters are
permissible if properly secured.
• Open canoes should have securely anchored
bow and stern painters consisting of 8 - 10 feet of 1/4”
+ line. These must be secured in such a way that they
are readily accessible, but cannot come loose
accidentally. Grab loops are acceptable, but are more
difficult to reach after an upset.
• Rafts and dories may have taut perimeter
lines threaded through the loops provided. Footholds
should be designed so that a paddler's feet cannot be
forced through them, causing entrapment. Flip lines
should be carefully and reliably stowed.
• Know your craft's carrying capacity, and how
added loads affect boat handling in White water. Most
rafts have a minimum crew size which can be added to on
day trips or in easy rapids. Carrying more than two
paddlers in an open canoe when running rapids is not
recommended.
16.6 Group Preparedness and Responsibility
16.6.1 Organization:. A river trip should be regarded as a
common adventure by all participants, except on
instructional or commercially guided trips as defined
below. Participants share the responsibility for the
conduct of the trip, and each participant is individually
responsible for judging his or her own capabilities and for
his or her own safety as the trip progresses. Participants
are encouraged (but are not obligated) to offer advice and
guidance for the independent consideration and judgment
of others.
16.6.2 River Conditions: The group should have a
reasonable knowledge of the difficulty of the run.
Participants should evaluate this information and adjust
their plans accordingly. If the run is exploratory or no one
is familiar with the river, maps and guidebooks, if
available, should be examined. The group should secure
accurate flow information; the more difficult the run, the
more important this will be. Be aware of possible changes
in river level and how this will affect the difficulty of the
run. If the trip involves tidal stretches, secure appropriate
information on tides.
16.6.3 Group equipment should be suited to the difficulty
of the river. The group should always have a throw-line
available, and one line per boat is recommended on
difficult runs. The list may include: carabineers, prussic
loops, first aid kit, flashlight, folding saw, fire starter,
guidebooks, maps, food, extra clothing, and any other
rescue or survival items suggested by conditions. Each
item is not required on every run, and this list is not meant
to be a substitute for good judgment.
16.6.4 Keep the group compact, but maintain sufficient
spacing to avoid collisions. If the group is large, consider
dividing into smaller groups or using the “buddy system”
as an additional safeguard. Space yourselves closely
enough to permit good communication, but not so close as
to interfere with one another in rapids.
16.6.5 A point paddler sets the pace. When in front,
do not get in over your head. Never run drops when
you cannot see a clear route to the bottom or, for
advanced paddlers, a sure route to the next eddy.
When in doubt, stop and scout.
16.6.6 Keep track of all group members: Each boat
keeps the one behind it in sight, stopping if necessary.
Know how many people are in your group and take
head-counts regularly. No one should paddle ahead
or walk out without first informing the group.
Paddlers requiring additional support should stay at
the centre of a group, and not allow themselves to lag
behind in the more difficult rapids. If the group is
large and contains a wide range of abilities, a “sweep
boat” may be designated to bring up the rear.
16.6.7 Courtesy: On heavily used rivers, do not cut in
front of a boater running a drop. Always look
upstream before leaving eddies to run or play. Never
enter a crowded drop or eddy when no room for you
exists. Passing other groups in a rapid may be
hazardous; it's often safer to wait upstream until the
group ahead has passed.
16.6.8 Float Plan. If the trip is into a wilderness area or
for an extended period, plans should be filed with a
responsible person who will contact the authorities if you
are overdue. It may be wise to establish checkpoints along
the way where civilization could be contacted if necessary.
Knowing the location of possible help and planning
escape routes can speed rescue.
16.6.9 Drugs: The use of alcohol or mind-altering drugs
before or during river trips is not recommended. It dulls
reflexes, reduces decision-making ability,
interfere with important survival reflexes.
and
will
16.6.10 Instructional or commercially guided trips: In
contrast to the common adventure trip format, in these
trip formats, a boating or commercial guide assumes
some of the responsibilities normally exercised by the
group as a whole, as appropriate under the circumstances.
These formats recognize that instructional or
commercially guided trips may involve participants who
lack significant experience in White water. However, as a
participant acquires experience in White water, he or she
takes on increasing responsibility for his or her own
safety, in accordance with what he or she knows or should
know as a result of that increased experience. Also, as in
all trip formats, every participant must realize and assume
the risks associated with the serious hazards of White
Water Rivers.
16.6.11 It is advisable for commercial guides or their
employers to acquire trip or personal liability insurance:
16.6.12 An “instructional trip” is characterized by a
clear teacher/pupil relationship, where the primary
purpose of the trip is to teach boating skills, and
which is conducted for a fee.
16.6.13 A “commercially guided trip” is characterized
by a licensed, professional guide conducting trips for
a fee.
16.7Guidelines for River Rescue
16.7.1 Recover from an upset with an Eskimo roll
whenever possible. Evacuate your boat immediately if
there is imminent danger of being trapped against rocks,
brush, or any other kind of strainer.
16.7.2 If you swim, hold on to your boat. Holding onto
the boat until help you and float also making it easier for
rescuers to spot. Get to the upstream end so that you
cannot be crushed between a rock and your boat by the
force of the current. Persons with good balance may be
able to climb on top of a swamped kayak or flipped raft
and paddle to shore.
16.7.3 Release your craft if this will improve your
chances, especially if the water is cold or dangerous rapids
lie ahead. Actively attempt self-rescue whenever possible
by swimming for safety. Be prepared to assist others who
may come to you for help.
16.7.4 When swimming in shallow or obstructed
rapids, lie on your back with feet held high and
pointed downstream. Do not attempt to stand in fast
moving water; if your foot wedges on the bottom, fast
water will push you under and keep you there. get to
slow or very shallow water before attempting to
stand or walk. Look ahead! Avoid possible pinning
situations including undercut rocks, strainers,
downed trees, holes, and other dangers by swimming
away from them.
16.7.5 If the rapids are deep and powerful, roll over
onto your stomach and swim aggressively for shore.
watch for eddies and slack water and use them to get
out of the current. Strong swimmers can affect a
powerful upstream ferry and get to shore fast. If the
shores are obstructed with strainers or undercut
rocks, however, it is safer to “ride the rapid out” until
a safer escape can be found.
16.7.6 If others spill and swim, go after the boaters first.
Rescue boats and equipment only if this can be done
safely. While participants are encouraged (but not
obligated) to assist one another to the best of their ability,
they should do so only if they can, in their judgment, do
so safely. The first duty of a rescuer is not to compound
the problem by becoming another victim.
16.7.7
The use of rescue lines requires training;
uninformed use may cause injury. Never tie yourself into
either end of a line without a reliable quick-release system.
Have a knife handy to deal with unexpected
entanglement. Learn to place set lines effectively, to throw
accurately, to belay effectively, and to properly handle a
rope thrown to you.
16.7.8 When reviving a drowning victim, be aware that
cold water may greatly extend survival time underwater.
Victims of hypothermia may have depressed vital signs so
they look and feel dead. Don't give up; continue CPR for
as long as possible without compromising safety.
16.8 Universal River Signals
These signals may be substituted with an alternate set of signals
agreed upon by the group.
Stop: Potential Hazard Ahead. Wait for “all clear” signal
before proceeding, or scout ahead. Form a horizontal bar with
your outstretched arms. Those seeing the signal should pass it
back to others in the party.
Help/Emergency: Assist the signaler as quickly as possible.
Give three long blasts on a rescue whistle while waving a
paddle or throw rope over your head. If a whistle is not
available, use the visual signal alone. A whistle is best carried
on a lanyard attached to your life vest.
All Clear - Come ahead: (in the absence of other directions
proceed down the centre). Form a vertical bar with your
paddle or one arm held high above your head. Paddle blade
should be turned flat for maximum visibility. To signal
direction or a preferred course through a rapid around
obstruction, lower the previously vertical “all clear” by 45
degrees toward the side of the river with the preferred route.
Never point toward the obstacle you wish to avoid.
I'm okay: I'm okay and not hurt. While holding the elbow
outward toward the side, repeatedly pat the top of your head.
16.9 International Scale of River Difficulty
This is the version of a rating system used to compare river
difficulty throughout the world. This system is not exact; rivers
do not always fit easily into one category, and regional or
individual interpretations may cause misunderstandings. It is
no substitute for a guidebook or accurate first-hand
descriptions of a run.
Paddlers attempting difficult runs in an unfamiliar area should
act cautiously until they get a feel for the way the scale is
interpreted locally. River difficulty may change each year due
to fluctuations in water level, drowned trees, recent floods,
geological disturbances, or bad weather. Stay alert for
unexpected problems!
As river difficulty increases, the danger to swimming paddlers
becomes more severe. As rapids become longer and more
continuous, the challenge increases. There is a difference
between running an occasional class-IV rapid and dealing with
an entire river of this category. Allow an extra margin of safety
between skills and river ratings when the water is cold or if the
river itself is remote and inaccessible.
Examples of commonly run rapids that fit each of the
classifications are presented in the attached document,
"International Scale of River Difficulty - Standard Rated
Rapids." Rapids of a difficulty similar to a rapid on this list are
rated the same. Rivers are also rated using this scale. A river
rating should take into account many factors including the
difficulty of individual rapids, remoteness, hazards, etc.
The six difficulty classes:
Class I Rapids
Fast moving water with riffles and small waves. Few
obstructions, all obvious and easily missed with little training.
Risk to swimmers is slight; self-rescue is easy.
Class II Rapids: Novice
Straight forward rapids with wide, clear channels which are
evident without scouting. Occasional manoeuvring may be
required, but rocks and medium-sized waves are easily missed
by trained paddlers. Swimmers are seldom injured and group
assistance, while helpful, is seldom needed. Rapids that are at
the upper end of this difficulty range are designated “Class
II+”.
Class III Rapids: Intermediate
Rapids with moderate, irregular waves which may be difficult
to avoid and which can swamp an open canoe. Complex
manoeuvres in fast current and good boat control in tight
passages or around ledges are often required; large waves or
strainers may be present but are easily avoided. Strong eddies
and powerful current effects can be found, particularly on
large-volume rivers. scouting is advisable for inexperienced
parties. Injuries while swimming are rare; self-rescue is usually
easy but group assistance may be required to avoid long
swims. Rapids that are at the lower or upper end of this
difficulty range are designated “Class III-” or “Class III+”
respectively.
Class IV Rapids: Advanced
Intense, powerful but predictable rapids requiring precise boat
handling in turbulent water. Depending on the character of the
river, it may feature large, unavoidable waves and holes or
constricted passages demanding fast manoeuvres under
pressure. A fast, reliable eddy turn may be needed to initiate
manoeuvres, scout rapids, or rest. Rapids may require “must”
moves above dangerous hazards. Scouting may be necessary
the first time down. Risk of injury to swimmers is moderate to
high, and water conditions may make self-rescue difficult.
Group assistance for rescue is often essential but requires
practiced skills. A strong Eskimo roll is highly recommended.
Rapids that are at the lower or upper end of this difficulty
range are designated “Class IV-” or “Class IV+” respectively.
Class V Rapids: Expert
Extremely long, obstructed, or very violent rapids which
expose a paddler to added risk. Drops may contain large,
unavoidable waves and holes or steep, congested chutes with
complex, demanding routes. Rapids may continue for long
distances between pools, demanding a high level of fitness.
What eddies exist may be small, turbulent, or difficult to reach.
At the high end of the scale, several of these factors may be
combined. Scouting is recommended but may be difficult.
Swims are dangerous, and rescue is often difficult even for
experts. A very reliable Eskimo roll, proper equipment,
extensive experience, and practiced rescue skills are essential.
Because of the large range of difficulty that exists beyond Class
IV, Class 5 is an open-ended, multiple-level scale designated
by class 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, etc… each of these levels is an order of
magnitude more difficult than the last. Example: increasing
difficulty from Class 5.0 to Class 5.1 is a similar order of
magnitude as increasing from Class IV to Class 5.0.
Class VI Rapids: Extreme and Exploratory Rapids
These runs have almost never been attempted and often
exemplify the extremes of difficulty, unpredictability and
danger. The consequences of errors are very severe and rescue
may be impossible. For teams of experts only, at favourable
water levels, after close personal inspection and taking all
precautions. After a Class VI rapids has been run many times,
its rating may be changed to an appropriate Class 5.x rating.
16.10 SCUBA DIVING GUIDELINES
Dive-centre's/Dive-resorts/Dive-shops should be registered
with GETHNAA after fulfilling the norms set forth by
GETHNAA in the Organizational Norms Section of the Safety
Guidelines Manual, and safety norms prescribed below.
• Should have at least one certified DiveInstructor.
• All Dive Staff should have a Minimum rating of a
Dive master to manage divers.
• Should have a Full Emergency Oxygen Cylinder,
Oxygen kit, First Aid Kit, at the dive location either while
diving from the Shore or from the Boats. All staff(boat and
dive) Should be trained and certified in the usage of the
oxygen kits and administering of First Aid.
• Should have a Complete Liability Professional
Dive Insurance covering all staff and guests for any
accident, dive related or not.
• Should have an Emergency Medical Evacuation
Plan in accordance/compliance of local authority’s based
on the location and Area of the Dive operation.
• Discover Scuba Diving activities should be
conducted only under the direct supervision of a Dive
Instructor.
• Dive center should be able to stay in
communication with the dive boats, irrespective of area of
operation(usage of long distance Radio).
• Dive Equipment have to be in good condition,
Dive tanks have to be hydrostatically tested in accordance
with manufacturers recommendations and visually
inspected once a year.
• Dive Leaders should have a dive Computer on
every dive. Every individual guest should be provided
with a dive computer when going on a Deep Dive(18m+)
16.11 GUIDELINES FOR USAGE OF BOATS
• Boats should be registered with the Department
of Fisheries under the clause for Game Fishing and Scuba.
There is no separate rule/regulation/law for the
registration of dive boats.
• Boats Should be registered with the relevant Port
Authorities under whose jurisdiction the boats intend to
ply.
• Boats should have a Certificate of Seaworthiness
from The Directorate of Shipping
• Person driving the Boat should be licensed boat
captain or at least hold a POWERBOAT CERTIFICATE
from the Yatching Association of India. While using a
motorized vessel
• Passenger capacity of the boats as prescribed
under the registration should not be exceeded.
• All boats used for diving should have a Full
Emergency Oxygen Cylinder, Oxygen kit, First Aid Kit,
Life jackets/emergency floatation device for all passengers
including Crew onboard and emergency signaling devices
• All Boat crew should be trained in the
assembling and usage of Oxygen Kits and Administering
of First Aid.
•
Flag.
Boats being used for Diving should fly the Dive
16.11.1 Worldwide Scuba Diving Certifying Organizations
(in order of worldwide recognition)
•
PADI
•
CMAS
•
SSI
•
NAUI
•
BSAC
•
ACUC
•
ANMP
•
ANIS
•
AUSI
•
FFESSM
•
FIAS
•
IDEA
•
IDD
•
IDF
•
NASDS
•
PDIC
•
SAA
•
SDI
•
SNMP
•
SSAC
•
YMCA
16.11.2 Scuba Diving Certificates from different organization
that are equivalent to Level of Dive Master and that can be
accepted for people working in the Scuba Diving industry as
minimum requirement
•
PADI – Dive master
•
CMAS – Three Star Diver
•
SSI – DIVE Con
•
BSAC – Advanced Diver
•
NAUI – Dive master
•
ACUC – Dive master
•
ANIS – Accompagnatore Guida Turistica
•
FAUI
•
FFESSM – Moteur Federal 1st Degree
•
FIAS – Accompagnatore Sub
•
IDEA – Dive master
•
IDF – Assistant Instructor
•
NASDS - Dive Supervisor
•
PDIC – Dive Supervisor
•
SAA – Dive Supervisor
•
SNMP – Niveau 4
•
SSAC - 1st Class Diver
•
YMCA - Dive master
16.12 WATER SPORTS SAFETY NORMS
16.12.1 Do’s
• STOP, THINK , ACT – follow this mantra in case
of any situations.
• Acquire basic swimming skills & ability to swim
at least 50 meters .
• Receive proper training and acquire basic
relevant skills. Have basic knowledge in the equipment
used.
• Examine the bouncy devices of the boat before
setting off.
• Life jacket should be worn properly aid and hill
to cover rubber shoes as well as cloth suitable for water
sports such as swimming suits,
swimming trunks, sun cap, light preamble and fit
long sleeve clothes.
• Have proper means of making emergency calls.
Bring water proof whistle or mobile phone.
• Always stay alert and take note of the changes in
the weather and the conditions of the sea/river.
• Have ample rest & plenty of water; keep physical
strength for return or onward journey. Pay attention to
sunscreen protection or keep warm.
• Take note of the traffic conditions of the
sea/river and safe area for conducting activities.
• Take part in water sports activities with
companions and look after one another.
• Inform reliable people of your destination, time
of return or onward journey and ways of contact with
your companions.
• Keep clear of the navigation, water way, mooring
area and fishing boats.
•
Mark the area to conduct water sports activities.
16.12.2 Don’ts
•
shore.
•
Abandon the boat at will and swim back to the
Panic in the event of accidents.
• Load and randomly adjust the preset devices in
the boat.
• Over rate your skills and physical strength to
show superiority.
• Conduct activity under poor visibility, rapid
current or offshore strong wind without any shelter.
• Conducts
unknown depth.
capsize
training
in
water
with
• Under rate the weather changes and the
condition of the sea/river in the off shore waters.
• Conduct water sports activities in the same
waters with high speed boats.
• Take part in the activities when you are tired,
hungry.
•
Set off for the sea/river in case of any doubt.
16.12.3 Safety standards:
The Safety which is the pre-dominant feature of all will be
embarked to its standards in the operations. Considering the
“safety as the primary concern”. Hence all activities must be
supervised by internationally certified instructors, who adhere
to international safety standards and practice & also state of
the art equipment. These safety norms for water sports in the
field of adventure tourism and the minimum safety standards
required as regard to infrastructure equipment/ accessories,
operators qualifications and guidelines for water sports
operations as per rule which should consists of,
•
Infrastructure:
• Embarkation arrangement in the form of jetty or
Pontoon.
•
toilet.
•
Shelter with facilities like drinking water and
Storage space for water sports equipment.
• Fuels stored separately in well ventilated area
with fire fighting facilities.
• Maintenance area for defect rectification and
preventive maintenance.
•
Equipment & Accessories:
• A Buoyancy aid – PFD (personal floating device)
otherwise the Life Vest/Jacket with certain specification.
•
Rescue tube on the rescue boats.
•
A First aid box with standard supplies.
•
A handy GPS – Global positioning system.
•
Manuals and related tools.
•
A portable Radio for communication.
•
Other accessories like flash lights, batteries and
•
Man Power – Instructors features:
•
Life saving techniques – LST.
•
Certified with First Aid and CPR modules.
•
PBH for mechanized operators.
•
Other equivalent Qualifications.
etc.
16.13 WATER SPORTS CERTIFICATION COURSES
•
RIVER GUIDE COURSE
•
WHITE WATER RESCUE TECHNIQUES (WRT)
•
WHITE WATER KAYAKING COURSE
•
WILDERNESS FIRST RESPONDER COURSE
•
OUTBOARD MACHINE OPERATOR
•
AQUA BASIC COURSE
•
AQUA ADVANCE COURSE
•
TRAINERS TRAINNIG COURSE
• BASIC
COURSE
&
ADVANCE
WIND SURFING
•
BASIC & ADVANCE KAYAKING COURSE
•
BASIC & ADVANCE SAILING COURSE
•
SCUBA DIVING PADI
•
BASIC & ADVANCE WATER SKI COURSE
CHAPTER 17
Guidelines For Aero sports Operations in India
Nothing in this GUIDLINES is designed or intended to
supersede or replace existing regulations or advisories
provided by The DGCA. It is the users’ responsibility to
comply with statutes and regulations that govern their
particular activities. The ultimate responsibility for safety lies
with the Operators & their staff.
17.1 General Information
• The exhilarating sport of parachuting /
skydiving is defined as exiting an aircraft in flight, falling
free and descending under gravity and using a canopy in
the final stages for a controlled touchdown!
• Although this is what skydivers do, it is not
exclusively what skydiving is all about. Skydiving
operations include not only the jump itself, but all the
other allied activities involved in making a safe jump
possible.
• Most jumpers recognize that this process
involves risk, but that risk is not limited to the jump itself.
It also involves boarding an aircraft and riding to exit
altitude. While aircraft accidents involving skydivers are
rare, they do occur and are almost always preventable.
• In India Skydiving is still in its infancy and needs
guidelines for safe conduct of these operations.
Skydiving/parajumping will typically involve the aircraft
service provider and the agency handling the para-jumps.
The GUIDLINES will cover the activities as required to be
undertaken by Operators..
17.1.2 Purpose
• The purpose of this GUIDLINES is to provide the
pilots and aviation support personnel and the jump
coordinator including Landing Zone operator, load
masters, jump masters, skydivers, sky diving instructors,
para chute packers and others who might be involved in
aircraft & para-jumping operations, with the additional
and clarifying procedures and practices which
supplement, but do not supplant, existing rules and
guidelines.
•
Standard procedures promote the creation of a
safe operating environment and infuse a sense of
confidence amongst the para-jumpers / sky divers, as also
in the aircraft in which they ride and in the pilot with
whom they fly.
17.1.3 Scope
• The scope of activity will involve undertaking
skydiving/para-jumping, from a aircraft, for training,
leisure or show, for facilitating parachute jumps.
• The focus of this GUIDLINES is on standardizing
the operating aviation procedures and practices in Sky
Diving / para-jumping, which have proven useful
industry-wide & which are unique to the sport. Clearly, it
is in the best interest of the sport and the industry as a
whole to identify common procedures for individual drop
zone practices.
17.1.4 Nature & Period Of Activity
Nature of Activity is Non scheduled & includes the following
aspects:
• Para-jumping / sky diving operations are to be
undertaken from an aircraft.
• The activity shall involve carriage of parachutists
for training or leisure to a particular height above the
parachute dropping area and then permitting them to
jump in a predetermined sequence / plan.
• All para-jumping / sky diving operations are to
be undertaken by day VFR only & will be restricted from
sunrise to sunset only.
• Insurance. Operators should provide insurance
cover for the aircrew and the aircraft
• Period of Activity will be on as required basis
when so requisitioned.
17.2 Basic safety Requirements
• The procedures given in this GUIDLINES is for
guidance of all para-jumps undertaken from aircrafts.
Compliance with these procedures will protect the best
interests of both the participants and the general public.
• A “skydive” is defined as the descent of a person
to the surface from an aircraft in flight when he or she
uses or intends to use a parachute during all or part of that
descent.
• Medical requirements. All individuals engaging
in skydiving must be physically fit to undertake the
exercise. The ground training/coordinating agency will
ensure that the jumpers have a certificate of physical
fitness for undertaking the jumps.
• Age requirements. All Jumpers are to be
minimum 18 years of age. They are to sign a certificate to
that effect. Person between 16-18 years of age may
undertake the jumps with parental consent.
• Pre Jump Training. All solo jumpers, prior to
undertaking the jumps, should be trained and well
conversant with the following:•
Equipment
•
Aircraft and exit procedures
• Parachute deployment
parachute emergencies
procedures
•
Canopy flight procedures
•
Landing procedures and emergencies
and
• Minimum Parachute Opening Altitudes.
Minimum parachute opening altitudes, above the ground,
for jumpers / skydivers are:
•
Tandem jumps–4,500 feet AGL
•
Learners / students 3,000 feet AGL
•
AGL
Instructors/experienced jumpers - 2,000 ft
• DZ Requirements. Drop Zones should be
unobstructed level ground, with the following minimum
radial distances to the nearest hazard:
•
Learners / student jumpers—100 meters
•
meters
Tandem
skydives
•
meters
Experienced
/
with
instructor
instructors—50
jumpers—20
Note: Hazards are defined as telephone and power lines,
towers, buildings, open bodies of water, highways, vehicles,
and large clusters of trees.
17.3 Organization and Responsibilities
Skydiving/para-jumping
from
an
aircraft
requires
coordination of various agencies. Drop zone management,
flight coordination & airspace management are a few critical
aspects that need to be coordinated. This section lays down the
organizations involved and their individual responsibilities.
Responsibilities Of Aviation company, if aircraft does not
belong to the skydiving company.
• Operators will be overall responsible for aviation
aspects of the exercise including provision of the aircraft,
conduct of Sky diving operations and flight safety. The
aerial activities need to be dovetailed with those of the
jump team of Operators. The individual responsibilities of
operators are given below.
• Base Manager One-individual will be nominated
as Base Manager. He shall coordinate to ensue safe and
efficient conduct of the operations.
• Chief of Aircraft Operations (COA) One
individual will be appointed as the chief of aircraft
operations. That person must be a licensed pilot, whether
or not he is actively flying the jumpers on any given day.
The PIC can also be deputed as COA in Cessna 172 where
only one pilot is required at a time. Duties and
responsibilities of the chief pilot include:
• Ensure that all the aircrafts eligible for the
jump operations are airworthy and that they comply
with all the appropriate field approvals.
• Ensure that all pilots under the control of the
jump operation hold currently valid pilot’s licenses
and medical certificates & are authorized & trained to
fly the aircraft for Sky diving.
•
Schedule flight crew members and aircraft.
• Coordinate familiarization of flight crew
members to ensure that jump pilots are conversant
with procedures for flying skydivers.
• Prepare and maintain pilot records, training
records, flight schedules and correspondence
pertaining to flight operations.
•
Maintain current aircraft checklists.
• Develop a system which enables the pilot-incommand to compute weight and balance on every
flight.
• Pilot in Command (PIC Or Jump Pilot). The PIC
reports directly to the chief pilot and is responsible for the
safe and efficient operation of the aircraft. The pilot in
command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is
the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft. The
PIC must abide by all regulations and safety procedures.
Specific duties include:
• Operate aircraft in accordance with all
DGCA(director general of civil aviation) &, state and
local regulations including the aircraft flight manual.
•
flight.
Properly “pre-flight aircraft” before each
• Perform proper loading and distribution of
occupants and/or equipment and ensure that each
flight is conducted within weight and balance limits.
• Ensure that each occupant properly uses a
seat belt during takeoff and landing and while the
flight is in a taxi.
• Maintain proficiency as a currently rated
commercial pilot on Bell 407.
• Before each flight, educate yourself of the
current sky and wind conditions and forecast.
• DZ Operator/Manager. Whether the skydiving
operation is a commercial center or a club, one person
must be designated as the on-site official responsible for
the day-to-day operations. For the purpose of this
GUIDLINES, that person will be referred to as the DZ
operator (DZO).
• The DZO is responsible for managing and
overseeing the entire operation, to include both the
skydiving and the supporting aircraft operations.
Although the aircraft and pilots might be transient
(contractual) support, the ultimate responsibility for the
safety of the DZ operation resides with the DZO. Specific
duties (not eschaustinre) are as follows:
•
Supervise all skydiving-related activities.
• Ensure compliance with all Basic Safety
Requirements (BSRs) and other DGCA, state and local
rules and regulations.
•
Coordinate DZ activities with other users, if
any.
• In coordination with the local authorities,
establish a parachute landing area, which is to be
marked prominently, all sky divers & concerned staff
briefed accordingly.
• Provide the relevant air to ground/ ground
to air, communication facility, both Radio & ground
signals & brief all concerned on the usage.
• Develop and maintain Standard Operating
Procedures (GUIDLINESs) specific to the local
skydiving operations.
• Ensure that all sky divers undertaking the
activity, are provided with sufficient ground training,
in accordance with the laid down GUIDLINES
• Jump Coordinator. Each jump mission will have
a designated Jump Coordinator. He need not accompany
the jumpers onboard. However, he will perform, a
minimum of the following functions:
• Rehearse Embarkation, Exit & Emergency
Procedures. Rehearse procedure for embarkation &
exiting the aircraft along with signals between Jumpmaster and Pilot, as well as responses to various
emergencies both with respect to aircraft and
parachuting procedures & ensure all spectators are
safely clear of the aircraft before engines are started.
• Ensure that all occupants are properly
equipped for the jump before boarding the aircraft &
have weighed.
• Ensure all occupants are seated properly in
the aircraft, with safety belts in proper use.
• Assist jump aircraft as necessary when it
taxis away from loading area.
• Jump-master. Each jump sortie will have a
designated Jump-master, regardless of the experience
level of the jumpers on board. He will generally be the
most experienced jumper on board. Jump-master could
also be the load master as their duties overlap. The pilot
and jump-master should work as a team for the safety and
enjoyment of the skydivers. Specific duties include:
• Identify himself as the Jump-master to all
aircraft occupants.
• Ensure the safe approach to and loading of
the aircraft, especially if an engine is running, unless
there is a loadmaster to perform this function.
• Ensure that all parachutists on board have
been properly briefed and are adequately equipped
for the jump before the aircraft taxis for takeoff. All
harnesses must be on and buckled, ready to jump,
prior to boarding the plane. No occupant will be
permitted to remove his harness when there is an
open aircraft door.
• Ensure all parachutists have been properly
briefed on the procedures to be followed in the event
of an aircraft emergency.
• Spot each parachute drop or designate a
spotter for each separate pass.
• Assists in maintaining aircraft within weight
and balance limits throughout flight.
• Ensure all Basic Safety Requirements are
followed.
• In coordination with and at the direction of
the pilot, determine and take appropriate action in
case of an aircraft emergency.
• He shall be in communication with the pilot
on the intercom.
17.4 Operating Procedures
• Standard operating procedures are based on the
concept that safety is paramount. Essential elements of
safety include properly maintained equipment, thorough
training and motivation of staff, devoted attention to
detail, good judgment, sound operational planning and
efficient use of available resources.
• Drop Markings, Limitations & Dimensions. DZ
dimensions are given in (17.2) of this GUIDLINES. The
DZs also need to be demarcated and marked for ease of
visual acquisition. The centre of the DZ shall be marked
with a white circle of 20’ diameter to enable the pilot to
spot and position the aircraft for the drops. The four
corners of the DZ will also be marked with white
markings measuring 3 x 1.5 m. The DZO may also guide
the pilot, if required, on Radio. In case of demonstration
jumps in Stadiums & confined places, it will be the
decision of the organizers and Jump-master to decide the
suitability of the DZ. A smoke candle or other means of
pinpointing the DZ may also be used as required.
•
Weather Limitations.
• Winds. Surface wind limitation for
experienced jumpers (Including Tandem jumps with
jump instructors) is 18 knots and for students and
learners will be 15 knots. DZO is to monitor the
surface wind speed and signal to the pilot to stop
jumps if wind speed exceeds limitations.
• Visibility: All jumps will be in VFR
conditions with DZ clearly visible from the aircraft at
drop height. Aircraft and jumpers are not to enter
clouds.
• Turbulence: Jumps will not be undertaken if
turbulence conditions or reported wind shear exist or
are experienced.
Coordination Meeting
A coordination meeting will be held with the Jump-master,
Jump Instructors and pilots in attendance. Following aspects of
the Sky Diving operations will be covered:
(a) Type of jump and Technique
(b) Height of jump / Release altitude and parachute opening
altitude
(c) Departure Airfield & Landing Zone (DZ)
(d) Landing zone (DZ) Dimensions, Marking & obstructions
(e) Nomination of Jump-master for each jump.
(f)
Jump sequence.
(g) Jump emergencies
(h) Jumper limitations
(i) Weather and wind limitations
(j)
Aircraft weight and operating limitations
(k) Embarkation, seating and exit including security of lapstraps.
(l) Aircraft flight path including post jump descent profile
avoiding the jump area
(m) Filing of Indemnity bonds by the passengers/jumpers
Ground Operations
There is a need to lay down clear procedures for undertaking
these operations. All individuals are to be aware of their
responsibilities and duties, as follows:.
• Pre-jump Briefing. All concerned personnel
including the jumpers, pilots and the DZO shall attend a
briefing where in all aspects relating to the specific jumps
shall be covered.
• Manifest A manifest of the aircraft occupants
shall be prepared. One copy shall be given to the pilot and
one shall be available with the aircraft operators
representative/ technician on ground. The manifest shall
include the weight of each skydiver (with equipment).
• At least one hour before skydiving is to begin, a
call to the nearest Flight Information Centre (FIC) should
be made to obtain NOTAM and winds aloft forecasts, and
to ensure that the NOTAM for skydiving has been filed
for the day’s activity.
• Aircraft will have sufficient fuel on board for the
intended flight plus 30 minutes reserve fuel for daytime
operations.
• All aircraft occupants will properly use a safety
belt or other approved restraint during aircraft taxi,
takeoff and landing.
• Aircraft will be loaded in accordance with the
flight manual and the pilot-in-command must ensure that
each flight is conducted within weight and balance limits
and trim sheet accordingly filled.
•
Security policy (Emplaning & De- deplaning).
Due caution to be exercised while emplaning and
deplaning. All existing regulations to be followed.
Security and
frisking of passengers boarding the aircraft, security of helipad
& surrounding areas will be ensured.
• Before the aircraft engines are started, special
care must be taken to ensure all spectators are safely clear
of the aircraft.
• Ground Training of Sky Divers. The skydivers /
jumpers will undergo a laid down syllabus under the
supervision of Jump instructors of the para jump company
and will be cleared by the Jump Master prior to
undertaking jumps from an aircraft.
Aircraft Preparation
The aircraft needs to be prepared for skydiving/para-jumping
to facilitate exit of skydivers. Following to be ensured:-
(a) Door Removal: Doors may be removed as per existing
maintenance procedure and any protruding parts to be taped
so as to prevent fouling with cords/parachutes.
• Seat Cushions Removal: Seat cushions may be
removed as required.
• Harnesses: Seat restraints to be provided for all
occupants. Jumpmaster to be provided a longer restraint
(Monkey Belt), in addition to the seat belt, to facilitate his
movement in the cabin after removal of seat belt.
• Loose Articles: Captain to ensure that there are
no loose articles in the cabin that are likely to be sucked
out in flight due airflow. Jumpers are to be instructed to
secure all belongings while in aircraft. The Jumpmaster is
to secure the harnesses as the jumpers exit to prevent
fouling and flailing.
• Weight and Balance: Aircraft weight and balance
and trim sheet needs to be recalculated to cater for the
preparation of the aircraft.
Aircraft Start up and Taxi
Start up and taxi will be as per standard operating practices.
Following additional precautions are to be exercised:• All jumpers are to be seated in assigned seats
prior to aircraft start.
•
Seat belts are to be fastened by all occupants.
• Jumpmaster
is
to
communication on intercom.
establish
two
way
Takeoff and Climb-Out
Care should be taken to ensure that the aircraft and its
occupants are properly loaded and ready for takeoff. PIC
should ensure that the aircraft has adequate reserve of power
for the flight & also ensure the following during takeoff and
climb-out:
• The aircraft should always be flown with all
gauges kept in the normal operating foun at.
•
After take-off proceed to DZ.
• Safety belts or other approved restraints should
not be unfastened below 3,000 feet AGL except as directed
by the pilot.
• In consideration of the occupants, some of whom
may be on their first flight, the aircraft should be flown
smoothly and steep turns avoided.
Jump Run and Exits:
• The following procedure must be followed for
the Jump Run & Exits:
• The jumpers will normally exit upwind of
the DZ and then use the canopy guidance to steer
themselves to the DZ.
• Jump runs should begin slightly downwind
of the target & slightly below the intended jump
altitude and into the winds aloft with the wings kept
straight and level.
• The pilot will inform the Jumpmaster while
approaching the DZ. The Jumpmaster will also visually
acquire the DZ and commence the jump sequence after
clearance from the PIC.
• The pilot and jumpmaster should coordinate as
to when as well as where the skydivers will exit.
The jumpers will exit the aircraft by placing their feet on the
skid and then stepping clear of the aircraft. The parachute to be
opened well clear of the aircraft.
• The PIC must establish radio communication
with the DZO before entering the designated DZ area. In
addition, blind calls on the operating frequency are to be
made at least one minute before jumpers leave the aircraft.
DZO must be advised once the last jumper has left the
aircraft.
• While jumpers are preparing to exit, and during
exit, PIC is to pay special attention to the aircraft airspeed
and stability. It should be kept straight and level at
airspeed as required.
• The PIC and Jump-master are to ensure that VFR
separation from clouds is maintained for the aircraft and
the jumpers.
• Jump Master & Jumpers will visually scan the
airspace below to ascertain it is clear prior to exit.
• The jumpmaster, if jumping, will be the last to
exit the aircraft and will inform the PIC of the intention on
intercom and thereafter secure the headset by handing it
over to the Co-pilot before exiting the aircraft.
Descent and Landing:
The following procedure is to be followed for descent &
landing, after exit of the last jumper:
• After exit of the last jumper, the aircraft is to be
steered away from the DZ and proceed to the
helipad/airport following a descent profile as finalized
during the coordination meeting and pre jump briefing.
• Descent attitude and airspeed must remain
within the performance envelope of the jump aircraft as
determined by the aircraft manufacturer and applicable
Circulars. .
• At no stage should the aircraft be maneuvered so
as to interfere with the skydivers/jumpers.
• Pilot is to keep in radio contact with DZO till
vacating the DZ.
17.4 Maintenance
Operators will ensure adherence to all laid down maintenance
schedules and practices. Undertaking of jump operations may
involve modifications, including removal of doors and seats.
These need to be documented and where required weight and
balance trim sheets to be suitably recalculated.
17.5 Regulatory Clearances, Pilot Training, Certification and
Qualifications
The Following requirements will be complied with for
skydiving / parachute drop operations
• DGCA Permission. Permission for undertaking
skydiving/parachute operations shall be taken from
DGCA and other regulatory and state bodies before
undertaking of the operations. The skydiving and parajumps may involve removal of seat and door to meet the
specific requirements for the skydiving / para-jumping,
hence the weight schedule and trim sheets will be suitably
amended and necessary clearances obtained.
• Parachute
Dropping
Area
Permissions.
Identification and preparation of the landing zone and its
security will be the responsibility of Operators. Operators
will also obtain all the requisite permissions and will
provide the same to Operators prior to undertaking the
task.
• Helipad and Parachutist Embarkation Area. The
embarkation will be from a helipad/airfield. Necessary
permission for their use shall be confirmed by Operators.
• Airspace Permissions. Operators will ensure
Airport Authority of India are kept informed of the
exercise and flight plans are filed for all flights stating the
exercise.
• Insurance. (??) will provide insurance cover to
the jumpers/skydivers. Operators will provide insurance
cover for the aircrew and the aircraft.
Pilot Certification
• All pilots undertaking jump operations are to be
fully conversant with aircraft-specific weight-and-balance
calculations, preflight inspections, emergency procedures,
parachutist egress procedures and aircraft-specific fuel
management.
• Para jumps can be undertaken by a single crew
on the Bell 407 Aircraft. The Jump Pilot (PIC) shall be
assisted by the Jump-master in coordinating the jump
activities. Before the jump pilot flies his first load as pilotin-command, he should:
• Have a complete understanding of the
aircraft’s performance limitations.
• Know the
restrictions, if any.
local
flight
patterns
and
• Have demonstrated his ability to fly the
jump operation safely.
• Be type qualified and current on the Bell 407
& further meet the following requirements:
• Have a minimum 100 hrs PIC experience on type
and 1,000 hrs as PIC on aircrafts.
• Must have carried out 3 take offs and landings in
the last 90 days
(III) Must meet all recurrent training requirements as
per DGCA CARs &
Directives
(IV) Have earlier experience as PIC in Sky Diving
operations
Or
(V) Ride as a passenger on at least one flight with
skydivers in order to
experience first-hand, how the jump operation is to be
conducted.
(f) In a twin crew composition, the Pilot or the co-pilot,
(any one of them) should
have prior experience of undertaking jumps from a aircraft.
17.6 Communications and Avionics
Situations arise, not necessarily of an emergency nature, when
relaying messages or directions to the PIC or jump-master
enhances safety. Operators will provide suitable ground to air
communication between the DZO and the aircraft. Following
will be ensured:
• Radio communication between the pilot and
DZO. PIC will monitor the air traffic control frequency
simultaneously with the DZO.
• If only one radio is available with the PIC,
notification and approval must be accomplished prior to
leaving ATC frequency. The Coordination meeting is to
establish radio procedures depending on the local
operating environment & number of VHF sets available.
• The DZ operator is to brief the involved
personnel on a prearranged system of ground-to-air
signals, which would indicate a need for the PIC to contact
the DZ operations before dropping any jumpers or to
abort the jump run, if such a need arises.
• In case of failure/non availability of
communication between the DZO and the aircraft,
following procedure to be followed:• The DZ markings (circle marking) is to be
covered with a Bright Orange cross (X) measuring 20
ft in each arm, if the DZO wants the jumps to be
aborted.
• Absence of the orange cross will signify a
clearance from the DZO to progress with the jump.
• The DZ operator should have ready access to
the air traffic control facility’s 24-hour telephone
number so that a message can be relayed to the jump
aircraft by the controller.
17.7 Emergency Procedures
The PIC will have final authority in any aircraft emergency.
PIC will brief the jump-master in case of any emergency, who
will in turn convey the same to jumpers onboard. All jumpers
are to be aware of the emergency procedures and signals for
indicating various emergencies. These procedures should
indicate actions that should be taken in cases such as:
• Engine failure. PIC to follow established
procedures and attempt relight/land at selected spot. All
jumpers to remain their seats.
• Loss of aircraft directional control. Height and
controllability permitting, PIC to ask jump-master for
evacuation of aircraft. The PIC will maneuver the aircraft
in such a way to facilitate jumpers’ safe exit.
• Deployment of main or reserve canopy in cabin.
Jump-master is to cease all jumps, inform PIC and contain
the situation by gathering the parachute and packing it to
avoid it entangling with personnel / aircraft. Jump-master
is to review the situation and if minor, the jumps may be
continued for the remainder jumpers.
• Premature opening of parachute, striking or
snagging on aircraft. As per the procedure, parachutes
will be opened when the skydivers are well away from the
aircraft. The aircraft does not have any projections that
would lead to snagging of the parachute cords during
jumping. The jumpers will stand on the skid and jump
clear of the aircraft. The aircraft flight path and gravity
will ensure that the jumpers are well clear of the aircraft.
An inadvertent premature opening and snagging however
cannot be ruled out. Jump-master is to inform the PIC of
the emergent situation and attempt to free the parachute
/cord from the aircraft. If required he is to severe the
cords so that the parachutist is freed from the aircraft.
• Aircraft Or Engine Fire. PIC to follow
established procedures. PIC may ask jumpers to vacate
aircraft, time and height permitting.
17.8 Safety Program
• The most important tools for safely and
efficiently operating a skydiving operation are
communication, awareness and education of each other's
capability and limitations. Rules and GUIDLINESs are to
be followed meticulously. Briefings and coordination
meetings are to discuss and address each possible
situation.
• Operators is to ensure that an ambulance and
medical personnel are available at the DZ. Any
incident/accident is to be immediately communicated to
DGCA and state agencies.
17.9 Contingency Plan
• Search & Rescue (SAR)
• Important Phone Numbers (To be updated before
commencement of ops)
• Emergency Response Plan
17.10 AIR BASED ACTIVITIES
Aero sports have the highest skill requirements. They also
have the highest risk element and anything that goes wrong
hardly gives an opportunity for corrective action. Accordingly
adherence to safety guidelines must be followed meticulously.
Generally the following principles need to be adopted:(a) The equipment used in each aero-sport must be
defined in terms of its specifications, certifying agency and its
life (shelf life and usage life) as defined by the manufacturer
who for the purpose must hold a valid authorization for
manufacturing the particular aero-sport equipment.
(b) Instructor/operator qualification is very important. It is not
enough to have an initial certificate or qualification. Currency
and continued evaluation in terms of safety and skill needs to
be carried out.
17.11 PARAGLIDING
INFRASTRUCTURE:Operator must have access to safe and open take off points
in case of hill launches. The take off point should be free from
obstructions in the take off path and should not have rock or
crops which could injure the participant. Cliff take off points
must strictly not to be used.
• The operator must have free and clear access to a
designated landing ground free of obstructions such as tall
trees, buildings, electric wires etc.
Equipment And Accessories
Paragliding wings must have APCUL DHV or CEN
certification. Such certification should be stitched on the wing
and visible for inspection. Harness should be with back
protection and harness must be fitted with round type certified
rescue parachute.
OPERATOR QUALIFICATION
In case of solo flights the pilot should have undergone two
full days ground training consisting theoretical and practical
training and instructor should satisfy himself of the first
launch both in hill and winch launched paragliding. For first
15 launches height should be restricted to Max 500 feet and
student should be radio guided.
After demonstrated
capability for 180 degree stable turns, five spot (20 Mtrs)
landings, pass a theory paper, the student may be allowed to
carry out free fly. The student pilot must have a valid
registration with a club recognized by the Aero Club of India.
Tandem pilots must have a tandem pilots license issued
by the ACI which will be issued after the following :
•
150 logged flights.
•
35 h + logged.
•
Pass theory paper
17.12 PARASAILING
Operator Classifications
All operators shall be certified by the appropriate agency
in terms of their capability to conduct the activity on land or
water, specifically endorsed to allow multi-passenger flight
operations.
In Flight Floatation Devices and helmets
At all times passengers participating in parasailing
activities over water while in flight shall wear a properly fitted
approved life jacket. Over land the passengers must wear an
ISI approved helmet.
Assumption Of Risk And Release Of Liability Waiver.
Without exception, all operators shall require ALL
PARTICIPANTS of legal age or if a minor; a parent or legal
guardian to read and sign an assumption of Risk and Release
of Liability waiver prior to starting the activity.
Passenger Safety Briefing
.
All parasail participants shall be required to view a
Parasail Safety Briefing video and/or be given a written
Parasail Safety Briefing handout. In addition, the crew shall
give a pre-flight verbal summary of the briefing before any
parasail flight activities commence.
•
A description of the activity itself.
•
Safety precautions while underway and in-flight.
•
Safety and life saving equipment locations.
•
Warnings and Procedures for unexpected events
such as water landings, equipment malfunctions, and
towline separation.
•
Procedure in the event of an emergency onboard
the vessel.
•
The proper use of signals.
•
Question and answer period.
•
Exclusion of any participant that may be afraid
or intimidated prior to participation.
Proximity to Obstructions. Wind restrictions.
Operator should have a wind measurement device and
should not operate in winds exceeding 18 Kph. Operator shall
at all times maintain a minimum operating distance from any
surf-zone, shoreline, or fixed object, of not less than 500 feet. In
addition, at no time shall a parasail vessel’s operator allow a
canopy to pass within the following distance from the shore
while an onshore wind is present. (Onshore wind shall be
defined as any wind direction that could potentially place a
parasail vessel, canopy, or participant in contact with land in
the event of the loss of vessel or systems power and/or line
separation.)
Responsibility of Vessel Seaworthiness and tow vehicle
roadworthiness.
It shall be the responsibility of the first mate in charge to
make certain that the vessel is maintained and is properly
equipped in a seaworthy condition. A current written log shall
be kept of all mandatory daily inspections and all routine
maintenance performed on vessel. Under no circumstances
shall the operator and/or crew utilize any equipment outside
the parameters for which it was designed and must at all times
adhere to manufacturers’ specifications, requirements and/or
recommendations. Similar conditions should apply for land
based parasailing vehicles.
Passenger Weight Restrictions.
At no time shall a passenger be allowed to participate in
parasailing activities unless they meet the manufacturers’
recommendations or requirements in terms of weight.
Passenger must be able to be comfortably and safely fitted into
harness.
Towline Length Limitations.
At no time
(a) shall any vessel’s winch drum be equipped with more than
500 feet of towline while conducting parasail flight operations.
Similarly land based operations should not use more than 500
feet of rope.
(a) Exceed a maximum of 300 feet AGL (Above Ground/
Water Level) .
Minimum Age Requirements.
Children may participate in parasailing activities only
after the operator has made reasonable prior judgment that
wind and sea conditions are conducive to such activities and
extreme caution should be exercised. Children under 12 are
not to be allowed.
Towline Inspection And Maintenance
Towline in its entirety shall be inspected daily for damage
and/or wear and if necessary shall be immediately replaced.
Towline shall be kept clean and maintained in accordance with
manufacturers’
specifications,
requirements
and/or
recommendations.. A written log of such inspections and
maintenance shall be kept at all times.
Pre-Flight Weather Evaluation
It is the operators responsibility to evaluate and determine
if weather conditions are favorable for parasailing. He shall
use all means available to make such a determination. No
operator shall knowingly parasail in rain, heavy fog or during
a known lighting storm within 50 km from the parasailing
area, in addition a daily weather log shall be maintained.
Multiple Passenger Flights
Multi-passenger flights may only be conducted under the
following conditions and only after the operator has made
reasonable judgment prior to each and every flight. Extreme
caution shall be exercised.
• At no time shall there be more than 2 passengers
in any canopy.
• Wind conditions must be adequate, stable and
consistent.
•
Conditions must be conducive to such activities.
• Must utilize commercial equipment specifically
designed and professionally manufactured for multipassenger flight operations.
• Must adhere to all equipment manufacturers’
specifications, requirements and/or recommendations.
• Vessel’s winch system must be equipped with a
functional level-winder during all multi-passenger flights.
17.13 BUNGEE JUMPING
Essential requirements
All parts of the jump line must be duplicated, This extends
from the connection of the bungee to the jumper and the
connection to the structure at the other end of the line.
Normally the jumper has an attachment to ankle straps, and
another to a body or sit harness.
• Equipment (harnesses, Carabiners) should be of
sound construction and suitable for this use.
Mountaineering equipment from reputable suppliers is
appropriate. Carabiners should be of the screw gate type.
Braided ropes. At least 2 should be used and matched to
the weight of the jumper; they should be to BS 3F 70
1991:Specification for heavy duty braided rubber cord, or to a
demonstrably similar standard.
Unbraided ropes. Normally one rope is adequate because
of the in-built redundancy from its structure of approximately
one thousand individual strands bound together. Each rope
should have an examiners certificate from an independent
source and be selected according to the weight of the jumper.
Rope log books should be kept, describing maximum load,
and numbers of jumps and drop tests undertaken, and in the
case of unbraided ropes, any other conditions required by the
examiner (eg length of time in sunlight). Ropes have a finite
life and operators should be able to demonstrate that this has
not been exceeded.
There should be a written operating procedure. If not written,
elements will be more likely to be forgotten or short circuited.
Both operators and enforcement officers should be able to
check that safe procedures have been established and are being
followed.
The procedure should cover at least:
•
medical enquiry;
•
age verification - if under 18, parental consent
should be required;
•
if under 14 the y should not be allowed to jump
•
weighing and rope selection; there should be a
method of checking that the weight of the jumper has
been correctly measured and recorded so as to ensure that
the correct rope is selected for each jumper;
•
attachment of each part of harness and ropes,
and the checking of each action by a second trained
person;
•
briefing of jumper;
•
entry into and riding in cage, where cranes are
involved;
•
re-instruction and jump; and
•
retrieval of jumper.
Use of mobile cranes
Use of mobile cranes is not recommended. If allowed for a
short period, particular attention should be paid to the sitting,
selection of crane capacity, and safe operation of the crane. The
result of a crane overturn could be multiple fatalities. The
operator must have contingency plans to deal with such
situations and keep the area cordoned to prevent injuries to
spectators.
Other important elements
Training of personnel is of paramount importance. Each
job undertaken requires a different level of training and
experience. Those in charge should be able to demonstrate that
everyone who is carrying out a task has enough experience to
do so, unless under direct supervision by another experienced
person. There should be a proper training schedule showing
how a person progresses from one level of competence to the
next. The schedule of work should clearly state who carries out
every safety critical action and who checks it. Each person
should know the tasks which they are permitted to carry out
and those which they are not authorized to do. To date, all
known fatal accidents world wide have resulted from human
error.
The person in overall charge should keep close control of
the site. Arrangements should be made to exclude spectators
from the jump zone for their own safety and to avoid
distraction of the operators.
Anyone in a cage should be securely attached to it.
Spectator riding, especially by children, should be
discouraged.
There should be a dead-weight drop test of the whole line
at the beginning of the day to ensure its integrity.
Spares for all the components in the jump line should be
kept on site so as to be available for immediate replacement of
suspect components.
An air bag should be used for jumps over land with
unbraided ropes. The purpose of the bag is to prevent a jumper
striking the ground if an incorrect rope selection is made. It is
not to safeguard jumpers who fall due to a failure to properly
connect them to the supporting structure. Braided ropes to BS
3F 70 have an outer covering which tightens when stretched.
Unbraided ropes do not, so there is more risk of a jumper
descending too far if a wrong rope selection is made. If a jump
is made over water with an unbraided rope, relying on the
water to perform the function of the airbag, steps should be
taken to ensure that there are no obstructions under the water
surface. ln addition, suitable arrangements should be made for
rescue from the water.
17.4 ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
An ACCREDITION COMMITTEE may be formed for
rating operators and outfitters in one or several activities. The
suggested constitution of this accreditation committee is as
follows :• Chairman (Designated by Director General
GETHNAA).
Members . Members must be proven specialists with
actual experience of adventure activities, who meet the
minimum criteria for guides and trip leaders.
One member nominated by Armed Forces Headquarters.
Three member (one in aqua, aero and terrestrial sports )
nominated by
General Thimayya national academy of
adventure
One member nominated
empowerment and sports
by
Department
of
youth
All operators who desire to get accredited should submit
an application to GETHNAA along with essential documents.
The committee will carry out a screening of the application and
if required an inspection of the operators facilities to award
various categories of accreditation.
Categories of registration are suggested as follows:A –Very high standards of safety with best possible
equipment.
B – High standards with good equipment.
C – Acceptable levels of safety practices and equipment.
All agencies who have been categorized as A grade would also
have the authority to issue C certification which would be
reviewed by the accreditation committee within six months.
The committee may also appoint EXAMINERS who have
proven experience in the activity to carry out inspection of the
operators facilities and certify compliance to safety regulations.
The appointed examiners must be individually capable of
conducting the activity independently and must themselves
meet the minimum requirements for trip leaders or instructors.
Such inspection, once in six months would be a
mandatory requirement for a operator to conduct the activity.
LIST OF INSTITUTIONS
The suggested list of institutions whose certificates would
be recognized as guide or Trip leaders qualification for the
specified activity are as follows : LAND BASED
1. Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Jawahar Parbat,
Darjeeling
2. Nehru Institute of Mountaineering Institute, Uttarkashi.
3. Western Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Manali
4. Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering, Gulmarg
5. Indian Mountaineering foundation .New Delhi
6. Armed Forces Training Establishments
7. General Thimayya national academy of adventure
WATER BASED
1. National Institute of Water Sports, Goa
2. Regional Water Sports Centre, Pong Dam, Himachal
Pradesh
•
Armed Forces Training Establishments
4.General Thimayya national academy of adventure
AIR BASED
•
Armed Forces Training Establishments
• General
adventure
•
Thimayya
national
DGCA Approved establishments.
academy
of