Unit 2: Skeletal System
Lab 1: The Skull
Jessica Radke-Snead, RD, MS
Bio 241 Anatomy & Physiology
Reminders
• Unit 1 Lecture and Lab Exam keys are posted
– Review your exams, ask questions
• Please see me if you need assistance with
course material!
– eTutoring
– Peer Tutoring
– Other
• Next exam: February 6th…what’s your strategy?
Classification of Bones by Shape
• Flat bones: scapula, sternum
• Irregular bones: sphenoid bone, vertebra
• Short bones: capitate/carpal bone, talus
• Long bones: Ulna, radius, femur
Bones of the Adult Skeletal System
• Axial skeleton (80)
– Skull (22)
– Auditory ossicles (6)
– Hyoid bone (1)
– Vertebral column
(26)
– Thoracic cage (25)
• Appendicular skeleton
(126)
– Pectoral girdle (4)
– Upper limb (60)
– Pelvic girdle (2)
– Lower limb (60)
Axial Skeleton (80)
• Skull (22)
– Cranial bones (8)
– Facial bones (14)
• Vertebral column (26)
– Cervical (7)
– Thoracic (12)
– Lumbar (5)
– Sacrum (1)
– Coccyx (1)
• Auditory (6)
– Malleus (2)
– Incus (2)
– Stapes (2)
• Hyoid bone (1)
• Thoracic cage (25)
– Ribs (24)
– Sternum (1)
Appendicular Skeleton (126)
• Pectoral girdle (4)
– Scapula (2)
– Clavicle (2)
• Upper limb (60)
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Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
• Pelvic girdle (2)
– Os coxae (2)
• Lower limb (60)
– Femur (2)
– Patella (2)
– Tibia (2)
– Fibula (2)
– Tarsals (14)
– Metatarsals (10)
– Phalanges (28)
Surface Features of Bones
• Articulations
– Condyle
– Facet
– Head
• Depressions
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Alveolus
Fossa
Fovea
Sulcus
• Passages
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Canal
Fissure
Foramen
Meatus
• Extensions/Projection
s
– Crest
– Epicondyle
– Line
– Process
– Protuberance
– Spine
– Trochanter
– Tubercle
– Tuberosity
Major Cavities of the Skull
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Cranial cavity
Orbit (eye sockets)
Nasal cavity (nose)
Buccal cavity (mouth)
Middle- and inner-ear cavities
Paranasal sinuses
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Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Foramina of the Skull
• Frontal bone
– Supraorbital foramen
or notch
• Parietal bone
– Parietal foramen
• Temporal bone
– Carotid canal
– External acoustic
meatus
– Internal acoustic
meatus
– Stylomastoid foramen
– Mastoid foramen
• Zygomatic bone
– Zygomaticofacial
foramen
– Zygomaticotemporal
foramen
Foramina of the Skull
• Temporal-Occipital
Region
– Jugular foramen
• Temporal-OccipitalSphenoid Region
– Foramen lacerum
• Occipital bone
– Foramen magnum
– Hypoglossal canal
– Condylar canal
• Ethmoid bone
– Cribriform foramina
• Mandible
– Mental foramen
– Mandibular foramen
Foramina of the Skull
• Sphenoid bone
– Foramen ovale
– Foramen rotundum
– Foramen spinosum
– Optic foramen
– Superior orbital
fissue
• Maxilla
– Infraorbital foramen
– Incisive foramen
• Maxilla-Sphenoid
Region
– Inferior orbital
fissure
• Lacrimal bone
– Lacrimal foramen
• Palatine bone
– Greater palatine
foramen
List all bones that articulate with the
temporal bone
• Lateral Surface
– Squamous suture
– Squamous part
– Zygomatic process
– Tympanic part
– Styloid process
– Mastoid process
– Mastoid part
– External acoustic
meatus
• Medial Surface
– Squamous suture
– Squamous part
– Petrous part
– Internal acoustic
meatus
– Mastoid process
– Styloid process
– Zygomatic process
List all bones that articulate with the
Sphenoid bone
• Superior view
– Hypophyseal fossa
– Foramen rotundum
– Anterior clinoid
process
– Foramen ovale
– Foramen spinosum
– Dorsum sellae
– Sella turcica
– Greater wing
– Lesser wing
– Optic foramen
• Posterior view
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Dorsum sellae
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Pterygoid processes
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Foramen ovale
Body
Greater wing
Lesser wing
List all bones that articulate with the
Ethmoid bone
• Anterior view
– Cribiform plate
– Cribiform foramina
– Crista galli
– Superior nasal concha
– Middle nasal concha
– Perpendicular plate
– Ethmoid air cells
– Orbital plate
List all bones articulating in this view:
Right nasal cavity
Sagittal Section
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Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Cribriform foramina
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid bone
Palatine bone
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Incisive foramen
Maxilla
Anterior nasal spine
Inferior nasal concha
Lacrimal bone
Middle nasal concha
Superior nasal concha
Nasal bone
Frontal sinus
List all bones articulating in this view:
Left orbit
Anterior view
• Lateral wall of orbit
– Zygomatic process of
frontal bone
– Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
– Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
– Superior orbital fissure
– Inferior orbital fissure
• Roof of orbit
– Orbital plate of frontal
bone
– Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
• Medial wall
– Orbital plate of
ethmoid bone
– Lacrimal bone
– Frontal process of
maxilla
List all bones articulating in this view:
Left orbit
Anterior view
• Floor of orbit
– Orbital process of
palatine bone
– Orbital surface of
maxilla
• Supraorbital foramen
• Optic foramen
• Infraorbital foramen
List bones articulating on the
Fetal skull
• Lateral view
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Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Occipital bone
Mastoid fontanel
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Coronal suture
Fontal bone
Sphenoid fontanel
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Mandible
• Superior view
– Frontal bone
– Anterior fontanel
– Sagittal suture
– Parietal bone
– Posterior fontanel
Lab Objectives
• Identify and describe the location of the
components of the axial skeleton listed in your
lab
• Suggestion
– Choose a view point (Anterior/Posterior, Superior/Inferior, etc)
– Identify what it is that you are looking for
• Bone, suture, sinus, sulci, etc
– Describe what the structure looks like (anatomical terms)
– Describe where the structure is located on the skull (anatomical
words)
– Change your viewpoint and try it again
Ask for assistance if needed—Enjoy!