Skeletal system
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SKELETAL SYSTEM Skeletal System Two parts of skeletal system Axial – head, trunk, spine, sacrum Appendicular – Extremeties Bone classifications Long bones – forearm, legs Short bones – cube-like, ankles, wrist Flat bones – plate-like, skull Irregular – unusual shape, spine, face Sesamoid – bone in tendon, patella Long bones Parts Epiphysis – expanded portion at ends of bone, articulates (creates joint) with another bone Coated in articular cartilage. Diaphysis – shaft of the bone, located between epiphyses. Long bones Parts Periosteum Excluding – tough, fibrous tissue covering bones articular cartilage on epiphysial ends Continuous with ligaments and tendons. Location for a shin splint Long bones Parts Periosteum Excluding – tough, fibrous tissue covering bones articular cartilage on epiphysial ends Continuous with ligaments and tendons. Location for a shin splint Long bones Parts Bony process – location for ligament and tendon attachment. Ligament connects 2 bones (sprain a ligament) Tendon connects muscle to bone (strain a tendon and muscle) Grooves and openings – passageways for blood vessels and nerves Depression – large grooves where bones may articulate or large soft tissues fit. Long bones Compact bone Wall of diaphysis Continuous bone matrix with no gaps Thick and solid Long bones Spongy bone Epiphysis Thin layer of compact bone Branching bony plates called trabeculae Reduces weight of bone Strong vs compression Long bones Medullary cavity Compact bone forms an inner tube Contains bone-forming cells (endosteum) Filled with marrow Marrow – 2 types Yellow – stores fat Usually Red in long bones – produce blood cells Long bones Medullary cavity Compact bone forms an inner tube Contains bone-forming cells (endosteum) Filled with marrow Marrow – 2 types Yellow – stores fat Usually Red in long bones – produce blood cells Long bones 8 major parts of a long bone Epiphysis - ends Diaphysis - shaft Compact bone - outer part of bone Spongy bone - inner portion of bone Periosteum - outer connective tissue Endosteum - connective tissue lining medullary cavity Medullary canal - opening in center of bone Articular cartilage - cartilage at joint surfaces Long bones Osteon – osteocytes (bone cells) and intercellular material Form cylinder-shaped units around a central canal Compact Bone Compact Bone Osteocytes – bone cells, Compact bone Bony chamber where bone cells are located are lacunae Form circles around a central canal (Haversian canal) Osteocytes transport nutrients and waste to and from nearby cells through canaliculi Bone itself (lamellae) is largely collagen and inorganic salts (Ca, K, P). Collagen – gives strength Inorganic salts – make hard and resists crushing Compact Bone Osteocytes – bone cells Central canal of osteon contains blood vessels and nerve tissue Central canals have transverse (across the length) canals to connect blood vessels and nerves Perforating canals AKA Volkmann’s canals Compact Bone Spongy Bone Spongy bone – also composed of osteocytes Bone does not aggregate (come together) around central canal like in compact bone. Cells are located within trabeculae. Spongy Bone Review Questions How are bones classified? What are the 7 major parts of a long bone? How do compact and spongy bone differ in structure? Explain the parts of an osteon. Bone Development and Growth Starts to develop in first few weeks. Continue to grow into adulthood. 2 ways bones form to replace existing connective tissue Intramembranous bones – form from sheets of connective tissue Endochondral bones – form from masses of cartilage Bone Development and Growth Intramembranous bone – Forms broad, flat bones of skull Membrane-like connective tissue that is filled with osteoblasts – bone forming cells “osteo” – bone “blasts” – primary forming cells Once the osteoblast is fully surrounded by bone and is no longer able to create new bone it is called an osteocyte “Osteo” – bone “cyte” – cell Bone Development and Growth Bone Development and Growth Endochondral bones – most bones of the skeleton Primary ossification center Ossification – bone formation Middle of the shaft of the bone Secondary Ends ossification center(s) of bone Ossification centers are the location of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) Bone Development and Growth Bone Development and Growth Bone Development and Growth Bone Development and Growth Endochondral bones – most bones of the skeleton Primary ossification center Ossification – bone formation Middle of the shaft of the bone Secondary Ends ossification center(s) of bone Ossification centers are the location of osteoblasts (bone forming cells) Bone Development and Growth After maturation of bone Wolf’s Law – bone will adapt to stress and use with resorption or deposition. The more stress on a bone the more bone will be deposited If not used resorption will occur because the body will not waste resources. This is why muscle attachment sites are more exaggerated Tibial tuberosity – Osgood Schlatters. Bone Development and Growth Will have quiz over slides 2, coloring sheet 18 8-9, coloring sheet 17 10-14, coloring sheet 7 (bottom half) 23, coloring sheet 8 Function of bone 4 functions Support and protect Movement Blood cell formation Inorganic salt storage Function of bone Support and protection Skull Eyes, Ribs, brain, ears sternum Heart, lungs Spine spinal cord Pelvis Bladder, reproductive organs Function of bone Movement Bones allow for muscular attachment for body movement Bones articulate (connect) to form joints Levers – 4 components Rigid bar Fulcrum or pivot point Object moved or resistance A source of force Function of bone Levers 1st class – like scissors Resistance at one end, fulcrum in the middle, force on the other Seesaw, elbow extension 2nd class – like a wheel barrow Fulcrum end at one end, resistance in the middle, force on other Function of bone Levers 3rd class - tweezers Fulcrum on one end, force in the middle, resistance on the other. Most common type of lever in the body Least efficient type of lever All hinge joints in the body Function of bone Function of bone Blood cell formation Hemopoiesis – “hemo” = blood, “poeisis” = production Marrow in medullar cavities Yellow – fat Red – forms blood cells Red because it contains hemoglobin (“hemo” = blood, “globin” = protein) Carries oxygen within blood cells and that is why it is red. Primarily found in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis Function of bone Inorganic salt stores Salts account for 70% or weight of bones Calcium phosphate (calcium and phosphorus) AKA hydroxyapatite If body processes are deficient or low in calcium, the body will take it from the bones. Osteoporosis Other salts include magnesium, sodium, and carbonate. What are the major functions of bone? Skeletal Organization How many bones does the human skeleton have? 206 Although this answer may vary slightly per person Skeletal Organization Axial skeleton Skull – cranium and facial bones Hyoid bone – located in neck, held in place by muscles and supports tongue Vertebral column – vertebrae and fused vertebrae at the bottom making the sacrum Thoracic cage – ribs, sternum (breastbone) Skeletal Organization Appendicular skeleton - appendages Pectoral girdle – clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade) Upper limbs – humerus, radius and ulna (forearm), capals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers) Pelvic girdle Lower limbs – femur, tibia (shin), fibula, patella, tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), phalanges (toes) Skeletal Organization Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons? List bones of axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Condyle – rounded process, usually articulating with another bone Femoral Crest – narrow, ridge-like projection Iliac crest Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle Medial condyle and lateral epicondyles of the humerus Facet – small nearly flat surface Facet of a spinal vertebrae Skeletal Morphology Fissure – groove, usually for nerve or blood vessel to pass Orbital fissure Fontanel – soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones Anterior and posterior Foramen – opening that allows blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments Foramen magnum of occipital bone (for spinal cord) Skeletal Morphology Fissure – groove, usually for nerve or blood vessel to pass Orbital fissure Fontanel – soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones Anterior and posterior Foramen – opening that allows blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments Foramen magnum of occipital bone (for spinal cord) Skeletal Morphology Fissure – groove, usually for nerve or blood vessel to pass Orbital fissure Fontanel – soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones Anterior and posterior Foramen – opening that allows blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments Foramen magnum of occipital bone (for spinal cord) Skeletal Morphology Fissure – groove, usually for nerve or blood vessel to pass Orbital fissure Fontanel – soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones Anterior and posterior Foramen – opening that allows blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments Foramen magnum of occipital bone (for spinal cord) Skeletal Morphology Fossa – Deep pit or depression Olecranon Fovea – tiny pit or depression foveus capitus of femur Head – enlargement of the end of a bone Head fassa (elbow) of humerus or femur Meatus – tubelike passageway within a bone Auditory meatus of ear Skeletal Morphology Fossa – Deep pit or depression Olecranon Fovea – tiny pit or depression foveus capitus of femur Head – enlargement of the end of a bone Head fassa (elbow) of humerus or femur Meatus – tubelike passageway within a bone Auditory meatus of ear Skeletal Morphology Fossa – Deep pit or depression Olecranon Fovea – tiny pit or depression foveus capitus of femur Head – enlargement of the end of a bone Head fassa (elbow) of humerus or femur Meatus – tubelike passageway within a bone Auditory meatus of ear Skeletal Morphology Fossa – Deep pit or depression Olecranon Fovea – tiny pit or depression foveus capitus of femur Head – enlargement of the end of a bone Head fassa (elbow) of humerus or femur Meatus – tubelike passageway within a bone Auditory meatus of ear Skeletal Morphology Fossa – Deep pit or depression Olecranon Fovea – tiny pit or depression foveus capitus of femur Head – enlargement of the end of a bone Head fassa (elbow) of humerus or femur Meatus – tubelike passageway within a bone Auditory meatus of ear Skeletal Morphology Process – prominent projection on a bone Mastoid Ramus – branch or extension of a bone Ramus of jaw Sinus – cavity in a bone Fronts process of the skull sinus Spine – Thorn-like projection scapula Skeletal Morphology Process – prominent projection on a bone Mastoid Ramus – branch or extension of a bone Ramus of jaw Sinus – cavity in a bone Fronts process of the skull sinus Spine – Thorn-like projection scapula Skeletal Morphology Process – prominent projection on a bone Mastoid Ramus – branch or extension of a bone Ramus of jaw Sinus – cavity in a bone Fronts process of the skull sinus Spine – Thorn-like projection scapula Skeletal Morphology Process – prominent projection on a bone Mastoid Ramus – branch or extension of a bone Ramus of jaw Sinus – cavity in a bone Fronts process of the skull sinus Spine – Thorn-like projection scapula Skeletal Morphology Process – prominent projection on a bone Mastoid Ramus – branch or extension of a bone Ramus of jaw Sinus – cavity in a bone Fronts process of the skull sinus Spine – Thorn-like projection scapula Skeletal Morphology Suture – interlocking line between bones Skull Trochanter – Large process Greater Tubercle – knob-like process Tubercle trochanter of femur of rib Tuberosity – knob-like process larger than a tubercle Tibial tuberosity Skeletal Morphology Suture – interlocking line between bones Skull Trochanter – Large process Greater Tubercle – knob-like process Tubercle trochanter of femur of rib Tuberosity – knob-like process larger than a tubercle Tibial tuberosity Skeletal Morphology Suture – interlocking line between bones Skull Trochanter – Large process Greater Tubercle – knob-like process Tubercle trochanter of femur of rib Tuberosity – knob-like process larger than a tubercle Tibial tuberosity Skeletal Morphology Suture – interlocking line between bones Skull Trochanter – Large process Greater Tubercle – knob-like process Tubercle trochanter of femur of rib Tuberosity – knob-like process larger than a tubercle Tibial tuberosity Skeletal Morphology Suture – interlocking line between bones Skull Trochanter – Large process Greater Tubercle – knob-like process Tubercle trochanter of femur of rib Tuberosity – knob-like process larger than a tubercle Tibial tuberosity Skeleton Axial skeleton – 80 bones Skull – 22 bones Middle ear – 6 bones 3 each side Hyoid – 1 bone Vertebrae – 26 bones Thoracic cage – 25 bones 12 sets of ribs 1 sternum Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton – 126 bones Pectoral girdle – 4 bones Scapula and clavicle on each side. Upper and lower limbs – 60 bones each Pelvic girdle (2 bones) Coxa – 2 halves Made of 3 bones fused together. Skeleton Cranial Bones (8 bones) Frontal (1) – forehead, location of frontal sinus Perietal (2) – Side walls and roof of skull Temporal (2) – temple, ear and behind ear Occupital (1) – Back of skull Sphenoid (1) - parts of base and sides of eye socket Ethmoid (1) – nasal cavity, bone between eye socket and nasal cavity. Skeleton Cranial Bones (8 bones) Frontal (1) Perietal (2) Temporal (2) Occupital (1) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) Axial Skeleton Cranial Sutures Coronal In coronal/frontal plane Sagittal In Suture – separates Frontal from Parietal bones Suture – separates parietal bones sagittal plane Lambdoidal Suture – separates occipital bone from parietal bones In the shape of a lambda Axial Skeleton Cranial Sutures Coronal In coronal/frontal plane Sagittal In Suture – separates Frontal from Parietal bones Suture – separates parietal bones sagittal plane Lambdoidal Suture – separates occipital bone from parietal bones In the shape of a lambda Axial Skeleton Facial Bones (14 bones) Maxillary (2) – upper jaw Palatine (2) – posterior roof of mouth Zygomatic (2) – cheek bones Lacrimal (2) - part of medial eye socket Nasal (2) –bridge of nose Vomer (1) – inferior portion of nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae (2) – lateral part of nasal cavity Mandible (1) forms lower jaw Axial Skeleton Online quizes and study materials Cranial bones and sutures quiz Quizlet Skeleton Quizes Cranial Bones mnemonic Axial Skeleton Spine (26 bones) – adult 7 cervical – neck 12 thoracic – torso 5 lumbar – low back 1 sacrum – 5 fused vertebra segments 1 coccyx – 4 fused tail segments Appendicular Skeleton Thoracic cage (24 ribs, 1 sternum) Ribs 1-7 “true ribs” – directly connected to sternum Ribs 8-10 “false ribs” – indirectly connected to sternum through cartilaginous connection. 11 and 12 are “floating ribs” Costal cartilage – “costal” means ribs Connects Sternum ribs to sternum – 3 parts Manubrium – head or top of sternum Body – major portion of sternum Xiphoid process – muscular attachment Appendicular Skeleton Thoracic cage (24 ribs, 1 sternum) Ribs 1-7 “true ribs” – directly connected to sternum Ribs 8-10 “false ribs” – indirectly connected to sternum through cartilaginous connection. 11 and 12 are “floating ribs” Costal cartilage – “costal” means ribs Connects Sternum ribs to sternum – 3 parts Manubrium – head or top of sternum Body – major portion of sternum Xiphoid process – muscular attachment Appendicular Skeleton Thoracic cage (24 ribs, 1 sternum) Ribs 1-7 “true ribs” – directly connected to sternum Ribs 8-10 “false ribs” – indirectly connected to sternum through cartilaginous connection. 11 and 12 are “floating ribs” Costal cartilage – “costal” means ribs Connects Sternum ribs to sternum – 3 parts Manubrium – head or top of sternum Body – major portion of sternum Xiphoid process – muscular attachment Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle – clavicle, scapula, humerus Clavicle – S-shaped bone, forms attachment for scapula and pectoral muscles. Attaches medial to sternum. Scapulae – attachment sight of the arm. Glenoid fossa – where humerus attaches to shoulder girdle Acromion process – attachment location of clavical AC Joint Shoulder seperation Coracoid process – muscular attachment sight Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle – clavicle, scapula, humerus Clavicle – S-shaped bone, forms attachment for scapula and pectoral muscles. Attaches medial to sternum. Scapulae – attachment sight of the arm. Glenoid fossa – where humerus attaches to shoulder girdle Acromion process – attachment location of clavical AC Joint Shoulder seperation Coracoid process – muscular attachment sight Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle – clavicle, scapula, humerus Clavicle – S-shaped bone, forms attachment for scapula and pectoral muscles. Attaches medial to sternum. Scapulae – attachment sight of the arm. Glenoid fossa – where humerus attaches to shoulder girdle Acromion process – attachment location of clavical AC Joint Shoulder seperation Coracoid process – muscular attachment sight Appendicular Skeleton Humerus – upper arm Head – fits into the glenoid fossa Greater tubercle – lateral and distal to head of humerus, attachment sight for muscles. Deltoid tuberosity – located in the middle of the shaft of the bone on the lateral side. Attachment sight for deltoid muscle. Olecranon fossa – depression on posterior distal portion of the bone for elbow joint. Condyles – create elbow joint. Coronoid fossa – depression on the anterior of the bone that accepts anterior process of the elbow joint. Appendicular Skeleton Humerus – upper arm Head – fits into the glenoid fossa Greater tubercle – lateral and distal to head of humerus, attachment sight for muscles. Deltoid tuberosity – located in the middle of the shaft of the bone on the lateral side. Attachment sight for deltoid muscle. Olecranon fossa – depression on posterior distal portion of the bone for elbow joint. Condyles – create elbow joint. Coronoid fossa – depression on the anterior of the bone that accepts anterior process of the elbow joint. Appendicular Skeleton Radius and ulna – forearm Radius – lateral bone Head – allows for rotation of forearm Styloid process – lateral wrist Ulna – forearm bone, creates elbow Olecranon process – point of elbow Coronoid process – front of the elbow Combine to make “C” shaped joint, difficult to dislocate w/o fracture. Styloid process – medial wrist. Appendicular Skeleton Radius and ulna – forearm Radius – lateral bone Head – allows for rotation of forearm Styloid process – lateral wrist Ulna – forearm bone, creates elbow Olecranon process – point of elbow Coronoid process – front of the elbow Combine to make “C” shaped joint, difficult to dislocate w/o fracture. Styloid process – medial wrist. Appendicular Skeleton Wrist – 8 bones 1st row – proximal Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform 2nd row – distal Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Appendicular Skeleton Wrist – 8 bones 1st row – proximal Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform 2nd row – distal Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Appendicular Skeleton Hand Metacarpals 1-5 (thumb is 1) – connect wrist to fingers Phalanges – fingers 1-5 (1 being thumb) 1st phalange – thumb Has 2nd proximal and distal bones – 5th Has proximal, middle, and distal bones Each bone has a base, shaft, head Appendicular Skeleton Hand Metacarpals 1-5 (thumb is 1) – connect wrist to fingers Phalanges – fingers 1-5 (1 being thumb) 1st phalange – thumb Has 2nd proximal and distal bones – 5th Has proximal, middle, and distal bones Each bone has a base, shaft, head Appendicular Skeleton Polydactyly – “poly” – many, “dactyl” – phalanges A person with more than 10 fingers or toes Antonio Alfonseca – pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Nicknamed “the octopus” Appendicular Skeleton Polydactyly – “poly” – many, “dactyl” – phalanges A person with more than 10 fingers or toes Antonio Alfonseca – pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Nicknamed “the octopus” Appendicular Skeleton Polydactyly – “poly” – many, “dactyl” – phalanges A person with more than 10 fingers or toes Antonio Alfonseca – pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Nicknamed “the octopus” Appendicular Skeleton Polydactyly – “poly” – many, “dactyl” – phalanges A person with more than 10 fingers or toes Antonio Alfonseca – pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Nicknamed “the octopus” Appendicular Skeleton Polydactyly – “poly” – many, “dactyl” – phalanges A person with more than 10 fingers or toes Antonio Alfonseca – pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies Nicknamed “the octopus” Appendicular Skeleton Upper body appendicular skeleton Clavicle (2 bones) Scapula (2 bones) Humerus (2 bones) Radius (2 bones) Ulna (2 bones) Carpals (16 bones) Metacarpals (10 bones) Phalanges (28 bones) Appendicular Skeleton Coxae – pelvis, made of 3 bones Ilium – majority of pelvis Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) Iliac Crest Ischium – Inferior, posterior portion of pelvis Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity – attachment of hamstring Pubis – Inferior, anterior portion of pelvis Obturator foramen – absence of bone to make pelvis lighter. Acetabulum – “hip socket” anterior part made by pubic, posterior part made by ischium. Appendicular Skeleton Coxae – pelvis, made of 3 bones Ilium – majority of pelvis Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS) Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) Iliac Crest Ischium – Inferior, posterior portion of pelvis Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity – attachment of hamstring Pubis – Inferior, anterior portion of pelvis Obturator foramen – absence of bone to make pelvis lighter. Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic brim – circular shape created by pelvis and sacrum that is the start of the birth canal Greater pelvis – area above the pelvic brim Lesser pelvis – area inferior to pelvic brim Pubic arch Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic brim – circular shape created by pelvis and sacrum that is the start of the birth canal Greater pelvis – area above the pelvic brim Lesser pelvis – area inferior to pelvic brim Pubic arch Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic brim – circular shape created by pelvis and sacrum that is the start of the birth canal Greater pelvis – area above the pelvic brim Lesser pelvis – area inferior to pelvic brim Pubic arch Appendicular Skeleton Difference between male and female pelvis Male pelvis Narrow pubic arch Heart-shaped pelvic brim Upright ilium Narrower sacrum and more medial placed PSIS Female pelvis Wider/flatter pubic arch Oval-shaped pelvic brim Flared ilium Wider sacrum and more laterally placed PSIS Appendicular Skeleton Difference between male and female pelvis Male pelvis Narrow pubic arch Heart-shaped pelvic brim Upright ilium Narrower sacrum and more medial placed PSIS Female pelvis Wider/flatter pubic arch Oval-shaped pelvic brim Flared ilium Wider sacrum and more laterally placed PSIS Appendicular Skeleton Femur – longest bone in body, upper leg Head – creates hip joint Neck – most common location of fracture in femur Greater trochanter – ligament and muscular attachment Lesser trochanter – medial, posterior, and distal Condyles – medial and lateral – create knee joint Medial and Lateral Epicondyles – muscle and ligament attachments Appendicular Skeleton Femur – longest bone in body, upper leg Head – creates hip joint Neck – most common location of fracture in femur Greater trochanter – ligament and muscular attachment Lesser trochanger – medial, posterior, and distal Condyles – medial and lateral – create knee joint Medial and Lateral Epicondyles – muscle and ligament attachments Appendicular Skeleton Patella – “knee cap” - sesamoid bone in the tendon connecting quadracepts muscle to tibia, allow extension of the leg. Leg – 2 bones (Tibia, Fibula) Tibia – “shin bone” Medial and lateral condyles which line up with condyles of Femur to make knee joint Tibial tuberosity – site of Osgood Schlatter’s and the location of the attachment site of patellar tendon. Medial Malleolus – medial “ankle” bone Appendicular Skeleton Leg – 2 bones (Tibia, Fibula) Fibula – non-weight bearing, it is just a muscular and ligamentous attachment bone Fibular head – lateral and distal to knee Lateral malleolus – lateral ankle bone Appendicular Skeleton Leg – 2 bones (Tibia, Fibula) Fibula – non-weight bearing, it is just a muscular and ligamentous attachment bone Fibular head – lateral and distal to knee Lateral malleolus – lateral ankle bone Appendicular Skeleton Ankle – Tarsals (7 bones) Talus - joins foot to tibia and fibula Calcaneus – heel bone Navicular – connects talus to the distal row of tarsals Distal row of ankle bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform cuboid Appendicular Skeleton Ankle – Tarsals (7 bones) Talus - joins foot to tibia and fibula Calcaneus – heel bone Navicular – connects talus to the distal row of tarsals Distal row of ankle bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform cuboid Appendicular Skeleton Ankle – Tarsals (7 bones) Talus - joins foot to tibia and fibula Calcaneus – heel bone Navicular – connects talus to the distal row of tarsals Distal row of ankle bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform cuboid Appendicular Skeleton Phalanges 1st digit – big toe, 2 bones (proximal and distal phalanx) 2nd – 5th - proximal, middle, and distal phalanx Appendicular Skeleton Phalanges 1st digit – big toe, 2 bones (proximal and distal phalanx) 2nd – 5th - proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
