Nephrology. Conspectus
1. Nephrotic syndrome.
2. Glomerulonephrites. Classification. Clinical manifestation.
3. Glomerulonephrites. Diagnosis. Principles of treatment.
4. Kidney in systemic disease: Amyloidosis; Hyperuricemic syndrome.
5. Kidney in systemic disease: Lupus nephritis.
6. Diabetic nephropathy.
7. Polycystic kidney disease.
8. Nephrolithiasis. Obstructive uropathy.
9. Urinary tract infections.
10.Acute renal failure (Acute renal injury).
11.Chronic renal failure (Chronic kidney disease).
12.Renal replacement therapy.
13.Acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte disorders.
14.Urinary tract neoplasia
Literature
1. Sara Blakeley (Ed.) Renal failure and replacement therapies, Springer,
London, 2008
2. Robert Schrier. Manual of nephrology, 7-th edition, Wolters Kluwer,
Philadelphia etc, 2009
3. Jeremy Levy, Charles Pusey and Ajay Singh. Fast facts: Renal disorders,
Healh Press, 2006
4. Arthur Greenberg (Ed.) Primer on Kidney Diseases, Academic Press, San
Diego etc, 1998
5. John Daugirdas, Peter Blake, Todd Ing. Handbook of Dialysis, 4-th
Edition, Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia etc, 2007
Questionaire for examination (Endocrinology part)
1.Diabetes mellitus-etiology , patogenesis, classification
2.Diabetes mellitus- type 1 and 2
3.Diabetes mellitus –complications
4.Diabetic ketoacidosis-pathogenesis, symptoms,
differential diagnosis, treatment.
5.Hypoglycaemia
6.Treament of type 1 diabetes mellitus
7. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
8. Diabetes insipidus
9. Tumors of the pituitary gland
10. Hypopituitarism
11.Thyreotoxicosis-classification, etiology, patogenesis
12.Thyreotoxicosis- symptoms, diagnosis, treatment
13. Thyroiditis
14. Hypothyroidism
15. Hypoparathyroididsm
16. Hyperparathyroidism
17. Hypercorticism
18. Hypocorticism
19.Pheochromocytoma
20.Osteoporosis - etiology, patogenesis, symptoms,
treatment
References:
1. Ендокринология, ред. Б.Лозанов, София,
Тилия,2000
2.Williams’ textbook of endocrinology
Ed. J.D. Wilson, D.W.Foster, W.B.Saunders company
GASTROENTEROLOGY
FOR STUDENTS IN 5TH YEAR OF MEDICINE
1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ambulatory pH study.
2. Reflux esophagitis. Complications – ulcer, haemorrhage, perforation, peptic stricture,
Barret’s esophagus. Hiatus hernia – sliding and paraesophageal.
3. Motility disorders of the esophagus – brain stroke, ALS, Parkinson’s disease, brain
tumors, myasthenia gravis, distal esophageal spasm, achalasia, etc.
4. Cancer of the esophagus. Differential diagnosis of dysphagia.
5. Peptic ulcer disease. . The role of Helicobacterpylori and NSAIDs and Aspirin.
Complications: hemorrhage, penetration and perforation, gastric outlet obstruction.
Gatric intubation. Fibergastroscopy.
6. Helicobacter pylori infection – diagnosis and treatment. Chronic gastritis. Helicobacter
pylori-associated gastritis. Autoimmune gastritis. Carditis.
7. Acute erosive gastritis. Portal hypertensive gastropathy. DD of haematemesis, melena
and haematochesis. Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract – diagnostic approach and
treatment.
8. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Risk and protective factors. Precancerous states –
chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, gastric polyps, preceding
gastrectomy, Menetrier’s disease. Early gastric cancer - m and sm.
Diagnosis and staging – the role of FGS, CT, EUS, PET/CT, MRI. Other malignant
neoplasias of the stomach – NET, MALT-lymphoma, GIST.
9. Inflammatory bowel disease – ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease. Antiinflammatory,
immunosuppressive, biological and surgical treatment. Pseudomembranous colitis,
ischemic colitis, tuberculosis, post-radiation colitis.
10. Colorectal cancer. Cancerogenesis – chromosomal and microsatellite instability.
Adenoma-cancer sequence. Precancerous states. Risk and protective factors.
Prophylaxis. Chemoprevention. Screening – FCS, proctosygmoidoscopy, fecal occult
blood test, double-contrast barium enema, virtual colonoscopy, fecal DNA-test,
capsule endoscopy, genetic tests. Rectal examination and RRS.
11. FCS. Tumor markers. Colorectal polyps. Polyposis coli syndromes. Endoscopic
polypectomy. Irritable bowel syndrome. Motility disorders of the colon. Diverticular
disease of the colon.
12. Constipation. Diarrhea. DD of diarrheal syndrome. Neuroendocrine tumors (NET).
Carcinoid syndrome. Malabsorption syndrome. Gluten enteropathy.
13. DD of abdominal pain. DD of vomitus.
14. Gastroenterological oncology – staging of esophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic
and hepatocellular carcinoma. Multidisciplinary team, oncologic committee. Surgery.
Principles of chemotherapy. Systemic therapy. Radiotherapy. Evidence-based
medicine.
15. Cholelithiasis. Types of biliary stones. Risk factors. Lithogenesis. Ultrasonography
findings. Cholecystitis. Choledocholithiasis. Cholangitis.
16. DD of jaundice. Cholestasis. Obstructive jaundice. Ultrasonography, biochemical
syndrome of cholestasis, MRCP, endoscopic papillotomy.
17. Acute and chronic pancreatitis.
18. Cancer of the pancreas. Risk factors. Ultrasonography. CT. ERCP. EUS. MRI.
PET/CT, FNAB, CA19-9. Staging.
19. Chronic viral hepatitis B. Hepatitis B+D. Diagnosis, morphological assessment, liver
biopsy. Pegylated interferon-α and nucleside (nucleotide) analogues – Lamivudin,
Telbivudin, Entecavir, Tenofovir.
20. Chronic viral hepatitis C. Pegylated interferon-α, Ribavirin, protease inhibitors –
Boceprevir, Telaprevir.
21. Chronic non-viral hepatitis – autoimmune, PBC, Wilson’s disease, haemochromatosis,
α-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
22. Alcohol-induced liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis.
23. Liver cirrhosis – etiology, diagnosis.
24. Complications of liver cirrhosis – ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, portal
hypertension, bleeding from esophageal varices, portal vein thrombosis. Abdominal
paracentesis. Ligating and sclerosing of esophageal varices.
25. Complications of liver cirrhosis – hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome,
hepatic encephalopathy.
26. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Cholangiocellular carcinoma. Klatskin’s tumor (hilar
cholangiocarcinoma). Gall bladder cancer, peripaillary tumor. Liver metastases.
Ultrasonography. FNAB. Microwave thermoablation.
27. Drug-induced liver injury. Acute liver failure. Liver transplantation.
28. DD of hepatosplenomegaly.
29. Dietary nutrition in GE. Enteral and parenteral feeding.
30. Obesity. Eating disorders – anorexia nervosa, bulimia, gastrointestinal manifestations.
Hyperlipidemia. Treatment.
Head of the Clinic of gastroenterology:
Prof. Dr. Iskren Kotzev, Sc.D.
HEPATOGASTROENTEROLOGY FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICINE IN THE 5TH
YEAR.
1. Diseases of the esophagus. GERD.
2. Achalasia. Carcinoma of the esophagus.
3. Gatritides. Infection with Helicobacter pylori.
4. Peptic ulcer disease. Complications. Treatment.
5. Malignant diseases of the stomach.
6. Inflammatory bowel disease – ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
7. Colorectal adenomatous polyps. Colorectal cancer.
8. Chronic hepatitides. Chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis C. HCC.
9. Liver cirrhosis. Complications of liver cirrhosis.
10. Acute and chronic pancreatitis. Cancer of the pancreas.
11. Alcoholic liver disease – steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease – steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis.
Head of the Clinic of gastroenterology:
Prof. Dr. Iskren Kotzev, Sc.D.
.
Basic literature:
 Notebooks for students in hepatogastroenterology, edited by Prof. Dr Z. Krastev and
Prof. Dr I. Kotzev, part I - IV.
 Textbook of Internal Diseases, edited by Prof. Dr. Ch. Nachev, part I, III, and IV.
 Lecture course
 Diagnostic and therapeutic algorhythm (consensus) – Bulgarian Scientific Society of
Gastroenterology
–
Gastroesophageal
Reflux
Disease,
“Bulgarian
hepatogastroenterology” journal, vol.2/2010.
Additional literature:
 “Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine”.
 Internal Diseases, edited by Gerd Herold.
Head of the Clinic of gastroenterology:
Prof. Dr. I. Kotzev, Sc.D