AP Psychology: Chapter 9 - Thinking and Language- Review Sheet - Test on Wednesday!!!!
Format - 50 MC
Know the following Terms:
CognitionPrototype- AlgorithmInsightIntuitionMental Set
framing
Confirmation BiasFunctional FixednessLanguagePhoneme MorphemeGrammar-system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others.
Whorf's Linguistic determinism Hypothesis-words shape the way we think
Bilingual AdvantageShould be familiar with Examples of:
Algorithms
Heuristics (Representativeness And Availability)
Insight
Intuition
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance Framing (Effect)
Morpheme
Semantics (ex; make me a sandwich)
Should Know:
Parts of the Brain involved in Speech- what each does
Parts of Brain involved in sudden insight-Right temporal Lobe
English Language: :phonemes-40
Stages of Speech (months) and what the child can do at each stage
Theorists on Language ( Skinner- conditioning/reinforcements and Chomsky-Universal Grammar)
How we Process words when we read aloud.
The advantage of tools to the animal kingdom- Problem solving abilities are better
Order of Language Development:
Babbling- earliest form of speech
ONe word- Verb, Noun (no adjectives)
Two word
Telegraphic
Broca- making speech
Wernicke's- understanding
Angulary Gyrus- used in reading
When you read aloud, the words go to which portions of the Brain? (order?) pg. 389-390. (1-5)
Practice Questions:
1. "Chair", "Freedom", and "ball" are all
a. Phonemes
b. Heuristics
c. Concepts
d. Telegraphic Utterances
e. Prototypes
2. People are more concerned about a medical procedure when
told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a
90 percent survival rate. This is because of
a. belief perseverance
b. insight
c. intuition
d. framing
e. confirmation bias
3. Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?
a. Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the
length time the width.
b. Recalling published reports of corporate fraud to
estimate how much fraud occurs in American business.
c. Looking in each room of your home to find your
sleeping cat.
d. Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend.
e. Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you
find the one that unlocks the seldom-used store-room in
the basement.
4. Which of the following represents a prototype for the concept
indicated in parentheses?
a. A whale (mammal)
b. An ostrich (bird)
c. A beanbag chair (chair)
d. An igloo (house)
e. A golden retriever (dog)
5. Who proposed the idea that language development could be
explained with the principles of learning?
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Noam Chomsky
c. Steven Pinker
d. Benjamin Lee Whorf
e. Paul Broca
6. The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called
a. confirmation bias
b. insight
c. representativeness
d. fixation
e. availability
7. In English, we know to put adjectives before nouns because of
a. semantics
b. syntax
c. statistical learning
d. algorithms
e. practice during the babbling stage.
8. Mental rehearsal can improve athletic performance because of
the effectiveness of thinking in
a. images
b. morphemes
c. telegraphic speech
d. semantics
e. Phonemes
9. Phonemes are
a. units of meaning in a language.
b. a form of syntax.
c. the basis of grammar
d. units of sound in a language.
e. a form of telegraphic speech.
10. People often underestimate the amount of time it will take to
complete a project because of
a. belief perseverance
b. framing
c. intuition
d. the availability heuristic
e. overconfidence
11. German students unfamiliar with American geography
guessed that San Diego was larger than San Antonio more
frequently than American students made this correct
identification. The German students were effectively using
a. Framing
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. intuition
d. belief perseverance
e. mental set
12. Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness
heuristic?
a. Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he look like
a nerd.
b. Fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashes.
c. Checking in every drawer to find some matches because
matches are usually in drawers.
d. Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head
because you have just successfully solved a similar problem.
e. Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your
best friend just got a job in a grocery store.
13. Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis
relates to the
a. influence thinking has on language.
b. influence language has on thinking.
c. role of the language acquisition device.
d. importance of critical periods in language
development.
e. development of language in nonhuman animals.
14. Noam Chomsky believe that all we need to acquire language
is
a. exposure to language in early childhood.
b. instruction in grammar
c. reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal
behaviors.
d. imitation and drill
e. linguistic determinism.