THE IMMIGRANT AND THE CITY
I.
II.
"Old" Immigrants
Northern and Western Europe
"WASPs"
Exceptions to the rule
African Americans
Asian Americans
Irish Americans
III.
"New" Immigrants
Southern and Eastern Europe
Slavic, Mediterranean
Catholic, Jewish
IV.
The City
Overcrowding
Poor sanitation
Tenements
The effects of the urban environment
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THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS
I.
What is capitalism?
Free markets—laissez faire
Infinite number of buyers and sellers
No one controls the market
Perfect knowledge
Unlimited mobility—no entry/exit costs
The INVISIBLE hand of the market
II.
Key structural characteristics of big business
New technology or process
Economies of scale
Vertical integration
Horizontal combination (mergers)
Monopoly & oligopoly—“trusts”
III.
Laissez faire capitalism?
Infinite number of buyers and sellers?
No one controls the market?
Perfect knowledge?
Unlimited mobility?
The VISIBLE hand of management
IV.
Areas of big business development
Railroads—the first big businesses, 1850s
Meatpacking—Gustavus Swift
Steel—Andrew Carnegie
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V.
VI.
Benefits of big business
More and better products
Deflation
Creation of the middle class
Better lifestyle for some
Costs of big business
Frequent economic downturns
Long hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions
Alienation from the process of production
Concentrated economic and political power
CAPITALISM vs. DEMOCRACY?
3
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
I.
Basic Overview
- Demographics
a.
Urban areas
b.
Northeast, Midwest, Pacific Coast
c.
Immigrants and the urban poor
d.
Upper-middle-class WASPs
e.
Shifting alliances
- Dates
a.
Mid-1890s - 1917
- Issues
a.
Immigration
b.
Urbanization
c.
Big Business
II.
Immigration
- The Americanization of Immigrants
a.
Settlement Houses – Jane Addams
- Prohibition (18th Amendment), 1919
- Reducing freedom?
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III.
Urbanization
- Political reforms
a. “Taking politics out of government”
b. City Managers and Commissions
c. Initiative and Recall
d. Direct election of Senators (17th Amendment),
1913
e. Woman suffrage (19th Amendment), 1920
f. Shifting political power
- Public health
a. Margaret Sanger
IV.
Big Business
- Controlling
a. “Trust-busting”
b. Teddy Roosevelt v. Woodrow Wilson, 1912
c. Workplace safety
 Triangle Shirtwaist fire, 1911
d. Consumer safety
 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
 Meat Packing Inspection Act, 1906
- Nurturing
a. Federal Reserve System, 1913 (MONETARY
policy)
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FOREIGN POLICY, 1877-1917
I.) Motives for Involvement
- Manifest Destiny
- Missionary zeal
- National security
- Profits
- “Yellow Journalism”
II.) The Spanish-American War
- Background
- The Maine, February 15, 1898
- “That Splendid Little War”
- Platt Amendment, 1901
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FOREIGN POLICY AND WORLD WAR I
I.) Causes
- The Central Powers
- Germany
- Austria-Hungary
- Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
- The Allies
- Great Britain
- France
- Serbia
- Russia
- United States (in 1917)
- Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 1914
- The von Schlieffen Plan
- Trench warfare
II.) U.S. Involvement
- German atrocities
- Economic and cultural ties
- Neutral rights / freedom of the seas
- U-Boats
- Lusitania, May 1915
- Sussex, March 1916
- National security
- Zimmerman Note, February 1917
- Woodrow Wilson & Progressivism
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III.) The War
- April 2, 1917
- American Expeditionary Force
- Armistice, November 11, 1918
IV.) The Peace Process
- Wilson's goals
- "Peace without victory"
- The Fourteen Points
- Freedom of the seas
- No secret treaties
- Arms reduction
- Self-determination
- League of Nations ***
- The Treaty of Versailles
- Redrawing the map of Europe
- Limiting German military
- Reparations
- War guilt clause
- Senate ratification
- Article 10—collective security
- Democrats
- Reservationists (Republicans)
- Irreconcilables (Republicans)
V.) Isolationism (?)
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VI.) World War I and Civil Liberties on the Homefront
- June, 1917—Espionage Act
- May, 1918—Sedition Act
- Fear of Germany becomes fear of anything “unAmerican”
- The First Red Scare
- A. Mitchell Palmer
- SOS – “Ship or Shoot”
- Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 1921
9
AFRICAN-AMERICAN SOCIETY, 1877-1918
I.) The Failure of Reconstruction, 1865-77
- 13th Amendment, 1865
- 14th Amendment, 1868
- 15th Amendment, 1870
II.) Re-imposing the Old Order
- Terror and intimidation
- Economic control—sharecropping
- Disenfranchisement
- Segregation
- Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
- "Jim Crow"
III.) Strategies for Survival
- Booker T. Washington
- Up From Slavery, 1901
- The Tuskegee Institute
- The “Atlanta Compromise”, 1895
- W.E.B. DuBois
- The Souls of Black Folk, 1903
- NAACP, 1909
IV.) The Effects of World War I
- In the Military
- The First Great Migration
- Race riots
- Harlem Renaissance
- Marcus Garvey
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION
I.) The problems
- Unemployment
- Economic crisis
- Overproduction and underconsumption: "want in the midst
of plenty"
- No automatic corrective mechanism
- Business executives discredited
- Individuals not responsible for their problems
- Potential for revolution ***
II.) Herbert Hoover's response:
- Voluntarism and cooperative agreements
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1932
- Bonus Army, 1932
11
FDR AND THE NEW DEAL
I.) Relief
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933
- Civil Works Administration, 1933
- Public Works Administration, 1933
- Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933
- Works Progress Administration, 1935
II.) Recovery
- Expanded RFC
- National Recovery Administration, 1933
 Schechter v. U.S., 1935
- Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 1933
 U.S. v. Butler, 1935
III.) Reform
- “Bank Holiday”, 1933
- Glass-Steagall Act, 1933
- FDIC and FSLIC, 1933
- Securities and Exchange Commission, 1933
- Housing
 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), 1933
 Federal Housing Administration, (FHA), 1934
 Amortization
 Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA,
a.k.a., “Fannie Mae”), 1938
 Loan guarantees
- Social Security Act, 1935
 Dr. Francis Townsend
 Trust fund to transfer payment
 Foundation of the welfare state
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IV.) The New Deal and the federal government
- Survival of capitalism; prevention of revolution
- Creation of a mixed economy (Keynesian FISCAL policy)
- Shift from protection of property rights to protection of
the well being of individual citizens ***
13
THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR II
I.) Isolationism (?)
- Economic vs. political involvement
- Preventing another WW I
II.) Totalitarianism
III.) Fascist Italy
- Benito Mussolini, 1922
- Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935
- 1st Neutrality Act, 1935
- No sales of weapons
- 2nd Neutrality Act, 1936
- No loans to belligerents
- 3rd Neutrality Act, 1937
- All trade on a “cash and carry” basis
- No travel on ships of belligerent nations
IV.) Japanese Militarism
- The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- Manchuria (Manchukuo), 1931
V.) Nazi Germany
- Adolf Hitler, 1933
- The Rhineland, March 1936
- Appeasement
- Austria, March 1938
- The Sudetenland
- The Munich Conference, 1938
- Poland, September 1939
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VI.) America Enters the War
- America First—Charles Lindbergh
- June 1940—fall of France
- 1940—"Destroyers for Bases"
- 1941—Lend-Lease
- 1941—anti-U-Boat patrols
- 1940-41—trade embargo to Japan
- December 7, 1941—Pearl Harbor
- A two-front war
15
AMERICAN SOCIETY & THE COLD WAR
I.) "The American Century"
- Postwar prosperity
 Labor Unions
 The GI Bill (1944)
- Suburbia
 Cheap Oil
 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, 1956
- The Baby Boom
- “Religion” vs. “atheism”
 “One Nation Under God,” 1954
 “In God We Trust,” 1955
II.) New Fears of Communism
- Atom and hydrogen bombs
- Sputnik, 1957
- China, 1949
- Korean War, 1950-1953
- Mass hysteria
III.) The Second Red Scare
- Loyalty checks—March 1947
- Alger Hiss, 1948
 Richard Nixon
- Julius and Ethel Rosenburg, 1951
- McCarthyism
 Sen. Joseph McCarthy
 The "big lie"
 Army-McCarthy Hearings, 1954
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CIVIL RIGHTS
I.) World War II
- The second great migration
- African Americans in uniform
- The GI Bill
- The holocaust
II.) An activist judiciary?: Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
- NAACP and litigation
- Thurgood Marshall
- Earl Warren
- Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957
III.) Grassroots Activism
- Montgomery, Alabama, 1955
- Rosa Parks
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- Rev. Martin Luther King
- Civil disobedience
- Role of TV
- Lunch-Counter sit-ins, 1959-1961
- Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)
- CORE and the Freedom Rides, 1961
- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),
1960
- Birmingham, Alabama, 1963
- Eugene "Bull" Connor
- Letters From a Birmingham Jail
- “Bombingham”—September 15, 1963
- March on Washington, August 1963
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IV.) Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Title 7
V.) Voting Rights
- Mississippi Summer Freedom Project, 1964 (SNCC)
- Schwerner, Goodman, Chaney
- Black/white tensions
- Selma, 1965
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
VI.) Civil Rights in the North
- Different problems
- De facto segregation
- Increased violence
- The riots, 1965-1967
- Black power and separatism
- Malcolm X
- Black Panthers
VII.) The Decline of Civil Rights
- Fragmentation of the movement
- White backlash
- Busing for integration
- Affirmative action
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THE STUDENT MOVEMENT
I.) GROUP ONE: The New Left
- Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 1962
- Tom Hayden
- Port Huron Statement
- Mississippi Sumer Freedom Project, 1964
- Free Speech Movement, Berkeley, California, 1964
- Vietnam
- In decline by the early 1970s
- Split within SDS, 1968-1969
- FBI surveillance
- De-escalation in Vietnam
- No unified ideology
- Generation gap
- Goals achieved
II.) GROUP TWO: Counterculture
- Background
- The Beats (Beatniks)
- Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957
- Vietnam
- Assassinations
- Timothy Leary
- Haight Asbury, Greenwich Village
- Woodstock, New York, August 1969
- Altamont Speedway, California
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THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
I.) World War II: Rosie the Riveter
II.) Postwar problems and goals
- June Cleaver (?)
- Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963
- "Comfortable concentration camp"
III.) The Birth Control Pill, 1960
IV.) GROUP ONE: middle-class liberal women
- Commission on the Status of Women, 1961
- 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title 7
- National Organization for Women, (NOW), 1966
- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
V.) GROUP TWO: younger, radical women
- Involved in Civil Rights and Student movements
- "Zap-Actions"
- ERA
V.) The Equal Rights Amendment, 1972
VI.) Equality?
- The income gap
- The feminization of poverty
20
POVERTY
I.) Invisible Poverty
- Bypassed by the New Deal
- Elderly
- Inner city
- Rural
II.) Lyndon B. Johnson
"War on Poverty," January, 1964
- Great Society
- Increased aid to education
- Expanded Social Security
- Medicare and Medicaid
- Vietnam—guns vs. butter
III.) The Legacy
- Cut poverty rate in half
- Eliminated poverty among the elderly
IV.) War Against the Poor
- Nixon and the "silent majority"
- Reagan—trickle-down economics
- Public perceptions
21
FOREIGN POLICY IN THE COLD WAR,
1945-1989
I.) Four Characteristics:
- Munich analogy (1938)
- Atomic weapons
- Bipolar world (single enemy)
- Rise of Third World nationalism
II.) Containment
- George Kennan—"Mr. X"
- Soviet “fanaticism”
- Massive military expenditures
 Atomic weapons
 Mutual Assured Destruction
22
III.) Cold War or Hot War?
- Afghanistan
- Angola
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Cambodia
- Chile
- Cuba
- Czechoslovakia
- Dominican Republic
- El Salvador
- Germany
- Greece
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Hungary
- Iran
- Laos
- Mozambique
- Nicaragua
- North Korea
- North Vietnam
- Peru
- South Korea
- South Vietnam
- Turkey
- Zaire
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THE KOREAN WAR
I.) Effects of World War II
- 38th parallel
- North Korean nationalism
II.) North Korea invades the South, 1950
- United Nations "Police Action"
- Truman vs. MacArthur, 1951
- Eisenhower elected, 1952
- July 1953—war ends
III.) Effects of the Korean War
- Global containment
- Increased military expenditures
- Different types of communism
- Nationalism vs. communism
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THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
I.) Legacy of the Spanish-American War (1898)
- Continued U.S. involvement
- Fulgencio Batista
II.) Fidel Castro, 1959 - ?
- Bay of Pigs, April 1961
III.) Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
- Soviet IRBM’s
- “Quarantine
- Nikita Khrushchev
25
VIETNAM
I.) French Indochina
- Ho Chi Minh
- Dien Bien Phu, May, 1954
- North and South Vietnam
II.) Problems in South Vietnam
- Political corruption
- Ngo Dinh Diem, etc.
- Increasing U.S. support
- The Domino Theory
III.) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- August 1964
- Escalation
IV.) The Players:
- U.S. and ARVN
- NVA and Vietcong (VC)
V.) Different Attitudes Toward War
- United States and technology
- Bombing
- Napalm and Agent Orange
- "Winning the hearts and minds . . ."
- North Vietnam and the people’s war
- Guerilla warfare
- The Ho Chi Minh Trail
- My Lai—who is the enemy?
26
VI.) The Unwinnable War
- Tet offensive, January 1968
- Political casualties—LBJ and the Democrats
- Nixon and Vietnamization
- Cambodia, 1970
- Final withdrawal, January 1973
- The fall of Saigon, April 1975
VII.) Reasons for Failure
- Nationalism vs. communism
- Corruption in South Vietnam
- North Vietnamese dedication
- Poor U.S. military leadership
- Attitudes of U.S. leaders
VIII.) Was Victory Possible?
IX.) The Cost of the War
27
WATERGATE
I.) Nixon
- Early political career
- Paranoia
- The Pentagon Papers, 1967
 Daniel Ellsberg, 1971
- "Enemies List"
- The Plumbers
 G. Gordon Liddy
- Tape recorders
- Project Gemstone
II.) 1972 Election
- Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)
- Watergate break-in, June 1972
- Obstruction of justice
- Why not admit guilt?
III.) Nixon exposed
- The Washington Post
 Bob Woodward
 Carl Bernstein
 W. Mark Felt (a.k.a., “Deep Throat”)
- John Dean, White House attorney
- Archibald Cox, Special Prosecutor
- "The Saturday Night Massacre"
 Eliot Richardson, Attorney General
- Supreme Court, June 1974
- Nixon Resigns, August 9, 1974
28
IV.) The Effects of Watergate
- Danger of a powerful (imperial) President
- The system worked
- Public distrust of government
29
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL AGE
I.) The End of the American Century
- The 1970s
 Oil embargoes (1973 & 1979) and the energy crisis
 Stagflation
 Environmental issues
o Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, (1962)
o Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
1971
o Love Canal, 1978
o Three Mile Island, 1979
II.) Blowback from the Cold War
- Afghanistan
 The muhajadin and jihad
- Iran and Iraq
 Iran: The CIA and Mohammed Mossadegh, 1954
 Iran: The Iranian Hostage Crisis, 1979
o Shah Riza Pahlavi
o Ayatollah Khomeini
 Iran: The Iran-Contra Scandal, 1985-1987
 Iran-Iraq war, 1980s
 Iraq: Aid to Saddam Hussein ($40 billion)
 Iraq: Kuwait and Desert Storm, 1991
 9/11 and Operation Iraqi Freedom
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III.) Globalization
- Multinational corporations
- The World Trade Organization, NAFTA, etc.
- The "New Economy"
- Is knowledge enough?
- What about the working class?
- Equalization or growing inequity?
- Not everyone wants to be an American
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