March 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LESSON PLAN
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
2
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
3
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE
4
SECTION III. PRESENTATION
4
A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
4
B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
5
C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
6
D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
6
E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
7
F. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
8
G. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
8
H. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8
9
I. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 9
10
J. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 10
10
K. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 11
11
L. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE 12
12
SECTION IV. SUMMARY
SECTION V. STUDENT EVALUATION
APPENDIXES
A
TRAINING AIDS INDEX
A-1
B
TEST AND TEST SOLUTIONS
B-1
C
PRACTICAL EXERCISES AND SOLUTIONS
C-1
D
STUDENT HANDOUT
D-1
This LP supersedes all previous versions.
1
March 2009
SECTION I. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
1. TASKS TAUGHT OR SUPPORTED:
TASK NUMBER
03-1402-00-1001
03-1402-00-1002
TASK TITLE
Plan a VFR Flight
Plan an IFR Flight
2. TASK(S) REINFORCED:
TASK NUMBER
TASK TITLE
3. ACADEMIC HOURS:
PEACETIME
HOURS/TYPE
2.5/CO
0.5/PE2
TEST
TEST REVIEW
MOBILIZATION
HOURS/TYPE
2.5/CO
0.5/PE2
TOTAL HOURS
4. LIST THE LESSON NUMBER IN WHICH THE TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE IS TESTED AND
THE TEST RESULTS ARE REVIEWED:
HOURS
TESTING:
REVIEW OF TEST RESULT:
LESSON NUMBER
5. PREREQUISITE LESSONS:
LESSON NUMBER
N/A
LESSON TITLE
N/A
6. CLEARANCE AND ACCESS: Unclassified; foreign students may attend this class.
7. REFERENCES:
NUMBER
FM 1-230
TITLE
ADDITIONAL
PAGES
Meteorology for Army Aviators i thru index
INFORMATION
N/A
8. STUDENT STUDY ASSIGNMENTS: None.
9. INSTRUCTOR REQUIREMENTS: One primary instructor.
10. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS: None.
11. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE INSTRUCTION: One projector and computer with Powerpoint
program.
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12. MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE INSTRUCTION:
INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS: Lesson Plan
STUDENT MATERIALS: Student Handout
13. CLASSROOM, TRAINING AREA, AND/OR RANGE REQUIREMENTS: One 40 person standard
classroom.
14. AMMUNITION REQUIREMENTS: None.
15. INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDANCE: None.
16. LESSON PLAN WRITTEN BY:
NAME
RANK
______________________
PATRICK D. CUNNINGHAM CIV
POSITION
DATE
ACADEMIC INSTRUCTOR
AUG 00
17. LESSON PLAN REVIEWED BY:
NAME
RANK
______________________
STEPHEN G. CROUCH
CIV
POSITION
DATE
DIRECTOR ACADEMICS
AUG 00
18. PROPONENT RESIDENT LESSON PLAN APPROVAL:
NAME
RANK
______________________
DONALD R. ROBERTS
CIV
POSITION
DATE
COR
AUG 00
19. BRANCH SAFETY OFFICER APPROVAL: N/A.
ANNUAL REVIEW
____________________________________________________________________________
PRINTED NAME
RANK
POSITION
DATE REVIEWED
____________________________________________________________________________
PRINTED NAME
RANK
POSITION
DATE REVIEWED
____________________________________________________________________________
PRINTED NAME
RANK
POSITION
DATE REVIEWED
____________________________________________________________________________
PRINTED NAME
RANK
POSITION
DATE REVIEWED
____________________________________________________________________________
PRINTED NAME
RANK
POSITION
DATE REVIEWED
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
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Time of Instruction: 2 hours.
MOTIVATOR:
NOTE: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own. Ensure the motivator gains attention, states
the need for training, and explains the Terminal Learning Objective (TLO).
“Weather has an affect on Army aviation operations on a daily basis. In order to properly employ
his/her aircraft properly, the aviator must understand weather.”
NOTE: Read, or have one of the students read, the TLO requirements.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE (TLO): At the completion of this lesson, the student will:
ACTION: Plan a flight mission IFR or VFR in accordance with (IAW) weather conditions stated in FM 1230 and AR 95-1.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS: None.
RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL: Low.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: None.
EVALUATION: A written test will be given on training day 35. It will be administered in classroom #3,
bldg 5303. It will last for one hour.
NOTE: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own. Ensure you include how, when, where, and
length of test.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEAD-IN:
NOTE: Use it, paraphrase it, or develop one of your own.
“Clouds comprise a significant portion of weather related incidents. You must understand how clouds
form, their nature, and their dangers in order to deal with them.”
SECTION III. PRESENTATION
NOTE: Read, or have one of the students read, the Enabling Learning Objective requirements.
A. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #1:
ACTION: Identify the different states in which moisture is found in the atmosphere.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine the states of moisture found in the atmosphere.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
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Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 1 thru 3.
a. Water states.
(1) Vapor--gas, it is invisible.
(2) Liquid--can be seen.
(3) Solid--has structure.
NOTE: If below 0oC and has not solidified, the liquid is supercooled.
b. Examples of water states.
(1) Vapor--invisible gas.
(2) Liquid--rain, clouds, fog, dew, etc.
(3) Solid--ice, snow, hail, frost, etc.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
B. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #2:
ACTION: Identify the changes moisture makes from one water state to another.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine the change of moisture state.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0008 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slide 4.
a. Change of moisture state.
NOTE: Latent heat (hidden heat) is exchanged as moisture changes from state to state.
(1) Evaporation--liquid changes to water vapor. This requires heat; the evaporating water vapor
carries heat with it. This is known as the latent heat of evaporation.
(2) Condensation -- water vapor changing to liquid water. Occurs when air is saturated and
impurities are present. Releases the latent heat of condensation.
(3) Fusion (freezing) -- the change of state from liquid to solid (releases heat).
(4) Sublimation – process when vapor changes directly to ice or ice to vapor. Vapor to ice releases
heat. Releases the latent heat of sublimation.
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(5) Melting--solid water (ice) changes to liquid. Must absorb the heat of melting (approximately 80
calories/gram).
b. Moisture changes readily from one state to another.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
C. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #3:
ACTION: Identify the amount of water vapor contained in a portion of the atmosphere.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine water vapor content in the atmosphere.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slide 5.
a. Water vapor content.
(1) Saturation--the air has all the water vapor that it can hold at that temperature. Warm air can hold
more water vapor than cold air. The capacity of air to hold water vapor doubles for every 20F increase in
temperature.
(2) Dew point--the temperature to which the air must be cooled for it to become saturated. The
higher the dew point, the more water vapor in the air.
NOTE: The difference between temperature and dewpoint is referred to as the “spread”. Condensation
may occur when the spread is 2o C or less.
(3) Relative humidity--the amount of water vapor in the air expressed as a percent, compared to
what it could hold at that temperature.
b. Water vapor content of the air has a direct effect on aircraft maintenance.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
D. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #4:
ACTION: Identify the adiabatic process.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify the adiabatic process.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0018 minutes.
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Media: PowerPoint slides 6 thru 8.
a. Definition -- a process in which the temperature of a gas (air) is changed without the addition or
deletion of heat energy.
b. Adiabatic cooling and heating.
(1) Cooling--expansion of a gas will cause its temperature to decrease.
(2) Heating--compression of a gas will cause its temperature to increase.
c. Atmospheric adiabatic processes.
(1) When air rises, it will cool adiabatically because of expansion.
NOTE: The different types of lifting are orographical mechanical, thermal convection, and frontal.
(2) Heating--when air sinks it will heat adiabatically because of compression.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
E. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #5:
ACTION: Identify the moist and dry adiabatic cooling rates.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify the moist and dry adiabatic cooling rates.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slide 9.
a. Cooling rates.
(1) Dry--3C per 1,000 feet occurs when the air is rising and is not saturated (no condensation is
occurring).
(2) Moist--approximately 1.5C per 1,000 feet occurs after saturation takes place in rising air.
b. The rate at which a parcel of air cools is extremely important in the formation of clouds.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
F. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #6:
ACTION: Identify the altitude where condensation and free convection take place.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
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Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction on significance of levels of condensation.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slide 10.
a. Levels of condensation and free convection.
(1) Level of Condensation (LCL) or Lifted Condensation -- an altitude to which the air must be lifted
for condensation to take place. Clouds will form at this altitude. Temperature and dew point are the
same.
(2) Level of Free Convection (LFC)--an altitude at which the temperature of the air inside the parcel
of air being lifted becomes the same as the surrounding air because of the release of the latent heat of
condensation. Any further lifting will cause the air inside the parcel to become warmer than the
surrounding air and have its own lifting force. Thunderstorms may begin to form at this point.
b. These two levels have direct bearing on the altitude and types of clouds that will form.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
G. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #7:
ACTION: Identify factors that determine atmosphere stability.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine atmosphere stability.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 11 thru 13.
a. Stability conditions (three).
(1) Stable -- air that resists vertical movement.
(2) Unstable -- air that starts moving vertically and will continue without any outside force.
(3) Conditionally unstable (convectively unstable)--air that may be stable under one set of conditions
and unstable under another.
b. Stability factors.
(1) Observed lapse rate (OLR).
(a) OLR less than the moist adiabatic cooling rate (1.5o), air will be absolutely stable.
(b) OLR greater than the dry adiabatic cooling rate (3.0o), air will be absolutely unstable.
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(c) OLR between the dry and moist adiabatic cooling rates (1.5o and 3.0o), air will be
conditionally unstable.
(2) Moisture content--air with high moisture content tends to be more unstable than dry air, if lifting
action occurs.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
H. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #8:
ACTION: Identify how clouds are formed.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify how clouds are formed.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 14 thru 16.
a. Definition -- extremely small condensed water vapor droplets suspended in the atmosphere (less
than .002 inches).
b. Formation of clouds -- formation is the direct result of saturation. Saturation is generally the result of
cooling.
c. Cooling process-(1) Adiabatic -- most common, vertical development.
(2) Nocturnal -- low clouds and fog.
(3) Advection -- warm, moist air moving over a colder surface usually producing low clouds.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
I. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #9:
ACTION: Identify the basic types of clouds.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to identify the types of clouds.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0010 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 17 thru 19.
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a. Categories of clouds.
(1) Cumulus -- clouds with vertical development formed by rising air. Tops may reach over 60,000
feet.
(2) Stratus -- clouds with horizontal development, generally formed in stable air.
b. Each of these two cloud types have distinctive characteristics that affect flight operations.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
J. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #10:
ACTION: Identify the classification of clouds in terms of the cloud’s
altitude.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine altitude clouds form.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0005 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 20 and 21.
a. Classification and altitudes.
(1) Names used to describe various types of clouds.
(a) Nimbus -- rain cloud.
(b) Fracto -- fragmented clouds.
(c) Alto -- middle level clouds.
(2) Altitude of cloud type. Cloud bases reported to the nearest 100 feet AGL.
(a) Low--bases up to 6,500 feet.
(b) Middle--bases 6,500 feet to 18,000 feet.
(c) High--bases over 18,000 feet.
b. Clouds with vertical development--may extend from near the surface to over 60,000 feet.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
K. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #11:
ACTION: Identify cloud types by assigned abbreviations.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
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STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction necessary to identify a cloud from an abbreviation.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0003 minutes.
Media: PowerPoint slides 22 thru 50.
a. Abbreviations.
(1) Cumulus -- Cu.
(2) Cumulonimbus -- Cb.
(3) Stratus -- St.
(4) Stratocumulus -- Sc.
(5) Nimbostratus -- Ns.
(6) Altostratus -- As.
(7) Altocumulus -- Ac.
(8) Cirrus -- Ci.
(9) Cirrostratus -- Cs.
(10) Cirrocumulus -- Cc.
b. The above list covers only the most common types.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
L. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #12:
ACTION: Identify the flight conditions that would be encountered in the two basic cloud types.
CONDITION: In a classroom environment.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230.
Learning Step/Activity 1 - Provide instruction to determine flight conditions associated with the type clouds
encountered.
Method of Instruction: CO. Instructor to student ratio is: 1:40.
Time of Instruction: 0010 minutes.
Media:
a. Cumulus and cumulonimbus -- may be extremely violent, thunderstorms, microbursts, heavy
precipitation, possible hail, possible tornadoes, icing, gusty surface winds; good visibility outside of clouds
and precipitation.
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b. Stratus -- may extend over large areas causing low ceilings, poor visibility, light steady precipitation,
little or no turbulence, icing, and light surface winds.
NOTE: Conduct a check on learning and summarize the learning activity.
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